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HISTORY

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Education

Natural Sciences Social Sciences Humanities

The Fine Arts

ChemistryBiology

PhysiologyGeologyPhysics

Archeology

Economics

PsychologyPoli Sci

PhilosophyHistoryReligious StudiesLiterature

Languages

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WHAT ARE HUMANITIES?

The Humanities are the branches of learning

concerned with human attributes and qualities and

are regarded as having primarily a cultural character.They are concerned with expression and aesthetic

value.

Those areas of study that explore humans and theirrelationship to the world around them.

Those academic disciplines which study people --

their ideas, their history, their literature, their artifacts,and their values.

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Fine Arts

Performing Arts Visual Arts

Humanities

DanceMusicTheatre

Performance Art

PaintingDrawingPrintmaking

SculpturePhotographyFilmArchitecture A.

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The definition of history. Webster's Third NewInternational Dictionarygives three relevant definitionsof the word "history":

a) "a narrative of events connected with a real or imaginaryobject, person, or career";

b "the events that form the sub ect matter of a histor "

What is History?

c)"a systematic written account comprising a chronologicalrecord of events and usually including a philosophicalexplanation of the cause and origin of such events."

We note from these three descriptive definitions that the word"history" can mean either a record of events or the eventsthemselves and it can also mean a narrative of real events or ofimaginary events. A.

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History = His Story

History is written by the winners History is one-sided

Be aware of bias in your textbook, articles, books, documents, andother sources.

Break up the word, History

Two types of sources used Primary Source record of past events created by people who

were there during the event

Secondary Source record of past events created

by someone who was not present during the event

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Historical method basically involves four things:

a) a technique of investigation;

b) an ability to identify what really took place;

c) knowledge of what others are affirming in one's own field, in cognate

The Historical Method

e s, an n a e sc p nes;

d) an ability to express correctly what one has ascertained

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History is about change and continuity over time and space. Westudy the past from many perspectives; such as political, militaryand diplomatic developments, economic, social, and cultural

development, and the role of religious ideas and beliefs in shapinghuman experiences.

The range of topics open to historians is virtually endless. Somehistorians deal with global issues like the rise of capitalism or the

origins of WWI, others take a microhistorical approach and closelystudy a small sect or community within a carefully bounded period oftime so as to recover deeply buried experiences and meanings.

The power of ideas in shaping past societies is a popular field, as is

t e mpact o soc a an econom c structures on suc soc et es.

Historians study the origins of conflict as well as the impact thatsuch conflicts have upon those caught up in them.

Some historians work on the very recent past: the origins of ethniccleansing for example, while others may study societies in the fardistant past. Our geographical scope is just as wide-ranging, withhistorians in our department studying Canada, China, Europe, LatinAmerica, the United States, Africa and India.

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With so many possible points of departure, historians mustfrequently look to other disciplines in the social sciences and thehumanities to gain the necessary tools.

For example, a study of a community in a time of change can often

benefit from detailed demographic analysis while someone studyinga particular historical document could gain by employing techniquesof literary analysis.

Hence, History emphasizes interdisciplinary approaches.

Training as an historian enables students to gather, organize andevaluate historical sources, understand complex cause and effectrelationships, and to communicate this knowledge effectively.

History provides a unique awareness of the world from its origins tothe present and gives excellent foundation for careers that requirean understanding of human diversity as well as of how the pastimpinges on the present and the future. A.

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But the facts of history cannot be repeated and tested like many facts inscience.

Whether or not a mockingbird feather and a gold coin will fall at the samespeed in a vacuum can be checked by experiment. They do. Every

time. But no one can replay the siege of the Alamo.

Yet, like most human statements, historical facts can be verified byconfirming evidence and checked by consistency. Still, they have anunnervin wa of remainin ca able of bein uestioned and dis uted.

Historical Facts

For one thing, historical facts can be based on at least two kinds of sources:primary and secondary.

Primary means a comment made by someone who was a witness or a

participant in an event. A secondary source is a record made by someonenot present at an event, but who uses primary and other secondary sourcesas evidence.

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Plutarch--Great Men and their Character. His thesis is that the verycharacter of men changes history. His study of Mark Antony

When doing history, it helps to keep in mind that there are many different ways ofdetermining how history happens. One of the key things to remember is thathistorians disagree very much over why almost any event happened. In thesearch for how things happen, we get ideas about how to understand ourpresent world's events and what to do about them, if anything. The following listof selected historians can give you some ideas of how the great historians "did"

history. Keep in mind that this list is in no way complete or exclusive of otherhistorians.

sugges s a s ove or eopa ra n e m o s u es n

Rome and was destroyed by Augustus; who, it turned out, was not alightweight.Historical Forces. This is the assertion that certain ideas,movements, etc., become irresistible forces that will have their way.An example is Christianity being such a force that would eventually

not only survive persecution, but emerge victorious over theRoman Empire. Another is the dominance of Science in the Westover Theology and Philosophy as the authority for determining

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Toynbee--Challenge and response. Toynbee's theory is that allcivilizations are faced with a crisis which is either one of ideas, or oneof technology. How they respond determines whether they willsurvive. An example is the Fall of Rome. Many blame Christianity forsapping the Pagan strength of Rome and causing her downfall.Toynbee points out that the Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman

Empire) used Christianity to revitalize and reform the Roman Empirefor another thousand years.Hegel--Dialectic. Hegel's Theory of History says that for every oldidea, there is a new one which conflicts with it. Out of the struggle anew idea is created (Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis). He felt that this

was how God led us to perfection and revealed new truth. History isjust the product of conflictDarwin. Not a historian, but he took Hegel's idea and applied them toscience. His biological application led to the Origin of Species.Herbert Spencer and others then used his biological ideas to supporttheir ideas that a struggle among races of people and differing

nations led to the strongest and most able nations ruling the world.Victory in combat meant the superiority of a nation or people.

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Marx--Material Dialectic. Marx used Hegel's ideas and applied them to classesof people throughout history. Any ruling class controlled the "means of

production" which gave them wealth and power to rule. Whenever a newmethod of production occurred, there was conflict between the older rulingclass and a newer class using the newer and superior means of production. An

example is how the Businessman and his money destroyed the power of theold Aristocracy based on land and hereditary ownership

Turner--Geography and the Frontier. Turner's thesis said that geographydetermines the character of a people and, depending on the situation, gavethem certain advantages and disadvantages. An example is that the English

and Japanese, being Island Nations, would naturally have an advantage at seacom at. n , n an age o sea-tra e t ey wou , ten to e power u . s t es s

explicitly stated how the Frontier shaped the American mind to be open to newthings and to strive for what was new. In our modern technological age,Americans are very open to new technologies.Radicals--History is the story of who won. This thesis says that history is little

more than mythmaking. "History is the history of winners." Those who win, writethe history books. Those who have lost are excluded or demonized. History isdetermined by who has the political power to write the books. But, for some,reading a restaurant menu is as important as reading "history."

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Boorstin--The unexpected. Daniel J. Boorstin's books suggesta thesis that ideas and practices simply come together in

various places and time and can hardly be predicted. Whathas mattered, is that the great Creators and Discoverers havebeen open to the challenge and took previously unrelated

ideas and put them together in a way that was entirely new.They thus change the world. An example is how an

anonymous optician in Belgium created the first telescope tobe used in combat. It found its way to Italy where Galileobegan to look at stars with it. His findings undermined the

Ptolemaic system. However, the Church used his informationto create t e mo ern regor an a en ar we use to ay. ut

sixteen years later in the firestorm of the Reformation, Galileowas ordered to remain silent. Boorstin is hostile to theHegelian-Marxist-Darwinian school as it can only tell what thefuture is like based on the past. The Hegelians could never

have predicted the impact of the telescope. Boorstin makesconsiderable money showing that no one can predict; you canonly remain open to change. Change cannot be managed.

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Nietzsche believe that "God was dead." He was convinced that traditionalvalues represented a "slave morality," a morality created by weak and

resentful individuals who encouraged such behavior as gentleness andkindness because the behavior served their interests. Nietzscheclaimed that new values could be created to replace the traditionalones, and his discussion of the possibility led to his concept of thesuperman.

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