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11.307 Beijing Urban Design Studio Spring 2008

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Sand

Thhe Site

150’

Solvent

Oil

Categgories of Contaminants• Solvents

e.g.: Paint thhinner, andd parts ddegreaser. Sources: Garages, industry.

• Heavy metals e g : Lead Arsenic Chromium Cadmium and Mercury e.g.: Lead, Arsenic, Chromium, Cadmium, and Mercury. Sources: Metal finishing, metal plating, and manufacturing.

• Petroleum e.gg.: Gasoline,, diesel,, and motor oil. Sources: Underground storage tanks, gas stations,

tank farms, pipelines.

Cleanup Methods for BrownfieldsCleanup Methods for Brownfields

• Remove the hazardous substances and store them at a safer location.

• Leave the substances where they are, but control themcontrol them –Caps and Slurry Walls

–Solvent Extraction

–Bioremediation

Cleanup and Land UseCleanup and Land Use

• The type of use determines the type of cleanupp.

• Residential use demand the highest level ofcleanup because this land use involves thecleanup, because this land use involves the greatest likelihood of exposure.

Contamination Assessment of theShougang Site

• Proxy—previous production activities on the site – Manufacturing plant, esp. refractories p

Waste water disposal– Waste water disposal

lant

–Railway transport

–Cokemaking plant

–Raw material/Slagg storagge

Beijing Studio 2008

Information on transformation of Beijing City and past Beijing Studiosand past Beijing Studios

Dennis Frenchman, Jan Wampler, Chris Zegras,Dennis Frenchman, Jan Wampler, Chris Zegras,Daphne Gondhalekar, Yang Jiang

20

•

Methodology: Analysis matrix

BEIJING STUDIOS BEIJING CITY CONTEXT

.STUDIO DATE AND SITE QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA

1985 Shishahai, Dianmen Street 1987 Dashala, Pipe Street, Royal Academy 1992 Dewai Street, Longfusi Market, Fragrant Hills 1995 White Rice Street 1998 White Pagoda 2000 Two Bridges 2002 XiYuan 2004 Railway corridor 2006 Sun Palace 2006 Sun Palace 2008 Capital Steel Plant

About the studio site • Condition of site at time of studio • Studio ideas at the time of the studio • Current condition of site Relation with the studio • Government • Academic • Residents • Developer Other • Similarity between studio proposals and

actual outcome • Analysis theme Analysis theme • Site story • Larger Beijing story

Demography

Economy

Policy • Land-use • Housing / built

environment • Transportation • Energy • Green space /

environment

Urban planning system

Historic events

Infrastructure • Transport • Infrastructure • Energy

Land Use • Housing • Commercial • Industry

¾¾ Analysis of relationship between studio and real city Analysis of relationship between studio and real city transformation to assess the performance of the studios:

How did the context of the real cityy information influence the studios?

How did the studios impact the real city? 21

N

1983

2000

N

PPers

ons/

km2

Huge urban expansion on limited land resources Population density distribution Beijing urban expansion

60,000

BBeijiijing ddensestt 50,000 streets

40,000

City proper30,000

20,000

10,000 Suburbs and rural area Suburbs and rural area

-

1980

1982

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook

¾ Urban population has more than doubled since 1978 ¾¾ 40% of city population expected to move to outer suburbs by 2010 40% of city population expected to move to outer suburbs by 2010 ¾ Urban development pattern becoming increasingly dispersed

22

Figures by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Comparative populationComparative population densities in 2000

23 Courtesy of Alain Bertaud. Used with permission.

Increasing residential consumption10

,000

sq.mm

3,000

2 500 2,500

2,000

1,500

Total

Hi h t i d (10 t i dHigh-storied (10 stories and above) Mid and High-storied (7-9 stories) MMore-sttoried (4 6 d (4-6 stories)i t i )

Low-storied (1-3 stories) Traditional inner city housing

1 000 1,000

500

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook

¾ Per capita GDP has increased 10‐fold since 1978¾¾ P it li i h d bl d i 1986Per capita living space has doubled since 1986¾ New residential construction increasingly urban fringe high‐rise

High-rise construction in the urban fringe

24

000

kwh

10

180

140

Uni

tts

Increasing residential energy consumption

Energy consumptionIncrease in durable consumer goods of households Per 100 households annual possession of durable consumer goods

f 2000 b h h ld of 2000 urban households 900 000

1,000,000

800,000

900,000

700,000

TOTAL consm by households TOTAL consm by households Rural Households Urban Households

160160 ,

Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook kwh

,

j g

10,0

00

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000 120 100,000

100 -

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

80

60 Air conditioning units 40

20

0

widespread

1978

1979

1980

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Showers Washing machines Colour TV sets Refrigerators

25

Rising Car ownership with decreasing urban density

Increasing car ownership and congestion in Beijing

¾ 1984: Residents entitled to own private cars ¾ 1995: Beijing Master plan (1991‐2010) proposes public transport

mode shares 47 % by 2000 ¾ 2000: Local families encouraged to own automobiles ¾ 2008: Car increase in Beijing: 1400 per day

26

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050

Growth trend of vehicles, cars and motorcycles in Beijing

Num

ber o

f veh

icle

s (00

0s)

Years

Total vehiclesCarsMotorcycles

Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Beijing design studio sites:d i h i b d lstudying changing urban development pattern

Example of dense traditional urban area:

27

1985: Inner city urban renewal: Shishahai area

STUDENT PROPOSALS:¾¾ Preserve and densify existing housing Preserve and densify existing housing ¾ Traffic congestion, pedestrian precinct along lake ¾ Selective intervention to accommodate economic growth

Actual change: increasing congestioncongestion

28

1985: Urban fringe issues: Haidian Town

Haidian in 1985 Student proposals STUDENT PROPOSALS:¾¾ Maintenance of continuity and quality of life Maintenance of continuity and quality of life ¾ Develop commercial area ¾ Enable pedestrian precincts

Actual change: demolition of original town original town

29

1992: Large‐scale commercial development

STUDENT PROPOSALS:STUDENT PROPOSALS: ¾ Keep viable existing community and small scale market ¾ Develop site into important commercial centre

Actual change: disappearance of original community of original community

30

2004: Public transport‐oriented development

STUDENT PROPOSALS: ¾ Both sides of rail to develop as a whole ¾ Densify land-use mixture ¾ Motor vehicle restriction

Actual change: much larger in scale than anticipated scale than anticipated

31

2006: Urban village: Sun Palace Neighborhood

STUDENT PROPOSALS: ¾ Integrate existing structures, densify and add green space ¾ Link to nearby subway stop under construction ¾ High rise buildings at edges of site g g g

Actual change: complete demolition of existing demolition of existing community

32

Urbanization patterns driving land‐use change involvingseveral stakeholdersseveral stakeholders

1) Inner city urban renewal With government support: ¾¾Outcome strongly resembles studio proposals: Sanitized residential and preserved historic withOutcome strongly resembles studio proposals: Sanitized residential and preserved historic with small‐scale commercial activity for tourists By developer: ¾Local government sees more profit in commercial redevelopment and invited developers: Sites cleared for ‘renewal’ development cleared for renewal development

2) Large‐scale commercial development ¾No connection with government or residents ¾Studios anticipated less large‐scale commercial development

3) Transport oriented development ¾¾Studio discourse with local residentsStudio discourse with local residents ¾In large government projects, old areas demolished ¾Scale of new development and clearance of all old areas not anticipated

4) Urban villages in greenbelt ¾Municipal government plans to implement greenbelt ¾But village collective invites developer to initiate large‐scale housing development for economic profit p ¾Studio had no contact with government or residents ¾Sites completely demolished

33