1_10_anthony_beech.ppt

8/20/2019 1_10_anthony_beech.ppt

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Treatment of sex offenders 1

SEX OFFENDER

TREATMENT PROGRAMS

Anthony Beech

University of BirminghamEmail: [email protected]


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eta!analytic studies of sex offender treatment

"anson et al. #$%%$& #' ( )*+,-& sexual recidivism ratefor the treated grous /as lo/er than that of thecomarison grous #1$.,0 versus 1.20 resectively3&

45sel 6 7chmucker* $%%+ #' ( $$*121& treated offenderssho/ed ,80 less sexual recidivism that untreatedcontrols

Beech* 9obertson and reemantle #in rearation& #' (1-)-& A ositive effect of treatment in sexualreconviction reduction #).,)0 in the treated grou versus1+.10 in untreated controls&

The Beech et al. study has an odds ratio of %.+-* ;< %.-,! %.)* = %.%%%1& indicating that the likelihood of

individuals being reconvicted after treatment /as aroundhalf that of those /ho had not undertaken treatment $


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Treatment of sex offenders ,

Aims of talk >ive a descrition of the current aroach to the

treatment of sexual offenders in ?rison and ?robation

7ervices in the U.. /hich is based on the hat

orksC aroach

Dutline some evidence as ;BTCs effectiveness /ith

sex offenders

escribe some innovations in treatment

escribe a more critical take on the literature

uture of sex offender treatment


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Treatment of sex offenders -

The Fhat orksC initiative in

the U..


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Treatment of sex offenders +

Basis of


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Treatment of sex offenders

Principles associated with the

“What Works approach Risk treatment service is delivered to higher!risk #as oosed to

lo/er risk cases Need criminogenic needs are targetted for change #i.e.*

rocriminal attitudes rather than self!esteem Responsi!it" styles and modes of treatment are emloyed that

are caable of influencing criminogenic needs Appropriate treat#ent deli!er" the clinician revie/s risk* need

and resonsivity* treatment decisions aroriate according to

ethical* humanitarian* cost!efficiency and clinical standards $o%niti!e&'eha!io(ral treat#ent according to this Frisk!needsC

model


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hy target high risk

individualsI Andre/s et al. #1))%& if risk cases reorted

searately in studies then larger effects found

for higher risk cases

ight be exected as these are the eole

/ho untreated are much more likely to

recidivate



hy target 'eedI o/den #1))2& found that targetting

Fmore romising targetsC reduced

recidivism more than Fless romisingtargetsC


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?romising targets for change

;hanging antisocial attitudes ;hanging antisocial feelings 9educing antisocial eer associations

?romoting identificationH association /ith anti!criminal rolemodels


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4ess romising targets



9esonsivity ! learning styles


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hy address resonsivity


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Treatment of sex offenders 1,

Aroriate treatment delivery "ere the clinician needs to revie/:

9isk

'eed 9esonsivity

And make decisions about treatment

according to ethical* humanitarian* cost!efficiency and clinical standards


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Evidence suorting 9'9 sex offender

/ork #"anson* Bourgon* "elmus* 6 "odgson #$%%)& &L "anson* Bourgon* "elmus and "odgson #$%%)& reort the

most recent examination of effects of treatment examining$, studies #n(8-& that met the basic criteria for Juality of

designL All studies /ere rated on the extent to /hich they adheredto the risk* need* and resonsivity #9'9& rinciles of theFhat orksC aroach

L "anson et al. found that the sexual recidivism rate inuntreated samles /as 1)0* comared to 110 in treated

samlesL 7tudies that adhered to all three 9'9 rinciles /ere found

to roduce recidivism rates that /ere less than half of therecidivism rates of comarison grous

L hile studies that follo/ed none of the 9'9 rinciles hadlittle effect in reducing recidivism levels.

1-


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Treatment of sex offenders 1+

7ettings ?rinciles of effective interventions are

hyothesised to aly regardless of

setting /ithin /hich treatment /asdelivered


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$)T* The 'eha!io(ral 'it

Driginally this /as confined to the use of

conditioning rocedures to alter behaviour i.e.

re/arding desired behaviours and unishing

un/anted behaviours

But has since broadened out to include such

things as modelling #demonstrating a desired

behaviour& and skills training #teachingsecific skills through behavioural rehearsal&


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$)T* The co%niti!e 'it ;oncerns the thoughts or cognitions that individuals exerience

and /hich are kno/n to affect their mood state and determinetheir behaviour

;ognitive theray thus aims to alter an individualCs behaviour byencouraging the individual to think differently about events* thusgiving rise to different affect and behaviour

The use of self!instruction and self!monitoring* in addition todeveloing an a/areness of ho/ one thinks affects ho/ onefeels and behaves are vital comonents in cognitive theray


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eta!analytic evidence base for

;BT

12

Kenworthy et al. (2004) (N = 500+)

;BT and behavioural treatment M sexual recidivism sychodynamic n.s

Alexander #1)))& recidivism rates #' ( IIII&

Untreated $+.20 #11)H-1&

>rouH behavioural 12.,0 #)H$+-&Unsecified 1,.0 #1$8H),1&

9?!;BT 2.10 #12H$$1

45sel and 7chmucker #$%%+& #' ( 22,181 )

;BT and behavioural treatment M sexual recidivism


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1)


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Treatment of sex offenders $%

Dynamic risk level_

Static Risk level

Low Medium High

Low Rolling Programme

(c. 100 hours)

Rolling Programme

(c. 100 hours)

Rolling or Core

(100 – 180 hours)

Medium Rolling or Core

(100 – 180 hours)

Core Programme

(c. 180 hours)

Core

(c. 180 hours)

High Core + Extended

(c. 320 hours)

Core + Extended

(c. 320 hours)

Core + Extended

(c. 320 hours)

Very High Core + Extended

(c. 320 hours)

Core + Extended

(c. 320 hours)

Core + Extended

(c. 320 hours)

Treatment in ractice


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Treatment of sex offenders $1

+nno!ations in the Se, O--ender

Field re%ardin% Treat#ent

ann #$%%+& notes that the follo/ing

Accreditation Schema-focused interventions

Dynamic assessment

Focus on process issues

While Beech & Mann (2002 note the importance of Matchin! offenders to treatment

"n!a!in! offenders in assessment and treatment


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Treatment of sex offenders $$

Accreditation The ;orrectional 7ervices ?anel /as

set!u in 1))) to accredit rogrammes

for national use air #$%%-& notes that /hile the anel

does not rule out any effective method

no doubt reference for ;BT aroach


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Treatment of sex offenders $,

Accreditation ;riteria 1 ;lear model of change backed by research evidence

7election of offenders

Targeting dynamic risk factors 9ange of targets Effective methods 7kills oriented

?roer seJuencing* intensity and duration ofrogrammes


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Treatment of sex offenders $-

Accreditation ;riteria $ Engagement and motivation ?romote community integration ?rogramme integrity ?roerly managed 6 resourced* administered by

trained staff /ho adhere to rogramme aims andobNectives

;ontinuity of rogrammes and services Dngoing monitoring Dngoing evaluation


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Treatment of sex offenders $+

Accreditation

#he value of accreditation is that it has forced pro!rammedesi!ners to thin$ a%out ho to incorporate these vitalaspects of treatment into an overall desi!n that also respectsthe need for pro!ramme inte!rity and systematic intervention

(Mann' 200 Whilst it could %e ar!ued that such an approach is overly

%ureaucratic or stifles individuality and creativity intreatment in practice it has %een found to increase

accounta%ility and insure that pro!rammes are %ased oneffective theoretical models (Mann' 200


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Treatment of sex offenders ,%

Focus on Process Issues

)ver the last tenty years' the vast ma*ority of the se+

offender treatment literature has focused on the content of

treatment

,rocess issues ere vieed ith suspicion' partly %ecause

of the idely held vie that se+ offenders ould

manipulate and ta$e advanta!e of any approach other than

the firmly confrontational

Also %ecause the fashion has %een to see B# as psycho-

educational rather than psycho-therapeutic


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Treatment of sex offenders ,1

PROGRAM C30

40

50

60

70

80

PROGRAM C

PROGRAM D

PRE.+O/S F+ND+NGS WPPprecss +T0 T0E GES


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Treatment of sex offenders ,

A ore ;ritical Take on the

4iterature Use of meta!analyses

The Accreditation ?anel

Use of ositivist aroach to treatment

The ;BT aroach

>ender and diversity issues


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Use of eta!analysis FMeta-analysis offers a rigorous alternative to the causal, narrative

descriptions of research studies’ (Glass, 1976) but >et out /hat you ut in

7till a choice made about /hich studies to include "o/ to code variables ifferent researchers come to different conclusions on

the basis of the same data set hitehead 6 4ab #1)2)& ! Treatment has little effect uon

recidivism 45sel #1)),& ! treatment does /ork

?roblems in translating research into ractice #air*$%%-&


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The (se o- the Accreditation Panel Biased in favour of ;BT aroaches


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Treatment of sex offenders -%

9emoralisation in the Fhat

orksC aroach 9ose #1)))& terms this Fethico!oliticsC

hich is becoming increasingly

reflected in the criminal Nustice system

Dffenders can either be remoralised

Those deemed as being irredeemably

immoral deserve unishment and

containment


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Treatment of sex offenders -1

9emoralisation in the Fhat

orksC aroach ;BT /orks on the assumtion that offenders have faulty or

deficient thinking /hich causes them to engage in immoralH

antisocial behaviour

?rogrammes therefore aim to remoralise or ethically reconstructoffenders by teaching them ho/ to think ro!socially #endall*

$%%-&

Underinning these ideas then are that all individuals are

eJually socially ositioned to be rational* resonsible * moral

and self discilined The system is essentially about social construction of an

offenderCs erceived risk and interventions that in theory are

meant to minimise or manage risk #air* $%%-&


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Treatment of sex offenders -$

>ender and diversity 7ome /ould argue that classification

ractices and rogrammes inadeJuatelyaddress needs of /omen and minority ethnicgrous

The /hole Fhat orksC scheme is is art ofan escalating focus on managerialism*

efficiency and accountability in correctionalservices and a move a/ay from /orking /ithindividual cases


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7trengths!based aroaches -,

;ritiJue of the aroach

in sex offender /ork ,ro%a%ly the primary critic of *ust usin! the crimino!enic

needs approach is #ony Ward (e.!.' Ward' Mann &/annon' 200

Who notes that current approaches re!ardin! theidentification ris$ factors and treatment to reduce the levelof these ris$ factors is a$in to a pin cushion approach

Where 1each ris$ factor constitutes a pin and treatment

focuses on the removal of each ris$ factor What has %een rarely considered in this or$ is the relative

stren!ths that individuals have to prevent themselves re-offendin!.


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7trengths!based aroaches --

Fhat orksC and 7trengths

based aroaches #herefore' accordin! to Ward et al. the treatment

of se+ual offenders should %e the com%ination of %oth the 1What Wor$s principles in order toreduce ris$

As ell as applyin! 1/ood 3ives principles inorder to enhance the stren!ths of the individual

%ein! or$ed ith


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7trengths!based aroaches -+

ardCs F>ood 4ivesC aroach Applyin! positive psycholo!ys aims in the treatment of

mainstream se+ual offenders has %een descri%ed %y Ward andcollea!ues

Ward et al. (2004 note that human %ein!s are naturallyinclined to see$ certain types of e+periences or 1human!oods and e+perience hi!h levels of ell %ein! if these !oodare o%tained

Ward et al. (200 note that primary !oods are defined as

1states of affairs' states of mind' personal characteristics'activities' or e+periences that are sou!ht for their on sa$eand are li$ely to achieve psycholo!ical ell-%ein! ifachieved


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ardCs 1% rimary goods #1& life #i.e.* healthy living and a high level of ersonal functioning&

#$& knoledge acJuisition

#,& achieve!ents both in /ork and lay

#-& e"cellence in agency #i.e.* being in control and the ability to be able to

get things accomlished

#+& inner peace #i.e.* lack of stress and inner tensionH emotional

dysregulation&

#& friendship #including intimate* romantic and family relationshis&

#8& co!!unity #i.e.* involvement /ith others beyond intimateH family

relationshis& #2& spirituality #in its broadest sense of finding meaning and urose in life&

#)& happiness

#1%& creativity .

Treatment of sex offenders -


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FBad livesC All kinds of roblems #sychological* social and lifestyle& can

emerge /hen these rimary goods are ursued in inaroriate

/ays

Therefore* sexual offence behaviours become /ays ofachieving human goods either through a direct route /here an

individual does not have the skills or cometencies to achieve

these in an aroriate manner

Dr through an indirect route /here offending takes lace to

relieve the negative thoughts and feelings individuals haveabout their inabilities of achieving human goods



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Bad lives $ ard and ann #$%%-& note that the absence of certain

goods such as: agency #i.e.* a lo/ level of interersonal functioning

Olack ofP inner peace #high level of stress and tension& lo/ level of relatedness #lo/ level of intimateH romantic

involvement /ith others&

"ave been strongly related to inaroriate* dysfunctional

/ays

Therefore* ard et al. argue that obtaining a good life and

achieving a sense of /ell!being should be a key

determinant in ho/ sex offendersC treatment is conducted



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;onclusions Treatment of sexual offenders a large undertaking in the U..

7ome overall evidence to suggest that it /orks

"o/ever* there are criticisms of the /hole aroach

The strongest being that the /hole aroach focuses on deficitsrather than strengths

ood 4ivesC

aroach /hich has been suggested as a ne/ innovation to the

treatment of offenders* articularly sex offenders

Treatment of sex offenders -)


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ey references Andre' D. & Bonta' A. (2005. The psychology of criminal conduct . incinatti' )67

Anderson. 6anson' 8.9.' /ordon' A.' 6arris' A.:.8.' Mar;ues' :.9.' Murphy' W.'

1_10_anthony_beech.ppt

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