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AP Exam Preparation & Environmental Quality and Pollution

Dr. Rick Woodward

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Today’s Agenda (Feb 21, 2012)A. Subject: AP Readiness (Start reviewing all

of your notes and my PowerPoints and class agendas that are on-line.

B. If you are absent, check my website, you are responsible for all of the material that you missed during your absence.

C. In 1998, this was the first year that the AP Environmental Science Exam was offered. (Most Exams are now Released)

-You should be reviewing these.D. You owe me a weekend project.E. I will take away your electronic devices if you

are using them during my class.

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Review Books & Other Resources Some Good Review Sources:2. Barron’s (good book, four practice tests at

the end)3. Prentice Hall (More comprehensive)4. AP Central on-line Resources: Teacher

Section & Student Section (1999 – 2011) -FRQ’s & Multiple Choice Questions

-Look at scoring guides and study these guides.

5. Look at Released Exams6. Review my amazing comprehensive

lectures focusing on current developments in environmental science.

7. Current Alternative Energy Synopsis to be given out this week

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Review Multiple ChoiceExam Criteria

I. Interdependence of Earth’s Systems (25%) 25 Questions

A. EnergyB. Cycle of MatterC. Solid EarthD. AtmosphereE. Biosphere

II. Human Population Dynamics (10%) 10 Questions. Demographic Transition Model in

Textbook: Birthrate, Death rate, Population. Know this model!!

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Review Multiple Choice Exam Criteria

III. Renewable & Nonrenewable Resources (15%) 15 questions

A. Water

B. Minerals

C. Soils

D. Biology: Biodiversity

E. Energy

F. Land

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Review Multiple Choice Exam Criteria:IV. Environmental Quality (20-25%)

20 – 25 questions A. Air, Water & Soil Pollution B. Solid Waste C. Human HealthV. Global Change & Their Consequences (15-20%) 15 – 20 questions A. First Order Effects B. Higher Order InteractionsVI. Environment & Society (10%) 10 questions A. Economic Forces. B. Cultural & Aesthetic Considerations C. Environmental Ethics D. Environmental History, Laws, Regulations. E. Issues & Options

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Significance/Weight of Multiple Choice Questions

Study in the following sequence:

1. I (Interdependence of Earth’s Systems) 25 questions

2. IV (Environmental Quality) 20-25 questions

3. V (Global Change & Their Consequences) 15 – 20 questions

4. II & VI Population Dynamics, Environment & Society 10 questions on each.

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4 Questions/90 minutes: Label all parts of the question: a, b, c, d.1. Document based question: Read a short document and answer

questions based on document. Apply your knowledge (Experimental design). i.e. Pesticides

(Options: Education) Mediterranean Fruit Flies, we releases sterile male fruit flies)

Select four people that support or refute your position. 2. Analysis of the Data Section: Math question and analyze it. i.e.

BTU’s (Show all your units every step of the way and show your work), Apply your knowledge

3. Synthesis & Evaluation (2 questions) (1) How to design an experiment

(2) 2001: Indoor Air Pollution & Water Quality4. There will be a math question. Look at all previous years of the

exam for those math questions. There will be an experimental design question. 4 points for design and 6 points for rationale.

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Key areas to study for AP Exam1. Vocabulary #1 (Study vocabulary)2. Read Case Studies (Know at least 1-2 for each

category in Environmental Science)3. Major Events: Chernobyl, Exxon, BP Oil Spill, etc.4. Endangered Species: Know at least 3-4 endangered

species. Be specific. (Red Panda is not endangered vs. the Giant Panda is endangered), Asian Elephant & African Elephants are endangered, all five species of rhinos are endangered

5. Protocols & Significance: Which ones did the United States sign at what was the key emphasis of each: Kyoto-Climate Change, Egypt, Montreal –cut emission of CFCs (ozone deplete)

6. Population Giants: #1 China, #2 India, #3 U.S.7. China’s economy is booming:

-Concrete Consumption (building dams)

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Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health “From the first time in the history

of the world, every human being is now subjected to dangerous chemicals from the moment of conception until death.”

-Rachel Carson

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What are the major types of hazards?1. Cultural hazards such as unsafe

working conditions, smoking, poor diet, drugs, drinking, driving, criminal assault, unsafe sex, and poverty.

2. Chemical hazards from harmful chemicals in the air, water, soil, and food.

3. Physical hazards such as noise, fire, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, ionizing radiation.

4. Biological hazards from pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites), pollen and other allergens, and animals such as bees and poisonous snakes.

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TerminologyA. The study of the adverse effects of

chemicals on health is called toxicology.

B. Toxicity is a measure of how harmful a substance is.

C. The amount of potentially harmful substance that a person has ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin is called the dose.

D. The amount of the resulting type or the amount of damage to one’s health is called the response.

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Terminology Continued:E. An acute exposure involves a single

dose.F. A chronic exposure involves

repeated exposures for some fraction of a life time.

G. An acute effect is an immediate or rapid harmful reaction to an exposure; it can range from dizziness to death.

H. A chronic effect is a permanent or long-lasting consequence (kidney or liver damage, for example) of exposure to a harmful substance.

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Two factors affecting dose and response are:1 Bioaccumulation: Which is an

increase in the concentration of a chemical in specific organs or tissues at a level higher than would normally be expected. (i.e. fat soluble toxins vs. water soluble)

2. Biomagnification: The levels of some toxins in the environment can also magnify as they pass through food chains and webs.

PCB’sAre highly toxic chemicals,

banned years ago, but still found in some resources.

Used as coolant fluids.

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Example: DDT (pesticide, banned in most countries)

Bioaccumulation & BiomagnificationA. DDT is a fat-soluble chemical that can

bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of animals.

B. In a food chain or food web the accumulated concentrations of DDT can be biologically magnified in the bodies of animals at each higher trophic level.

C. Biomagnification: Zooplankton, small fish eats zooplankton, large fish eats small fish, bird or human eats large fish.

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What is a Poison?A. Legally, a poison is a chemical

that has an LD50 of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight.

B. An LD50 is the median lethal dose, or the amount of a chemical received in one dose that kills exactly 50% of the animals (usually rats and mice) in a test population (usually 60 – 200 animals) within a 14-day period.

C. LD stands for lethal dose, and the subscript refers to the percentage of test organisms for which the dose was lethal.

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How do scientists determine toxicity?1. Case Reports: least valuable

(actual dose is not known) 2. Laboratory Investigations3. Epidemiology: Studies of

populations of humans exposed to certain chemicals or diseases.

-The study of patterns of disease or toxicity to find out why some people get sick and others do not.

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Toxic ChemicalsA. Toxic chemicals are

generally defined as substances that are fatal to over 50% of test animals (LD50) at given concentrations.

Today’s AgendaThursday (February 23, 2012)

Journal Question: What does the term lethal dose refer to?

*1. Lecture: “Toxicology” Continued.

(Slide 37)

2. Comprehensive Exam on March 5, 2012.

(Study your book questions and all of your lecture notes.. That are on-line)

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Hazardous Chemicals

A. Hazardous chemicals cause harm by:1. Being flammable or explosive.2. Irritating or damaging the skin or

lungs (strong acidic or alkaline substances such as oven cleaners)

3. Interfering with or preventing oxygen uptake and distribution (asphyxiants such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide)

4. Inducing allergic reactions of the immune system (allergens)

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What is a mutagen?

A. Mutagens are agents, such as chemicals and radiation, that cause random mutations, or changes in the DNA molecules found in cells.

Examples: genetic diseases (Down’s syndrome), Tumors.

Radiation

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What is a teratogen? A. Teratogens are chemicals,

radiation, viruses that cause birth defects while the human embryo is growing and developing pregnancy, especially during the first 3 months.

B. Chemicals known to cause birth defects are thalidomide, steroid hormones, heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury.

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What is thalidomide?

A. In the 1960’s thalidomide was widely used as a nonprescription sleeping pill in Europe.

B. Caused over 10,000 children to be born with birth defects ( seal-like limbs with a hand or foot but no arm or leg) before the drug was pulled of the market by the FDA.

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What are Carcinogens?

A. Carcinogens are chemicals, radiation, or viruses that cause or promote the growth of a malignant (cancerous) tumor, in which certain cells multiply uncontrollably.

B. Many cancerous tumors spread by metastasis when malignant cells break off from tumors and travel in body fluids to other parts of the body.

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Causes of CancerA. According to the World Health

Organization, environmental and lifestyle factors play a key role in causing or promoting up to 80% of all cancers.

B. Major sources of carcinogens are cigarette smoke (30-40% of cancers), diet (20-30%), occupational exposure (5-15%) and environmental pollutants (1-10%)

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When do cancers appear?

A. Typically, 10-40 years may elapse between the initial exposure to a carcinogen and the appearance of detectable symptoms.

(The A, B, C’s.)

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Why do we know so little about the harmful effects of chemicals?

1. Under existing laws most chemicals are considered innocent until proven guilty.

2. There are not enough funds, personnel, facilities, and test animals to provide such information for than a small fraction of the many chemicals we encounter in our daily lives.

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Physical Hazards1. Earthquakes

2. Volcanic Eruptions

3. Ionizing Radiation

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Biological HazardsA. What is the greatest risk to

disease (viruses or bacteria)? Answer: Poverty

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Biological Hazards The World’s Eight Most Deadly Infectious

Diseases

1. Acute Respiratory Infections (Bacteria, Viruses)

2. Diarrheal diseases (Bacteria, Virus, Parasites)

3. Tuberculosis (Bacteria)4. Malaria (Parasitic Protozoa)5. AIDS (Virus: HIV)6. Measles (Viruses)7. Hepatitis B (Virus)8. Tetanus (Bacteria)

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Risks that people face in the United States that shorten their average life span:

1. Poverty (7-10 years)

2. Born male (7.5 years)

3. Smoking (6 years)

4. Obese (35%) (6 years)

5. Unmarried (5 years)

6. Overweight (15%) (2 years)

7. Spouse smoking (1 year)

8. Driving (7 months)

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Groups of four

Select group members and the chapter that you wish to present.

Distribute sections in the chapter appropriately.

10 slides per person, 40 slides minimum per group. Be concise!

Provide me with a typed outline of your chapter.

PowerPoints need to be formatted on a CD or a memory stick.