11/16/2015milicavukovic.yolasite.com/resources/fonetika/fonetika 6.pdf · 2015-11-16 · 11/16/2015...

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Phonetics of English

Fricatives

Fricatives

/f, v, θ , ð , s, z, ʃ , ʒ , h/

Sometimes /w, j, r/

Frikativi produced by forcing air through a narrow

channel made by placing two articulators close together

continual release of air through a narrow passage possible

produced in the vocal tract

Fricatives1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) –

/f, v, θ , ð , s, z, ʃ , ʒ , h, w, j, r/ su suglasnici(consonants)

2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) –/f, v, θ , ð , s, z, ʃ , ʒ , h, w, j, r/ su frikativi

(fricatives)

/w, j, r/ su frikativi kada se nalaze iza jakogbezvučnog suglasnika. U ostalim slučajevima sukontinuati (polusamoglasnici).

Fricatives3. Mjesto artikulacije (place of articulation)a. usneni (labial) - /w/ kada se nalazi iza jakog

bezvučnog suglasnikatwist /twist/, sweet /swi:t/

b. zubno-usneni (labio-dental) - /f, v/fan /fæn/ safer /'seifə/van /væn/ saver /'seivə/

c. zubni (dental) - /θ, ð/thumb /θʌm/ breath /breθ/father /'fa:ðə/ breathe /bri:ð/

Fricativesd. alveolarni (alveolar) - /s, z/

sip /sip/ zip /zip/facing /'feisiŋ/ phasing /'feiziŋ/

e. post-alveolarni (post-alveolar) - /s, z/ ispred /r/horserace /'hɔ:sreis/ newsreel /'nju:zri:l/

f. palatoalveolarni (palato-alveolar) - /ʃ, ʒ/ship /ʃip/ Russia /'rʌʃə/measure /'meʒə/ garage /'gæra:ʒ/

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Fricativesg.palatalni (palatal) – neki alofoni foneme /j/,

kada je ona izgovorena kao suglasnik (kadse ispred nje nađe jaki bezvučni suglasnik)

queue /kju:/ few /fju:/

h. glotalni (glottal) - /h/him /him/ behave /bi'heiv/

/h/ se javlja u početnom i medijalnompoložaju, a na kraju riječi se ne javlja nikada uengleskom jeziku.

Fricatives4. Jačina artikulacije (force of articulation)

A. Frikativi /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/ su jaki suglasnici(strong/fortis)

B. Frikativi /v, ð, z, ʒ/ su slabi suglasnici (weak/lenis)

Fortis fricatives are said to be articulated with greater force than the lenis ones and their friction noise is louder.

Fricatives Fricatives

5. Stepen zvučnosti (degree of voicing)zvučni, djelimično zvučni i bezvučni

1. Jaki frikativi su uvijek bezvučni/f, θ, s, ʃ, h/

Fricatives

2. /v, ð, z, ʒ/:A. fully voiced (when found between two voiced sounds):

/v/ covered /'kʌvəd/ saved /seivd//ð/ mother /'mʌðə/ buzzed /bazd//z/ easy /'i:zi/ rouged /ru:ʒd//ʒ/ measure /'meʒə/

B. partially voiced (when word-initial):voice /vɔis/ those /ðəuz/ zoo /zu:/

C. devoiced (when word-final):give /giv/ with /wið/does /dʌz/ garage /'gæra:ʒ/

Study questions

1. Define the articulation of fricatives and provide a list of fricative sounds.

2. Which fricatives are labial and labio-dental?3. Which fricatives are dental and alveolar?4. In which positions are /s, z/ postalveolar? Give examples.5. Which fricatives are palatal and glottal?6. Which fricatives are strong and which are weak?7. Which fricatives are always voiceless?8. Explaing voicing for /v, ð, z, ʒ/? Give examples.

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Orthographic rules and pronunciation

/f/ - Najčešće se piše kao: f feel /fi:l/ ff officer /’ɔfisə/ ph photo /’fəutəu/ gh laugh /la:f/

- U predlogu of, grafema f izgovara se kao /v/: of /ɔv/


/v/ - Najčešće se piše kao: v river /’rivə/

- Nekada se digraph ph izgovara kao /v/: Stepehen /’sti:vən/


/θ/ - Najčešće se piše kao: th three /θri:/ through /θru:/

/ð/ - Najčešće se piše kao: th there /ðeə/ brother /’brʌðə/


/s/ - Najčešće se piše kao: s seem /si:m/ ss class /kla:s/ c pace /peis/ sc science /’saiəns/

- Grafema s izgovara se /s/ kod imenica, a /z/ kadje u pitanju glagol:

use /ju:s/ - imenica use /ju:z/ - glagol


/ʃ/ -Najčešće se piše kao: sh shine /ʃain/ s shore /ʃɔ:/ ss Russia /‘rʌʃə/ c ocean /‘əuʃən/

- U riječima koje se završavaju na -tion, -lsion, -nsion i –ssion takođe se javlja /ʃ/:

nation /‘neiʃən/ compulsion /kəm’pʌlʃən/ tension /’tenʃən/ session /’seʃən/


U jednom broju riječi, digraf ch izgovara se kao /ʃ/:

chivalry /‘ʃivəlri/ Chicago /ʃi’ka:gəu/ Michigan /‘miʃigən/

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/z/

- Najčešće se piše kao: z zeal /zi:l/ s rose /rəuz/ zz buzz /bʌz/ ss scissors /’sizəz/

- Na kraju riječi, obično se izgovara kao /z/: wise /waiz/


/ʒ/

- Najčešće se piše kao: s collision /kə‘liʒən/

explosion /ik’spləuʒən/

- U riječima francuskog porijekla, grupa ge nakraju riječi izgovara se kao /ʒ/:

garage /'gæra:ʒ/, beige /beɪʒ/, rouge /ruːʒ/


/h/

- Najčešće se piše kao: h hero /’hiərəu/ wh who /hu:/

- /h/ se često ne čuje u izgovoru, posebno kada jeu inicijalnom položaju u riječima:

heir /eə/ honest /’ɔnist/ honour /’ɔnə/ hour /auə/


SILENT H:

ache, anchor, archeology architect, archives, chaos character, characteristic, charisma chemical, choir, echo mechanical, melancholy, monarch orchestra, orchid, psychic scheme, technical, technique, technology


/w/ -Najčešće se piše kao: w was /wɔz/ wh why /wai/

- /w/ se sreće i u sljedećim primjerima: one /wʌn/ once /wʌns/ choir /`kwaiə/

- Unutar grupe gu, u se izgovara kao /w/: anguish /’æŋgwiʃ/ language /’læŋgwiʤ/

- Unutar grupe qu, u se izgovara kao /w/: quality /’kwɔliti/ quarter /’kwɔ:tə/ queen /kwi:n/ quick /kwik/ square /skweə/


Silent w before r:

awry /əˈraɪ/, playwright, sword /sɔːd/ wrack, wrap, wrathwreath /riːθ/, wreck, wreckage wren, wrestle, wrinkle wrist, write, wrong wrote

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/j/ -Najčešće se piše kao: y yes /jes/ I view /vju:/ e few /fju:/ u mute /mju:t/

/r/ -Najčešće se piše kao: r red /red/ rr carrot /‘kærət/ wr write /rait/ rh rhyme /raim/

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Words commonly mispronounced

height /haɪt/subtle /ˈsʌtl/draught /drɑːft/albeit /ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt/

Recipe/ˈrɛsəpi/Lettuce/ˈlɛtɪs/Womb/wuːm/Colonel/ˈkɜːnəl/

Comfortable/ˈkʌmfətəbl/Lieutenant/lefˈtenənt/ Hyperbole/haɪˈpɜːbəli/Gauge/geɪdʒ/

Words commonly mispronounced

Greenwich/ˌgrɛnɪtʃ/Paradigm/ˈpærədaɪm/elite /ɪˈliːt/Debris/ˈdɛbriː/

Infamous/ˈɪnfəməs/Façade/fəˈsɑːd/ awry /əˈraɪ/Preface/ˈprefəs/

Answer/ˈɑːnsə/Aisle/aɪl/Debt/det/Salmon/ˈsæmən/

11/16/2015milicavukovic.yolasite.com/resources/fonetika/fonetika 6.pdf · 2015-11-16 · 11/16/2015...

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