Guided by:

Prof. Omkar Parishwad

Prepared by:-

Shwati kanoje 141414006

Sanjivani Parate141414008

Shriya shah 141414011

Pallavi magdum 141414017

BRITISH PERIOD IN INDIA

Evolution of Aesthetics, Culture and Technology

The Mughal Empire

• In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Timur and Gengis Kahn from Fergana

Valler (present day Uzbekistan) swept across the Khyber Pass and

established the Mughal Empire which covered modern day

Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.

• The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent till 1600;

after which it went into decline after 1707 and was finally defeated

during India's first war of Independence in 1857.

Family Tree of Mughals

• Decline of the Mughal’s began with religious conflict between Muslims and Hindus and resulted in fighting and a divided empire.• Muslims were the majority in the Northwest (modern Pakistan) and Northeast (modern Bangladesh). Many cities and some villages were mixed.

END OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

1600s, the British East India Company (BEIC) established trading posts at

Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai), and Calcutta.

At first, India’s ruling Mughal Empire kept European traders under control,

but already weakened by civil war and misrule few, Indians wished to

defend it.

By 1707, however, the Mughal Empire was collapsing. Dozens of small

states, each headed by a ruler or maharajah, broke away from Mughal

control.

• GOLDENPERIODE OF INDIAN HISTORY

500 BC –800 AD

• MUSLIMINFLUENCE IN INDIA

1000 AD–1700AD

• BRITISHPERIODE IN INDIA

1700 AD –1947 AD

• MODERN INDIA

1947- TILL DATE

COLONIAL INDIA

Imperial entities of India

Portugues India(1505–1961)

Casa da India

1434–1833

Portuguese East India Company

1628–1633

Dutch India

1605–1825

Danish India

1620–1869

French India

1769–1954

British India(1612–1947)

EAST INDIA COMPANY

• 1612–1757

Company rule in India

• 1757 -1858

British Raj

• 1858–1947

British rule in Burma

• 1824–1948

British rule in Burma

• 1824–1948

Partition of India

• 1947

16TH C. – PORTUGUESE EMPIRE AT MAXIMUM EXTENT

Portuguese India(1505–1961)

Vasco daGama of Portugal

Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira 1460s – 23 December 1524) was a Portuguese explorer. He was the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route, as well as linking the Atlantic and the Indian oceans entirely and definitively, and in this way, the West and the Orient. This was accomplished on his first voyage to India (1497–1499).

Da Gama's discovery was significant and opened the way for an age of global imperialism and for the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia

On 8 July 1497 Vasco da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of 170 men from Lisbon.

Outward and return voyages of the Portuguese India Run (Carreira da Índia). The outward route of the South Atlantic westerlies that Bartolomeu Dias discovered in 1487, followed and explored by da Gama in the open ocean, would be developed in subsequent years.

1500-1700S – DUTCH, FRENCH, BRITISH

FOLLOW

Dutch presence on the Indian

subcontinent lasted from

1605 to 1825.

Merchants of the Dutch India

Company first established

themselves in Dutch

Coromandel, notably Pulicat,

as they were looking for

textiles to exchange with the

spices they traded in the East

Indies.

Dutch Suratte and Dutch

Bengal were established in

1616 and 1627 respectively.

After the Dutch conquered

Ceylon from the Portuguese in

1656, they took the

Portuguese forts on the

Malabar coast five years later

as well, to secure Ceylon from

Portuguese invasion

DUTCH INDIA

1600 – BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY

Cotton

Silk

Tea

British India(1612–1947)

The history of the British Raj refers to the period of British

rule on the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.

The system of governance was instituted in 1858 when

the rule of the East India Company was transferred to

the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who in 1876 was

proclaimed Empress of India).

It lasted until 1947, when the British provinces of India

were partitioned into two sovereign dominion states:

the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, leaving

the princely states to choose between them.

The two new dominions later became the Republic of

India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (the eastern half of

which, still later, became the People's Republic of

Bangladesh).

The province of Burma in the eastern region of the Indian

Empire had been made a separate colony in 1937 and became

independent in 1948

WHY WOULD BRITISH WANT INDIA

• Incredible

valuable for its

work force and

raw material

(tea, indigo,

coffee, cotton,

jute and

opium)

• British east

India company

set up trading

routs.

• Mughal empire

was collapsing

BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY

• A British company that basically ran India.

• Gained control after a decisive victory at the Battle of

Plassy in 1757

• Controlled an area that included modern

Bangladesh, most of southern India, and nearly all

the territory along the Ganges River in the north.

• Cotton cloth woven by Indian weavers imported into Britain in huge quantities to supply a worldwide demand for cheap, washable, lightweight fabrics for dresses and furnishings.

•This private profit-seeking corporation was allowed by the British government to rule India by itself through Company Rule in which the British government allowed it to act as representatives of the British and make laws as it saw fit in the areas of India it controlled.

•Gained control after a decisive victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757

•Worked with compliant Indian leaders to get rich trading India’s cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, tea and opium.

TRADE THAT THE BRITISH EAST

INDIA CO. WAS INVOLVED IN,

1814-1835

• Education in India commenced under the supervision of a guru in traditional schools called Gurukuls.

• In the colonial era, the gurukul system began to decline as the system promoted by the British began to gradually take over

• Britishers opened 186 colleges and universities. Starting with 600 students scattered across 4 universities and 67 colleges in 1882.

• The Madras Medical College opened in 1835, and admitted women so that they could treat the female population who traditionally shied away from medical treatments under qualified male professionals.

• The British established the first Government College University in Lahoreof present-day Pakistan in 1864.

• In India, there were four colleges of civil engineering Thomason College

1. Thomason College (Now IIT Roorkee),

founded in 1847

2. Bengal Engineering College

(now Bengal Engineering and Science

University, Shibpur)

Positive reforms -British Control

• The British made education, in English—a high priority hoping it would speed modernisation and reduce the administrative charges

• colonial authorities had a sharp debate over policy. This was divided into two schools –

1. who believed that education should happen in Indian languages like sanskrit and parasi

2. Thomas Babington Macaulay, traditional India had nothing to teach regarding modern skills; the best education for them would happen in English.

• In 1829 Bentinck favoured the replacement of Persian by English as the official language.

•Education

1. Calcutta Madrasa :1781 in calcutta

2. Sanskrit college:1791 in Banaras

3. Fort william college :1800 in Calcutta

Calcutta madrasa Sanskrit collegeFort william college

Transportation• British India built a modern railway system in the late nineteenth century which was the fourth largest in the world. The railway network in 1909,

• First railway Route Roorkee and Piran kaliyan (22 December 1851) in Uttarpradesh.

when it was the fourth largest railway network in the world.

• Two new railway companies, Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR) and East Indian Railway (EIR) began in 1853–54 to construct and operate lines near Bombay and Calcutta.

• The first passenger railway line in North India between Allahabad and Kanpur opened in 1859.

• Leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India .

• Soon several large princely states built their own rail systems and the network spread to the regions that became the modern-day states of Assam, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh

Fig. rurki 1st station at british period &

railway.

• During the First World War, the railways were used to transport troops and grains to the ports of Bombay and Karachi en route to Britain, Mesopotamia, and East Africa.

• he Second World War severely crippled the railways as rolling stock was diverted to the Middle East

• at colonial purpose, local needs, capital, service, and private-versus-public interests, concluded that making the railways a creature of the state hindered success .

"The most magnificent railway station in the world." says the caption of the stereographic tourist picture of Victoria Terminus, Bombay which was completed in 1888.

Advantages

• The world’s third largest rail-road network was a major British achievement.

• Railroads enabled India to develop a modern economy and brought unity to the connected regions.

• A modern road network, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals.

• Sanitation and public health improved.

• Schools and colleges were founded, and literacy increased.

• British troops cleared central India of bandits.

Disadvantages

• Divide and Rule Policy.

• Harsh and racist actions against Indians

• British held much of the political and economic power.

• Restricted Indian-owned industries such as cotton textiles.

• Conversion to cash crops reduced food production, causing famines in the late 1800s.

• Loss of cultural practices and language

• Divisions between “Anglicized” elites and traditional Indians

Policy reform -British Rule • Some of the modernization associated with the industrial revolution did benefit India during this period

• Foreign investors set up jute mills around Calcutta , and Indian merchants set up cotton textile factories in Gujrat and around Bombay.

• Some British citizens such as William Digby agitated for policy reforms and better famine relief,

• From the 1880s onwards British administrators built a series of irrigation canals in India, much of it for the purpose of famine prevention

• The railway network (the world's biggest employer) all remain substantially influenced by the British period

• The Government of India Act of 1909—also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms (John Morley was the secretary of state for India, and Gilbert Elliot, fourth earl of Minto, was viceroy)

Sepoy Rebellion

• Sepoy Mutiny: 1857

• East India company even had its own army, led by British officers and staffed by sepoys, or Indian soldiers.

• Divide and conquer strategy had worked well for the British

• Uniting factor

Sepoy Rebellion

•Sepoy rebelled against East India Company rule

•British government took direct control to protect their valuable trading empire and ruled from 1858 to 1947

•The Indians could not unite against the British due to weak leadership and serious splits between Hindus and Muslims.

•The mutiny increased distrust between the British and the Indians.

• The states annexed under this doctrine included such major kingdoms as Satara, Thanjavur, Sambhal, Jhansi, Jetpur, Udaipur, and Baghat

• Sepoy rebelled against East India Company rule

• British government took direct control to protect their valuable trading empire and ruled from 1858 to 1947

• The Indians could not unite against the British due to weak leadership and serious splits between Hindus and Muslims.

• The mutiny increased distrust between the British and the Indians.

• Fighting lasted for over a year. Finally, the East India Company regained control.

• After that, the British government was much more involved in controlling India.

• Sepoys that refused to use the cartridges were jailed.

• The states annexed under this doctrine included such major kingdoms as Satara, Thanjavur, Sambhal, Jhansi, Jetpur, Udaipur, and Baghat

• Sepoy rebelled against East India Company rule

• British government took direct control to protect their valuable trading empire and ruled from 1858 to 1947

• The Indians could not unite against the British due to weak leadership and serious splits between Hindus and Muslims.

• The mutiny increased distrust between the British and the Indians.

• Fighting lasted for over a year. Finally, the East India Company regained control.

• After that, the British government was much more involved in controlling India.

• Sepoys that refused to use the cartridges were jailed.

Areas of sepoy mutiny :1857

Sepoy soldier

Control transfer to Queen Victoria

• The civil war was a major turning point in the history of modern India. In May 1858, the British exiled Emperor Bahadur Shah II who belongs to mughal emporer.

• In proclaiming the new direct-rule policy to "the Princes, Chiefs, and Peoples of India," Queen Victoria promised equal treatment under British law

• Many existing economic and revenue policies

• several administrative modifications were introduced, beginning with the creation in London of a cabinet post, the Secretary of State for India.

• About 40 percent of Indian territory

and 20–25 percent of the population remained

under the control of 562 princes notable for

their religious (Islamic, Hindu , Sikh and other)

and ethnic diversity

• East India Company created its own outpost at

Surat. This small outpost marked the beginning of a

remarkable presence that would last over 300 years

and eventually dominate the entire subcontinent. In

1612 British established a trading post in Gujarat.

• cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, tea and opium.

• Cotton cloth woven by Indian weavers imported into

Britain in huge quantities to supply a worldwide

demand for cheap, washable, lightweight fabrics for

dresses and furnishings.

Cotton SilkTea

•Effects of world war•There was a devastating famine in India, 1876-1878. Lord Lytton, viceroy of

India, opposed any efforts to intervene in the famine as violating the

principles of laissez faire economics.

•There were calls for a Famine Fund to counteract future famines. However,

Lytton opposed financing it with an income tax, which would affect the rich,

and instead supported a land tax on the peasantry. This was rejected, so

Lytton pushed taxes on small traders and on salt. In the end, the Famine

Fund wasn’t even spend on famine relief, but rather was used to reduce the

tariff on cotton goods imported into India and on the war in Afghanistan.

•In 1876, at the beginning of the famine, the proclamation of Queen Victoria

as Empress of India was celebrated with a weak-long feast for 68,000

officials. Meanwhile, a British journalist estimated that 100,000 people died

during the course of the festivities.

•The death toll of the famine is hard to calculate. One British demographer

provides a figure of 7.1 million deaths.

• During WWI, millions of Indians joined with the British army.

• The British Parliament promised that when the war ended, Indians would be able to have more control of their government.• Unfortunately, nothing changed after the war…

Indian Medic Troops During WWI

Impacts of WW1 and WW2

Inoculation against Plague, Bombay,

postcard, early 20th c.

•Sepoy rebelion- mangal pandey 1857

•Swarajya 1906

•Jalianwala bagh hatyakand 1919

•Asahakar 1920

•Savinay kaydebhang 1922

•Chodo bharat 1940

•Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the first Indian

nationalist to embrace Rvi as the destiny of the

nation.

•Tilak deeply opposed the then British education

system that ignored and defamed India's culture,

history and values.

•He resented the denial of freedom of expression

for nationalists, and the lack of any voice or

role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their

nation.

• For these reasons, he considered Swaraj as the

natural and only solution.

•His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, a

nd I shall have it" became the

source of inspiration for Indians.

• The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the

Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919.

•When a crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with

Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala

Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, were fired upon by troops of

the British Indian Army under the command of

Colonel Reginald Dyer.

ASAHAKAR CHALVAL

•The noncooperation phase was a significant phase of

the Indian independence movement from British rule.

•It was led by Mahatma Gandhi and was supported by

the Indian National Congress.

•Gandhi started

the noncooperation movement for removing British in

January 1920 after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

•It aimed to resist British rule in India through

nonviolent means.

•Protestors would refuse to

buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts

and picket liquor shops.

•The ideas of Ahimsa and

nonviolence, and Gandhi’s ability to rally hundreds of

thousands of common citizens towards the cause of

Indian independence, were first seen on a large scale in

this movement through the summer 1920.

•The Chauri Chaura incident occurred at Chauri

Chaura in the

Gorakhpur district of the United Province, British

India on 4

February 1922, when a large group of protesters

participating in the Non-

cooperation movement turned violent, leading to p

olice opening fire.

• In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set

fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants.

•The incident led to the

deaths of three civilians and 22 or 23 policemen.

•The Indian National Congress halted the Non-

cooperation Movement on the

national level as a direct result of this incident.

SALT MARCH•Gandhi emerged from his long seclusion by under

taking his most

famous campaign, a march of about 400 kilometre

s (240 miles)

from his commune in Ahmedabad to Dandi, on the

coast of

Gujarat between 11 March and 6 April 1930.

•The march is usually known as the dandi march

or salt satyagraha.

•The or Salt March was a very important and well

known moment for Gandhi as a "freedom fighter".

•The Quit India Movement was a civil disobedience

movement in India.

• launched on 8 august

1942 in response to Gandhi's call for immediate self-

rule by Indians.

•against sending Indians to World War II. He asked all

teachers to leave their schools,

and other Indians to leave their respective jobs and take

part in this movement.

•Due to Gandhi's political influence, his request was

followed by a massive proportion of the population.

•In addition, the INC led the Quit India Movement to

demand the British to leave India

and to have India as a sovereign state ruled by the Indian

people.

the independence leaders that

dedicated their lives for the cause

of Indian independence.

Gandhi

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in India on October 2nd, 1869 and studied law in England.

• After spending time in South Africa during Apartheid, he returned to India in 1914 with a determination that people should be treated equally, no matter their race or religion.• He was shocked by the way Indians were segregated and

oppressed by British authorities.

• After Amritsar, Gandhi decided to quit practicing law and to devote his life to fighting for the equality of all Indians.• He believed it was time for the people of India to stop obeying the

unjust British laws.

1909Late 1930s

• Gandhi encouraged his followers to practice nonviolent protests against the British in order to bring about social change.

• He developed what he called a system of civil disobedience and believed that it would make the world recognize the injustice in India and force change without using violence.

• Gandhi believed that acts of goodness produced positive reactions while violence only produced negative ones.

•Gandhi’s first satyagraha•1919, massacre•1920, Gandhi’s first satyagraha. Designed to make the British rule in India non-functional through a complete non-violent boycott•Many were jailed by the British•Cancelled due to violence

•Instructions to satyagrahi’s•Harbor no anger, but suffer the anger of the opponent. Do not return assaults•Do not submit to an order given in anger•Refrain from insults and swearing•Protect the opponents from insult or attack, even at the risk of life•If taken prisoner, behave in an exemplary manner•Obey the orders of the satyagraha leaders

•Harbor no anger, but suffer the anger of the opponent. Do not return assaults•Do not submit to an order given in anger•Refrain from insults and swearing•Protect the opponents from insult or attack, even at the risk of life•If taken prisoner, behave in an exemplary manner•Obey the orders of the satyagraha leaders

The 1930 Salt march

Salt march monument

STEPS IN A SATYAGRAHA CAMPAIGN

• Gandhi led his followers in boycotts, hunger strikes, and nonviolent protests.

• In 1930, when he led a march that was aimed at closing a British salt factory, the guards responded by clubbing and beating the peaceful protestors.

• News of this event spread worldwide and people around the world began to call for the British to grant Indian independence.

• In the 1800s, a feeling of nationalism began to surface in India.

• Nationalism is a belief that people should be loyal to those with whom they share common history and customs.

• The first two groups to work for the rights of Indians were the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League in 1906.

• As they became better organized, they began to call for independence from Britain.

• Many Indians followed Gandhi’s nonviolent acts of protest and forced the British to recognize their desire for independence.

• After fighting in WWII, Britain no longer had enough money or people to keep India under its rule.

• On August 15, 1947, Great Britain formally gave up their colonial claims to India and the Republic of India was established.• Today, many Indians credit India’s independence to the efforts of

Gandhi.

India’s Independence Day

• Even though India had won its independence, things were not peaceful in the country.• Hindus and Muslims could not reach a solution as to how to rule an

independent India.

• Eventually, the country was split into India for the Hindus and East & West Pakistan for the Muslims.

• The partition of India led to genocide.

Two Muslim men carrying an old woman to their new home in

Pakistan.

Time Magazine cover representing the partition of

India – 1947.

• Gandhi was very much disappointed by the partition; he wanted all Indians to live together peacefully in one country.• Even though he was Hindu, he felt that all religious groups

should be welcomed in India.

• In 1948, at the age of 78, Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated on his way to a prayer meeting in New Delhi.• He was shot three times by a high-ranking Brahmin who

resented Gandhi’s concern for Muslims.

Memorial where Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated at 5:17 PM on January 30,

1948 on his way to a prayer meeting.

Independent kashmir

The instrument of accession is legal documentexecuted by Maharajah Hari Singh, ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, on 26 October 1947.12 By executing this document under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act 1947, Maharajah Hari Singh agreed toaccede to the Dominion of India

Shown in green is the Kashmiri region of Pakistan. The darkbrownregion is a part of Indianadministered Kashmir while the Aksai Chin was annexed by China, the Chinese control being tacitly accepted by Pakistan. Area in the North Kashmir region has been ceded by Pakistan to China.

Various movie’s and serial’s related to british period in India

and indian independence

•WHO KILLED GANDHI

•SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE

•LAGAAN

•RANG DE BASANTI

•MANGAL PANDEY

•ZASSI KI RANI LAXMIBAI

•GADAR EK PREM KATHA

•VITI DANDU

•LOKMANYA- EK YUGPURUSH

References:•Wikipedia

•The Rebellion of 1857

•The British Empire and India

•Imperialism

•Salt march

•Freedom fighter’s of India

•Book’s:- Nurzahan, Aurangzeb, Gandhi

Thank you for listening…