10d los angeles smog.scripts

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One of the main secondary pollutants formed in Los Angeles smog is ozone. While it is the same molecule one should not confuse ozone at the surface with ozone in the stratosphere, which protects us from the sun’s UV radia?on. There is much more ozone in the stratosphere and the ozone at the surface cannot take over this role. On the other, hand ozone at the surface is a concern as this is where humans live. High levels of ozone can cause eyes to tear and can make it difficult to breath. To have an idea how bad ozone levels in Los Angeles were and s?ll are we need to look at what we believe the natural concentra?ons of ozone are. We know very liFle about ozone in the distant past, but we have one piece of informa?on from Paris around the year 1900. At Montsouris a group of scien?st made accurate measurements of ozone which researchers today were able to reanalyze to determine the ozone mixing ra?os. 120 years ago there were around 5 – 15 ppb of ozone in Paris. Since this was before the widespread use of the combus?on engine we believe that these were the preindustrial levels of ozone. If one looks in remote areas today the background levels of ozone are more in the range of 3040ppb. The global surface ozone levels have thus more than doubled in the past 120 years. We can now compare this value with those measurement in Los Angeles in the 1970’s which reached up to 600ppb, 20 ?mes higher than the natural levels. Even today we can, on occasion, reach mixing ra?os of up to 150ppb. It is not uncommon to find such high mixing ra?os in other urban areas around the world. 1

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Page 1: 10d Los Angeles Smog.scripts

One  of  the  main  secondary  pollutants  formed  in  Los  Angeles  smog  is  ozone.  While  it  is  the  same  molecule  one  should  not  confuse  ozone  at  the  surface  with  ozone  in  the  stratosphere,  which  protects  us  from  the  sun’s  UV  radia?on.  There  is  much  more  ozone  in  the  stratosphere  and  the  ozone  at  the  surface  cannot  take  over  this  role.  On  the  other,  hand  ozone  at  the  surface  is  a  concern  as  this  is  where  humans  live.  High  levels  of  ozone  can  cause  eyes  to  tear  and  can  make  it  difficult  to  breath.    To  have  an  idea  how  bad  ozone  levels  in  Los  Angeles  were  and  s?ll  are  we  need  to  look  at  what  we  believe  the  natural  concentra?ons  of  ozone  are.  We  know  very  liFle  about  ozone  in  the  distant  past,  but  we  have  one  piece  of  informa?on  from  Paris  around  the  year  1900.  At  Montsouris  a  group  of  scien?st  made  accurate  measurements  of  ozone  which  researchers  today  were  able  to  reanalyze  to  determine  the  ozone  mixing  ra?os.  120  years  ago  there  were  around  5  –  15  ppb  of  ozone  in  Paris.  Since  this  was  before  the  widespread  use  of  the  combus?on    engine  we  believe  that  these  were  the  pre-­‐industrial  levels  of  ozone.  If  one  looks  in  remote  areas  today  the  background  levels  of  ozone  are  more  in  the  range  of  30-­‐40ppb.  The  global  surface  ozone  levels  have  thus  more  than  doubled  in  the  past  120  years.  We  can  now  compare  this  value  with  those  measurement  in  Los  Angeles  in  the  1970’s  which  reached  up  to  600ppb,  20  ?mes  higher  than  the  natural  levels.  Even  today  we  can,  on  occasion,  reach  mixing  ra?os  of  up  to  150ppb.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  find  such  high  mixing  ra?os  in  other  urban  areas  around  the  world.      

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Page 2: 10d Los Angeles Smog.scripts

Here  is  a  model  calcula?on  on  the  Average  July  aZernoon  ozone  levels  around  the  world.  We  again  can  see  the  high  ozone  mixing  ra?os  coincide  with  the  most  heavily  populated  areas  in  the  work,  such  as  the  US,  Europe,  and  southeast  Asia.  We  can  also  see  that  the  biomass  burning  area  in  southern  Africa  has  some  high  ozone.    The  ozone  life?me  in  the  troposphere  is  around  1  month.  Ozone  can  thus  be  transported  quite  effec?vely  between  con?nents.  For  example  one  can  see  the  ou^low  from  Asia  into  the  Pacific  as  well  as  the  influence  of  North  America  on  the  Atlan?c.      

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Page 3: 10d Los Angeles Smog.scripts

This  figure  shows  the  spa?al  distribu?on  of  ozone  in  the  LA  Basin  in  1988.  In  contrast  to  the  primary  pollutants  the  highest  ozone  levels  can  be  found  on  the  east  side  of  Los  Angeles  and  in  the  surrounding  mountains.  The  West-­‐side  of  Los  Angeles  has  some  of  the  lowest  ozone  levels.  Later  we  will  discuss  this  behavior  in  more  detail,  but  for  now  we  can  summarize  it  as  the  interplay  of  the  slow  inland  transport  of  Los  Angeles  pollu?on  and  the  chemical  forma?on  of  ozone  along  the  way.      Ozone  mixing  ra?os  have  steadily  decrease  in  Los  Angeles,  as  shown  here  in  this  figure  from  the  California  Air  Resources  Board.  The  black  line  shows  the  maximum  one  hour  ozone  value  in  a  year,  whicle  the  gray  curve  shows  the  4th  highest  8-­‐hour  average  ozone  mixing  ra?o,  a  common  measure  to  track  the  longterm  trend  of  ozone  in  a  city.  Both  measures  have  decreased  since  1992.  The  decrease  in  ozone  has  slowed  down  since  the  year  2000  and  the  improvements  are  now  quite  slow.  Nevertheless,  we  now  rarely  see  ozone  above  150ppb  in  Los  Angeles,  and  averaged  over  an  8  hour  period  the  highest  values  are  more  in  the  100pb  range.    

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Page 4: 10d Los Angeles Smog.scripts

Another  way  of  looking  at  this  improvement  is  to  compare  the  number  of  days  various  areas  in  LA  exceeded  the  na?onal  air  quality  standard  in  a  year,  here  shown  as  a  3  year  average.      While  all  areas  in  the  LA  basin  encountered  some  days  above  the  na?onal  air  quality  standard  and  the  en?re  east  side  of  the  basin  had  more  than  100  days  above  the  standard.  In  2011  much  of  LA  had  0  –  5  days  above  the  air  quality  standard  and  only  the  most  eastern  part  of  the  basin  s?ll  had  more  than  100  days  of  exceedances.  

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