11 chapter 4. wireless local area networks departamento de tecnología electrónica some of these...
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33 Chapter 4: Wireless Local Area Networks r 4.1 Introduction r 4.2 Standard IEEE m Standards m IEEE network components m Standard IEEE m IEEE network topologiesTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4.Wireless Local Area Networks
Departamento deTecnología Electrónica
Some of these slides are copyrighted by:
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 5th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith RossAddison-Wesley, April 2009.
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Chapter 4: Wireless Local Area Networks 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Standard IEEE 802.11
4.2.1 Standards 4.2.2 IEEE 802.11 network components 4.2.3 Standard IEEE 802.11 4.2.4 IEEE 802.11 network topologies
Wireless Local Area Networks
33Wireless Local Area Networks
Chapter 4: Wireless Local Area Networks 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Standard IEEE 802.11
4.2.1 Standards 4.2.2 IEEE 802.11 network components 4.2.3 Standard IEEE 802.11 4.2.4 IEEE 802.11 network topologies
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IntroductionIntroduction No cables They use the electromagnetic spectrum Generally they are integrated within wired LANs
Why? Allow mobility Allow installation in places where cables can’t be
installed (or are expensive)
Wireless Local Area Networks
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Introduction
Wireless Local Area Networks
Introduction
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Advantages: Allow the same features as wired LANs, but without
cable limitations. Mobility
Reduce installation time/cost Flexibility May work inside buildings or between buildings
Disadvantages: Need a trasnsmission medium based on radio
frequency (RF) -> Electromagnetic spectrum is limited Transmission rates are slower than in wired LANs Security problems
Wireless Local Area Networks
Introduction
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Use of electromagnetic spectrum 0-200 MHz: Radio, television, remote controls,
wireless phones, etc. 200 MHz- 1GHz: alarms, medical implants, walkie-
talkies, television, mobile phones. 1- 2 GHz: GPS, medical telemetry, phone mobiles 2.4 GHz: free band… satellite radio, satellite phones,
microwave ovens, weather radars, WI-FI, BLUETOOTH.
2.5- 5 GHz: satellite communications (e.g, TV) 5-50 GHz: Wi-fi, police radars 50-300 GHz: short-distance signals.
Wireless Local Area Networks
Electromagnetic spectrum
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ISM frequency bands: 900 – 928 MHz 2,400 – 2,4835 GHz 5,725 – 5,850 GHz
Wireless Local Area Networks
Electromagnetic spectrum
99Wireless Local Area Networks
Chapter 5: Wireless Local Area Networks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Standard IEEE 802.11
5.2.1 Standards 5.2.2 IEEE 802.11 network components 5.2.3 Standard IEEE 802.11 5.2.4 IEEE 802.11 network topologies
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Standards
Standars Standardization of WLANs is in charge of
IEEE & WIFI Alliance. IEEE in standard 802.11 is in charge of:
Define specifications of high performance WLANs Ensures Interoperability
SecurityQuality of Service.
WIFI Alliance is in charge of:Certificates that a manufacturer’s product may
interoperate with another manufacturer’s one.Promote the use of WLANs
Wireless Local Area Networks
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Standards
LAN/MAN Standards
Wireless Local Area Networks
1212Wireless Local Area Networks
Chapter 5: Wireless Local Area Networks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Standard IEEE 802.11
5.2.1 Standards 5.2.2 IEEE 802.11 network components 5.2.3 Standard IEEE 802.11 5.2.4 IEEE 802.11 network topologies
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802.11 Network componentsIEEE 802.11Network components Networks that follow standard 802.11 are formed by
four basic elements
Distribution system
Access Point
Station or client
Wireless medium
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Station or client: Device using a NIC that follows standard IEEE 802.11
PC, laptop, PDA,…
Wireless Network Adapter
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network components
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Station or client Wireless Network Adapters
Radio units Several types of Wi-Fi adapters
PCI CardsUSB Adapters
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network components
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Access Point (AP): Device in charge of “Medium Control Access” for the
clients of a WLAN and allows connection to a wired network (bridge)
An AP is a wireless hub. Different from a wireless router (very common
nowadays). A wireless router is a combination of an AP and a router and may execute more complex functions than a simple AP.
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network components
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Access Point (AP): Bridge: allows interconnecting different
networks, regardless of the protocol they are using. Works in 1 & 2 OSI layers.
A router also allows interconnecting several networks, but the network layer protocol must be common (E.g, IP)
If we want to interconnect two networks that are using the same protocol, it is desirable to use a router.
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network components
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802.11 Network components Wireless Medium: Use of
RF for the transport of MAC_PDUs.
Wireless Local Area Networks
Frequency Standard Wavelength
2.4 Ghz 802.11b/g 12.5 cm5.x GHz 802.11a 5-6 cm
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Distribution System: LAN or WLAN technology used to make WLAN range wider. Wireless case:
Several AP.WDS AP: Master AP (WDS = Wireless Distribution
System).The other APs are slaves and act as relay stations: WDS
Stations.All in the same channel SSID may be the same one or different Not standard. Not supported by all hosts and
there may be incompatibilities.Incompatible with some security mechanisms
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network components
2020Wireless Local Area Networks
Chapter 5: Wireless Local Area Networks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Standard IEEE 802.11
5.2.1 Standards 5.2.2 IEEE 802.11 network components 5.2.3 Standard IEEE 802.11 5.2.4 IEEE 802.11 network topologies
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Standard IEEE 802.11
Standard IEEE 802.11
PHY
MAC
LLC (802.2)
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Physical Layer (PHY) Cell topology.
Half-duplexFrequency bands: 2,4 GHz & 5 GHz
A license is not neccessary. Every band has a set of channels
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Physical Layer
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Physical Layer (PHY) Cell topology.
Physical layer options
Standard Band Tx Rate802.11a 5 GHz 54 Mbps802.11b 2,4 GHz 11 Mbps802.11g 2,4 GHz 54 Mbps802.11n Both 200 Mbps
Wireless Local Area Networks
Standard IEEE 802.11. Physical Layer
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MAC Sublevel Every MAC_PDU containing data is ACKed by the rcvr Encryptation and authenticaction algorithms are
implemented. A MAC_PDU may contain up to 4 MAC addresses
(source, destination, transmitter & receiver).
Wireless Local Area Networks
Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
802.11 Data frame
Ethernet frame
Frame Control
Duration Dest Address
Source Address
Address3
Seq. Address4
Data CRC
2 Bytes 2 Bytes 6 Bytes 6 Bytes 6 Bytes 2 Bytes 6 Bytes 0-2312 Bytes 4 Bytes
Dest Address
Source Address
EType Data CRC
6 Bytes 6 Bytes 2 Bytes 46-1500 Bytes 4 Bytes
IP
IP
LLC/SNAP header (802.2)
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MAC Sublevel Three types of MAC_PDUs:
DataControlManagement
Wireless Local Area Networks
Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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MAC level Data MAC_PDUs:
Superior layer info (MAC_SDU) is carriedMAC_PCI is 34 bytes long.MTU is 2312.
In case of the existance of many interferences MAC_SDU fragmentation is enabled
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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MAC sublevel Control MAC_PDUs:
Used for the “reservation” of the medium and for ACKs ACK: sent by MAC sublevel to ACK a Data MAC_PDU.
• Does not indicate that MAC_PDU destination has received it.
RTS (Request to Send) / CTS (Clear to Send) for the reservation of the medium.
• RTS is sent by MAC sublevel to request the use of the medium and indicate the duration of the reservation (time needed).
• CTS is sent by MAC sublevel as a response to RTS. Indicates that the sender is able to transmit and the duration of the reservation (time left)
Wireless Local Area Networks
Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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MAC sublevel Management MAC_PDUs:
To manage wireless links. Beacon. Sent periodically by MAC sublevel to inform about the
existance of a wireless network• Interval: configurable parameter.
Probe request. Enable MAC sublevel to search for wireless networks within an area.
• Informs about transmission rates. Probe response. Response to Probe Request. Association request. MAC sublevel requests the connection to a
wireless network. Association response. Connection confirmation. Others.
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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MAC Sublevel Medium Access Control (MAC), changes for adapting
to wireless medium.• In Ethernet, CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access / Collision Detection). • In Wireless, this mechanism is hard to
implement, as transmission errors are more frequent.
• New mechanisms for MAC are added: CSMA/CA y MACA.
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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MAC Sublevel Medium Access Technique: CSMA/CA
1) Before transmitting info, a station must determine the medium state (free or busy)
2) If the channel is not busy, there is an additional wait: InterFrame Space (IFS)
3) If the channel is busy or it gets busy while IFS, the tx must wait until current transaction ends.
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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MAC Sublevel Medium Access Technique: CSMA/CA
4) After current transaction ends: Backoff algorithm is executed Additional and random wait, chosen in an interval
called contention window (CW) Measured in units of slot time (slots)
5) If during this wait, medium is not free for a time equal or higher than IFS, wait is suspended until the condition is fulfilled.
Wireless Local Area Networks
Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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MAC Sublevel Medium Access Technique: CSMA/CA
StationA
B
C
D
E
IFS IFS IFS IFSCW
CW
CW
CW
Data
Data
Data
Data
DataBackoff
Backoff
Backoff
Data to tx arrivalWait
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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MAC Sublevel Medium Access Technique: CSMA/CA
Problems in WLAN:Hidden nodes. Channel is busy by a station that is not
heard by the correspondent node Exposed nodes. A station thinks that the channel is busy
though it is, in fact free, as other nodes does not intereferes in the communication.
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer MAC Sublevel
Medium Access Technique: CSMA/CAProblems in WLAN:
Hidden nodes. Exposed nodes
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MAC Sublevel Medium Access Technique: MACA
Contention that allows reservations to avoid collisions (CSMA/CA, CA = Collision Avoidance)
More resstrictive than standard CSMA/CA:RTS (Request to Send) / CTS (Clear to Send)DIFS (Distributed IFS)/ SIFS (Short IFS)NAV (similar to backoff algorithm time)
Not employed (overload) if: There are a few stations Very dense network: all the stations are in range of every station. Small frames.
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer
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Standard IEEE 802.11. Data Link Layer MAC Sublevel
Medium Access Technique: MACA
Wireless Local Area Networks
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Chapter 5: Wireless Local Area Networks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Standard IEEE 802.11
5.2.1 Standards 5.2.2 IEEE 802.11 network components 5.2.3 Standard IEEE 802.11 5.2.4 IEEE 802.11 network topologies
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802.11 Network topologies
The basic communication set in a 802.11 network is the BSS (Basic Service Set) or cell. Every BSS has a coverage area, so that all the stations
belonging to the BSS can communicate to the others A name known as SSID (Service Set Identifier) is assigned to
them. According to the number of BSSs and the kind of devices
within a network, there are three types of 802.11 networks: Ad hoc networks or Independent BSS (IBSS).
There are only clients. Infrastructure BSS.
There are clients and an AP. EBSS (Extended BSS)
Multiple BSS to allow bigger coverage area.
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Ad hoc 802.11 Network
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802.11 Network topologies
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Infrastructure BSS
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network topologies
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EBSS 802.11 Network
BSS BSS
EBSS
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network topologies
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Functioning in Infrastructure Mode / EBSS
Every AP has a BSSID – Basic Service Set Identifier- (MAC of its wireless interface) and a SSID (configured by the network administrator). In EBSS, every cell has the same SSID, but is
distinguished by its AP’s BSSID. 802.11 does not limit the number of clients per AP. To connect to a wireless network, a client must
know BSSID & SSID in a cell. APs send Beacon periodically, with BSSID and, optionally
with SSID The client sends Probe request with SSID, waiting a Probe
response, from the AP, containing its BSSID.
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network topologies
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Functioning in Infrastructure Mode / EBSS
A client who know BSSID & SSID of a cell request the association (connection) with an AP by means of the Association Request If the AP accepts the client, it sends an Association
Response with an Association Id.AP registers client’s MAC in its Addressing Table.
An AP controls the communication in all its associated clients Clients never communicate with each other directly
They only proccess MAC_PDUs coming from their associated AP.
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network topologies
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Functioning in Infrastructure Mode / EBSS
APs keep Addressing tables, like bridges do. They learn from the traffic that goes through it. They forward info based on the dest MAC addr
An AP that is connected to a Distribution System acts as a bridge, but Injects traffic to the wireless interface if the dest is
one of its clients or if it is broadcast/multicast Injects traffic in the Distribution System (like a bridge)
AP adapts logical addressing if it’s neccessary. E.g: Distribution System based on 802.3
Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 Network topologies
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802.11 Network topologiesAssociation
Wireless Local Area Networks
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802.11 Network topologiesSending of data MAC-
PDU
Wireless Local Area Networks