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1 Find the values of X in the following levers which are in equilibrium.Cari nilai X dalam tuas berikut yang.seimbang.
Paper curterPemotong kertas
Golf clubKayu golf
Ia]
100 N
rAt 40 cm X cm
50 kg
(d) B0 cmt#
re":+ {CSd /ScissorsGunting
45N' 30 cnr
Diagram 2 shows six types of simple machines.Rajah 2 menunjukkan enam jenis mesin ringkas.
Diagram2/ Raiah 2
Classify them into the three classes of levers.Kelaskan kepada tiga kelas tuas.
200 N
Claw hammerTukul
Fishing rod Boftle openerJoran Pembuka botol
Second classKelas kedua
Third classKelas ketiga
110
. G*" Science Form 2 Chapter 10
3 Diagram 3.1 shows an experiment irrvolving a lever which is in equiiibrium.Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen yang meltbatkan suatu tuas yang seimbang.
Beban, L :;ffi;Diagram 3.L/ Rajah 3.1
[o] State the variables invoived in this experiment.Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini.
ti) Manipulatedvariable;Pem boleh ubah di ma n i pu lasikan
(iil Responding variable :
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas
[iiiJ Constant variable i
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan
(b) Name the class of levers used in this experiment.Namakan kelas tuas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.
xcm vcm: " -'_' Lt / -"' !!
[c) Compare the value of [L x xJ and the value of [E x y].Bandingkan nilai bagi (L x x) dan nilai bagi (E
" y)
(d) State a suitable conclusion of the experiment.Nyatakan satu kesimpulan yang sesuai bagi eksperimen tersebut.
[e] Diagram 3.2 shows a boy who is using a crowbar to lift a rock of 50 kg.Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan seorang budak yang menggunakan sebatang tuil besi untuk menggerakkan seketul
batu yang berjisim 50 kg.
RockBatu
i;ffi;Diagram 3.2/ Rajah 3.2
Suggest one way to make his work easier.Cadangkan satu cara untuk mempermudahkan kerjanya.
,,fi r'gbiective Questionss.\-'
Choose fhe best answer for each question.
@r*er,1 Which statement is correct about
*;; class lever?'i.00r Pernyataan manakah yang betul tentang
,,, tru.Science Form 2 Chapter 10
l ir Practlce
a second
tuas kelas
kedua?
A The effort is located between the fulcrumand the loadDaya terletak di antara fulkrum dan beban
B The fulcrum is located between the effortand the loadFulkrum terletak di antara daya dan beban
C The load is located between the fulcrumand the effortBeban terletak di antara fulkrum dan daya
D The load and the effort act in the same
directionBeban dan daya bertindak dalam arah yangsama
Diagram 1 shows a lever system,Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu s6tem tuas.
Diagram 2 shows a lever system which is not
in equilibrium.Rajah 2 menuniukkan suatu sisfem tuas yang tidak
seimbang.
o
Fulcrumf Fulkrum
Diagram 2/ Raiah 2
What changes must be made so that it is inequilibrium?Apakah perubahan yang mesti dibuat supaya tuas
itu seimbang?
I Move P nearer to the fulcrumGerakkan P berdekatan dengan fulkrum
II Move Q nearer to the fulcrumGerakkan Q berdekatan dengan fulkrum
III Increase the mass of PTambahkan iisim P
A IandllI dan ll
B I and IIII dan lll
Diagram 3 shows a bottle oPener.Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu pembuka botol.
Bottle openerPembuka botol
Diagram 3/ Raiah 3
Which of the following devices is not in the
same class of levers as the bottle opener?Antara alat berikut, yang manakah tidak termasukdalam kelas tuas yang sama dengan pembuka
botol?A Wheelbarrow
Kereta sorongB Paper cutter
Pemotong kerlas
C II and IIIlldan lll
D I,ll and IIIl, ll dan lll
I and III dan llI and IIIldan lll
D
NutcrackerPemecah buah keras
BroomPenyapu
20 cm 30 cm
XN YN
Diagram l/ Rajah 1
Which of the following pairs of X and Y willmake the system in equilibrium?Antara pasangan X dan Y berikut, yang manakahakan menjadikan sistem itu seimbang?
I
II
III
A
B
cqqtle Rernjndef,
aj The bottle opener is a second class lever.
II and IIIll dan lllI, II and IIIl, ll dan lll
x/N Y/N15 10
45 30
50 35
112
,l;l
I
I
l
I
iI
-t
5
cnmqi$
B q R, S, I U, V and W are the graduations ofequal length on a regular pole. A 20 N load ishung at P and the regular pole is hung at S.
e Q, R, S, T U, V, dan t// adalah senggatan yang samapanjang pada satu galah sekata. Suatu beban 20 Ndigantung pada P dan galah sekata itu digantungpada 5.
RegularpoleGalahsekata
Diagram 4/ Rajah 4
Which point on the pole should a load of 15 Nbe hung so that the system is in equilibrium?Titik manakah yang patut digantung suatu beban15 N supaya slstem itu seimbang?
, iol,, Science Form 2 Chapter l0
Which of the following devices has thesame class of lever as the simple machine inDiagram 6?
Antara alat berikut, yang manakah mempunyaikelas luas yang sama seperti mesin ringkas dalamRajah 6?
A HammerTukul
B Ice tongsPenyepit ais
C Beam balanceNeraca alur
D WheelbarrowKereta sorong
Diagram 7 shows a lever system.Rajah 7 menunjukkan satu srsfem tuas.
Fulcrum/ Fulkrum 25 N
DiagramT/RajahTGiven that the system is in equilibrium, findthe value of X.
Diberi bahawa sistem itu adalah seimbang, carinilai X.
A 2ONB 45N
Kok Meng is 50 kg in mass. He sits at a point1.20 cm from the fulcrum of a see-saw The see-saw is in balance when Ranjit of 60 kg sits atthe other end.Kok Meng berjisim 50 kg. Dia duduk pada suatutitik 120 cm dari fulkrum sebuah jongkang-jongket.Jongkang-jongket itu seimbang apabila Ranjit yangberjisim 60 kg duduk pada hujung yang satu lagi.
Ranjit
B
mn.q0AT
BUCVDW
Diagram 5/ Rajah 5
If the force required to lift the rock is B0 N, findthe mass of the rock. (Assume 1 kg mass has aweight of 10 N)Jika daya yang diperlukan untuk menggerakkanbatu ialah B0 N, cari jisim bagi batu itu. (Anggapjisim 1 kg mempunyai berat 10 N)
A 20kg C B0kgB 40kg D 400kg
Diagram 6 shows a paper cutter.Rajah 6 menunjukkan satu pemotong kertas.
Kok Meng
Find thefulcrum.Cari jarak,
A60BBO
-*99"rjlE-Sg-*risds*.a5 Load x Load distance from the fulcrum = Effort x Effort distance from the fulcrumq The paper cufter is a second class lever.
Diagram 5 shows a worker trying to lift a rockby using a 3-m crowbar.Rajah 5 menunjukkan seorang pekerja cubamenggerakkan seketul batu dengan menggunakansebatang tuil besi 3 m.
Diagram 6/ Rajah 6
C 50ND 6ON
Fulcrum/ Fulkrum
Diagram 8/ Rajah B
distance, in cm, of Ranjit from
dalam cm, bagi Ranjit darifulkrum.c90D 100
the
Fulcrum/ Fulkrum
CrowbarTuil besi
113
Alex10 Chandra
Chandra
Busu Chandra
Chanclra
C 40ND 45N
11 Diagram 10 shows a lever system. Thegraduations on the lever are equal in size.Rajah 10 menunjukkan satu sistem tuas. Senggatanpada tuas itu adalah sama panjang.
Diagram t0/ Rajah 10
Which of the following combinations will causethe lever to be in equilibrium?Antara gabungan berikut, yang manakah akanmenyebabkan tuas itu berada dalam keseimbangan?
FulcrumFulkrum x/N Y/N
P 10 o
a 15 20
R 20 30
S 40 100
12 Table 1 shows the weights of three students.They are sitting on the see-sawJadual 1 menunjukkan berat tiga orang pelajar.
Mereka duduk di atas papan jongkang-jongket.
StudentPelajar
Weight/NBeraUN
Alex 560
Busu 28O
Chandra 280
Tablel/JaduallWhich of the following see-saws is not inequilibrium?Antara jongkang-jongket berikut, yang manakahtidak seimbang?
13
Woodenblock
Blok kayu
A
B
c
D
t4
ur#E,to Science Form 2 Chapter 1t)
Diagram 9 shows a lever system.Rajah 9 menunjukkan satu sistem tuas.
40 cm 10 cm
PN 1BON
Diagram 9/ Rajah 9
If the system is in equilibrium, find the value ofP. (Neglect the weight of the rod.)Jika sistem itu seimbang, cari nilai P (Abaikan beratrod itu.)A 3ONB 35N
FulcrunrFulkrum
A Busu
D Busu Alex
Diagram 11 shor,vs a lever system.Rajah 11 menunjukkan satu sistem fuas.
BON
1.6 m XN
Diagram Lt/ Rajah 11
If the lever system is in equilibrium, find thevalue of X.Sekiranya srtern tuas itu seimbang, cari nilai X.
A 35NB 40Nc 45ND 50N
Diagram 12 shows a metre rule. Loads of B0 g
and 60 g are hung on the metre rule.Rajah 12 menunjukkan sebatang pembaris meter.Beban B0 g dan beban 60 g digantung padapembaris meter itu.
B0g 60g
Diagram l?/ Rajah 12
ABCD
114
1
ftmr0
t(
J(
At which of the point A, B, C or D should themetre rule be hung so that the metre rule is inequiiibrium?Antara titik A, B, C, dan D, pada pembaris meteryang manakah peilu digantung supaya sistem ituseimbang?
15 Diagram 1,3 shows two devices that use
*fr principle of lever:,19 Raiah 13 menuniukkan dua alat yang menggunakan
pnnep tuas.
Diagram 13/ Rajah 13
Which principle of lever is correct for thesedevices in Diagram 13?Prinsip tuas manakah yang betul mengenai alat-alatdalam Rajah 13?
I The load and effort act in the samedirectionBeban dan daya bertindak dalam arah yangsama
II The devices are classified as second classleversAlat-alat itu dikelaskan sebagai tuas kelaskedua
III A little effort can overcome a large loadDaya yang kecil boleh mengatasi beban yangbesar
IV The effort is between the fulcrum and theloadDaya terletak di antara fulkrum dan beban
A I and II C II and IIII dan ll ll dan lll
B I and IV D III and IVI dan lV lll dan lV
Diagram 14 shows a lever system.Rajah 14 menunjukkan satu sistem tuas.
Diagram 15 shows a lever system. Load P andIoad Q are hung at different points.Rajah 1 5 menunjukkan satu srtern tuas. Beban Pcian beban Q digantung pada titik yang berbeza.
LoadP/ Beban P Load Q/ Beban Q
Diagram lS/ Rajah 15
In which situation is the lever not inequilibrium?Dalam situasi manakah tuas itu tidak seimbang?
LoadP/NBebanP/N
X/ cm
LoadQ/NBebanQ/N
Y/cm
60 20 40 35
BO 25 725 16
100 I2 30 40
L20 25 60 50
Diagram 16 shows a wheelbarrow.Rajah 16 menunjukkan sebuah kereta sorong.
Diagram 16/ Rajah 16
Which of the following devices is classifiedin the same class of lever as the device inDiagram 16?
Antara alat benkut, yang manakah dikelaskan dalam
kelas tuas yang sama seperti alat dalam Rajah 16?
A
L7
A
B
cD
1B
BUk'.u3
L6
20 cm Xcm
YNDiagram t4/ Rajah 14
Which of the following pairs of X and Y will notmake the lever in equilibrium?Antara pasangan X dan Y berikut, yang manakahtidak menyebabkan tuas itu seimbang?
*9eattsSss-is-deeQ,16 Load x Load distance from the fulcrum = Eftirt x Eftirt distance from the lulcrum
A PliersPlayar
B BroomPeny6pu
C See-sawJongkang-jongket
D Paper cutterPemotong keftas
X/ cm Y/N12 30
1B 45
32 BO
40 95
115
.r *" Science Form 2 Chapter t0
DiagramRajah 17
seimbang.50 cm 25 cm
6ON X
Diagram 17 / Rajah 17
Find the value of load X.Cari nilai beban X.
A BONB lOONC 12OND 15ON
Diagram LB shows a lever system which is inequilibrium.Rajah 18 menunjukkan satu slstem tuas yangseimbang.
45 kg 60 kg
Diagram L8/ Rajah 18
Find the value of X.Cari nilaiX.A 1.0B I.2c 1.8D 2.0
2tr Diagram 19 shows a nail which is being pulled
ffi out by applying effort at two different parts ofWi the hammer.
Rajah 19 menunjukkan sebatang paku yang dicabutdengan mengenakan daya pada dua bahagianberlainan pada tukul.
T9 17 shows a balanced lever system.menunjukkan satu s6tem tuas yang
NailPaku
Which of the following statements is correctabout the effort that was used?Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah betultentang daya yang digunakan?
A P needs more effort than Q to pull out thenailP memerlukan daya yang lebih besar daripada Quntuk mencabut paku itu
B Q needs more effort than P to pull out thenailQ memerlukan daya yang lebih besar daripada P
untuk mencabut paku ituC The distance of the nail from the fulcrum
does not influence the effort usedJarak paku daripada fulkrum tidakmempengaruhi daya yang digunakan
D If the distance of effort from the fulcrum isneare[ the effort will decreaseJika jarak daya daripada fulkrum lebih dekat,daya yang digunakan berkurang
Diagram 20 shows a nutcracker.Rajah 20 menunjukkan satu pemecah buah keras.
a..t''q
A
mt['
20
i00ffi,'$\1,'tY:
22
,c[0::.'r'A-Nut
Buah keras
Diagram 20/ Rajah 20
Which of the point A, B, C or D requires thesmallest effort to break the nut?Antara titik A, B, C, dan D, yang manakahmemerlukan daya terkecil untuk memecahkan buahkeras itu?
23 Which of the following devices does not use
NailPaku
. ffi the principle of a lever?SE Antara alat berikut, yang manakah tidak
menggunakan prinsip tuas?
A Claw hammerTukul
Can openerPembuka tinGolf clubKayu golfPulleyTakal
D
Situation P Siruation eSituasi P Situasi Q
Diagram L9/ Rajah 19
9g.!1" ttcnrin{cr..",
Q22 Tlrc longer the e6rt distance, the smaller the e6rt required.Q!3 Although a pulley is a simple machine, it does not use the principle of lever.
f
l$* Structured (luestions
Answer all questions'
i Diagram 1.1, shows a pair of ice tongs'
nmff Ralah 1.1 menuniukkan satu penyepit ais'
@o*. Science Form2 Chapter 1o
l7 markl markahl
r'B
Diagram !.L/Raiah 1.1
[a) Label the position of the fulcrum on Diagram 1'1'
Label kedudukan fulkrum pada Raiah 1 '1 '
ib) (il Based on the Diagram 1.1, state the class of lever of the ice tongs'
Berdasarkan Raiah1.1, nyatakan kelas tuas bagi penyepit ais'
iii) Give one reason for your answer in 1[bJ[i)'Berikan satu sebab bagiiawapan anda di 1(b)(i)'
Ic] choose one simple machine with the same class of lever as the ice tongs
in the box provided.pilih satu iesin ringkas yang sama kelas tuas dengan penyepit ais dalam Raiah 1 '
12 marksl markahl
in Diagram 1.1. Tick [/)
1. Tandakan (/) Pada Petak
yang disediakan.
ll markl markahl
tdl Diagram 1.2 shows the situation when a force and a load are balanced'\-'r nalan t .z menuniukkan keadaan apabita daya dan beban adalah seimbang'
Force P
DaYa P
75 cm
Load, L
Beban, L
/\J/\4tU ' 30 crn
Diagram L'2/ Raiah 1'2
Calculate the force P needed to balance the ruler'
iiturg daya P yang diperlukan untuk menyeimbangkan pembaris itu'
RulerPembaris
40N
117
[2 marksl markah]
' Ela*" Science Form 2 Chapter l o
2 Diagram 2.L shows a nutcracker.g Ralah 2.1 menunjukkan satu pemecah buah keras*gf Nut
Buah keras
Diagram 2.L/ Raiah 2.1
[a) ti) What is the class of lever of the nutcracker?Apakah ke/as tuas bagi pemecah buah keras?
''idii';s
[L mark/ markah]
State one reason for the answer in 2[a][i).Nyatakan satu sebab bagi jawapan di 2(a)(i).
[l mark/ markahl
(b) Based on Diagram 2.1,, why is it easier to break the nut when we hold the nutcracker at P ratherthan Q?Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1, mengapakah lebih mudah untuk memecahkan buah keras itu apabila kita memegangalat itu di P berbanding di Q?
[7 mark/ markah]
t4 Diagram 2.2 shows a girl cutting a piece of paper using a pair of scissors.Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan seorang budak perempuan menggunting sehelai kertas dengan menggunakan gunting.
Draw a lever system for the scissors and label the positions of load, effort and fulcrum.Lukis sistem tuas bagi gunting itu dan labelkan kedudukan beban, daya, dan fulkrum.
Diagram 2.2/ Rajah 2.2
12 marks/ markahl
tdl Diagram 2.3 shows a system when a force and a load are balanced.Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan satu sistem apabila daya dan beban adalah seimbang.
Calculate the distance, X when the system is in equilibrium.Hitung jarak, X apabila srstern itu seimbang.
BON
Diagram 2.3/ Rajah 2.3
12 marks/ markah)
(iij
118
i
ir
g
rl
2ll
,:dfr,rxe Science Form 2 Chapter l0
R and S trying to lift a rock of the same size.iaitu R dan S yang cuba menggerakkan batu yang sama saiz.
(e) Diagram 2.4 shows two personsRajah 2.4 menunjukkan dua orang,
Diagram 2.4/ Rajah 2.4
Why does R use less force than S to move the rock?Mengapakah R menggunakan daya yang lebih kecilberbanding S untuk menggerakkan batu itu?
1L markl markah)
3 (a) Diagram 3.1 shows four devices B O R and S that use lhe principle of lever.Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan empat alat, iaitu P, Q, A, dan S yang menggunakan prinstp tuas.
Diagram 3.1/ Rajah 3.1
State one characteristic that can be observed from any three devices by referring to the positionsof fulcrum,load and effort.Nyatakan satu ciri yang dapat diperhatikan dari mana-mana tiga alat itu dengan merujuk kepada kedudukan
fulkrum, beban, dan daya.
DeviceAlat
CharacteristicCiri-ciri
ii)
Iii]
[iii]
13 marks/ markahl
u@it*. Science Form2 Chapter 10
Rod seragam
l
tb) Classify devices P, q R and S into two groups based on their common characteristics.Kelaskan alat P, Q, R, dan S kepada kumpulan berdasarkan ciri-cirisepunya.
CommoncharacteristicsCiri-ciri sepunya
DevicesAlat-alat
[4 marks/ markahf
[c) Diagram 3.2 shows three situations, J, K and L, of a device using the principle of lever.Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan tiga keadaah, J, K, dan L, bagi satu alat ydng menggunakan prinsip tuas.
Uniform rodRod seragam
K
Diagram 3.2/ Rajah 3.2
Uniform rodRod seragam
L
Based on Diagram 3,2,Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2,
til State one inference about the device.Nyatakan satu inferens mengenai alat itu
II mark/ markahl
(ii) What is the force, in newton, needed to lift the rock at f?Berapakah daya, dalam Newton, yang diperlukan untuk mengangkat batu itu diJ?
[iii) State the relationship between the length of the uniform rod and therock.Nyatakan hubungan antara panjang rod seragam dan daya yang diperlukanitu.
[1mark/ markah]
fiorce needed to lift the
untuk mengangkat batu
RockBatu
rnfc
120
11, mark/ markahl
l-9.! Lever
1. A simple machine is a device which helpsto do work.
2. The effort used is usually less than the loadwhen using machines.
5. Classes of levers:
6. Some force is needed when we open the door.The applied lorce causes a turning effect toaccornplish the task. This turning effect iscalled the moment of a fbrce.
The moment of a force (Nm)= Force (N) x Perpendicular distance from
the pivot to the force (m)
The moment of a force increases when:(a) the force increases(b) the perpendicular distance increases
Types of simple machines:
LeveE pulley, inclined plane, wedge, scre%wheel and axle
A lever enables us to do work easily because a
little force can overcome a heavy load.
3.
4.
9. The principle of moments:
7.
8.
Load (N) x Distance of load from fulcrum (m) i: Effort 6N) x Distance ofeffort from fulcrum (m) !-*._.*_J
lQ-'l., Appreciating Innovative Efforts in theDesign of Machines to Simplify Work
l. Machines help us to do our work much faster,
using less energy and less effort.
Class of Iever Characteristic Example
First-class lever The firlcrurn (F) is situated between load (t)and cllbrt (f)The load and eflbrr act in sarne direcliorrThe distance between eflbrt and fulcrurn mustbe greater than the distance betrveen load and
fulcrurn to make work easier
Second-class lever . The load (l) is situated betrveen fulcrurn (F)and eftbrt (E)
. The load and eflort act in opposite direction
. A large load can bc ovcrcorle by using a smallellbrt
Third-class lever The eflort (f) is situatcd betwecn lirlcrurn (F)and load (l)The load and ellbrt act in opposite directionA large eflbrt is used to litt up a small load
t23
Each question
l. Diagramsystem.
is Jbllowed by.four alternative answers,
I shows the classification of the lever
7
Diagram I
Which of the following can be classified intogroup rl4)A Scissors, golf club, nutcrackerB Broom, paper cutter, wheelbarrowC Can opener, bottle opener, claw hammerD Ice tongs, fishing rod, broom
Diagram 2 shows a claw hammer.
What are represented by P, Q and R?
P a R
Load Fulcrum EffortFulcrum Load Effort
Effort Fulcrum Load
Load Effort Fulcrum
The following information shows thecharacteristics of a fype of lever.
. The load is at the centre position
. The load and the effort act in oppositedirection
. A large load can be overcome by using a
small effort
Which device has the above characteristics?A Wheelbarrow C Pliers
AB
C
D
3.
Lever system
o
Diagram 2
B Fishing rod D Scissors
A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
4. Which of the following uses the principle of alever?A ScrewB Pliers
Diagram 3 shows a device I(.
C LadderD Spring balance
5.F:ffitry--\L,Fq009
Diagrom 3
Device Il'can be classified as second class leverbecauseA the fulcrum lies between the load and the
effortB the load is between the fulcrum and the
effortC the effort is between the fulcrum and the
loadD the load and the fulcrum are at the same
position
6. Diagram 4fiH lever.'(99
shows an example of a third-class
class of
and the
and the
Diugrant 4
Which statement is correct about thelever of the device?A The fulcrum is between the load
effortB The effort is between the fulcrum
loadC The effort and the load act in the same
directionD The distance of the effort from the fulcrum
is greater than the distance of the load fromthe fulcrun
Diagrarn 5 shows two simple devices.7.F:cliot'le"ll_7--\.*Qg9
D
\i-f---------qr
iag,ant, I
j
d124
8.ffirbaclt*P*€a(ry9
Which principle of lever is correct for the twodevices?I Classified as third class levers
II The load and the effort act in oppositedirection
III The fulcrum is between the load and theeffort
IV A greater force can be produced when alittle effort is applied
A Iandll C IIandIVB I and III D III and IV
Which of the following has the same class oflever as the broom?A Pliers C Beam balanceB Bottle opener D Golf club
9. Diagram 7 shows a nutcracker.
Diagrant 7
Which of the following lever system is used ina nutcracker?A Load
Diagram6showsabroom.
{_
&Diagram
ntl-\
Fulcrum
B Loadl-l Il--\
Fulcrum
C Ef{ort
mFulcrum
D Effort
treFulcrum
t2s
10. Diagram 8 shows a pair of pliers.
Diagram 8
Which part needs the least force to cut a wire?
11. Diagram 9 shows the position of the hand of a
12.b-ct.otrEiltj,,^:Fq0o9
CGDH
C 75cmD 100 cm
13. Diagram I I shows a balanced lever system.
2.5m 0.5 m
What is the
A IONB 15Nc 25ND 3ON
Diagram I I
weight of load X?
ffi student trying to open the lid of a bottle.
Diagram 9
In order to open the lid with minirnum force, the
student should move his hand toAEBF
A 25cmB 50cm
Diagram l0 shows two children P and Q sittingon a see-saw. The length of the see-saw is 2m. P has a mass of 50 kg and Q has mass of25 kg.
Centre
Diagrant l0
Calculate the distance between P and the centre
of the see-saw in order to balance the see-saw.
PQ
t4. Diagram l2 shows a lever 'Ihe lever is dividedinto six equalparts.
Dictgram I2
At which position should the fulcrum be, so thatthe lever is in balance?APBAc^sDTWhich lever systern requires the least force ifthe lever is in equilibrium?AF
Diagram l3 shows three boxes of equal mass ona lever.
Diagram I3
At which position should the fulcrum be so thatthe lever is in balance?AABRc,sDT
15.
16.
t26
17. Diagram 14 shows a man trying to lift a loadwith a mass of 80 kg.
Diagram 14
What is the effort needed to lift the load?A 10kgB 20kg
C 40kgD 60kg
-18. Diagram 15 show two boxes, M and 1/, hung'Fffi at the two ends of a scaled ruler which is in
- equilibrium.
Diagram I5
Which statement is true about the abovesituation?A N is heavier than MB The mass of M is three times the rnass of NC If the rnass of Mis l0 g, the mass of Nwill
be30gD lf LI is placed at point 2 cm and N is
placed at point 12 cm, the ruler will be inequilibrium
19, Diagram l6 shows a simple machine used to liftS6water from a well.
r00 N125 N
Calculate the eflort needed to lift l0 kg of water,
[Given I kg: 10 N]
Load (N) x Distance of load ffom the i:
CD
AB
2s0 N400 N
Diagram I6
20iH&firEilittP-*{€{fiq009
A screw driver is used toWhich diagram shows the
open the lid?A
open the lid on a tin.least effort needed to [ffi hammer is used to pull out a nail.
m{l00,
F*pm2r -_-:
21. Diagram 17 shows two situations where a
s\AH
6.AG
B .),Mt-Jcf
Diagram 17
Which statement is conect?A The length of the handle of the hammer
does not influence the effort used
B If the handle is nearer to the fulcrum, the
eftbrt used will be less
G needs less effiort than H in pulling out the
nailFl needs less effort than G in pulling out thenail
Which of the following is the importance ofmachines in our daily life?A Increase our working hours
B Enable us to work fasterC Make our lives dependent on machinesD Decrease the use of electrical energy
C
D
'r1
Ansv,er all questions.
l. Diagram 1.1 shows a pair of pliers.
Diagram I.l(a) Label the position of fulcrum on Diagram l.l.(b) Draw a lever system for the pliers and label the position of load, effort and fulcrum.
fl markl
127
f2 marksl
(c) (i) State the class of lever of the pliers.
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in l(c)(i).I markf
ll markl(d) Diagram 1.2 shows some devices. Which device has the same class of lever as the pliers?
Tick(/) the box below.
Diogram 1.2[l mark]
(e) Diagram 1.3 show a balanced lever.
Diagram 1.3
Calculate the effortXwhen the system is in equilibrium using the following formula:
12 marksl
2. Diagram 2.1 shows a student cutting pa
Diogram 2.1
(a) Label the diagram with the following words.
(b) What is the class of lever of the paper cutter?
per using a paper cutter.
/d-4
{'
k[-
__A
d_
& t-*s#
t-- t-
Load x Distance of load from fulcrum: Effort x Distance of effort from fulcrum
128
I marlcl
(c) State one reason for your answer in 2(b).
(d) Diagram 2.2 shows two workers P and p removing a rock-
P
Diagram 2.2
Which person uses less force to remove the rock?
fi mark)
o
(i)
ll markl
(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 2(dXi).
fl markl
[2 marks]
(e) Diagram 2.3 shows a situation when a force and a load are in balance.
Diagram 2.3
Calculate load Mwhen the system is in equilibrium. Use the following formula:
3. Diagram 3.1 show five types of devices, S,
\s
\T
trV
T, U, V and ll/.pU
Diagram 3.1
Load x Distance of load from fulcrum: Effort x Distance of effort from fulcrum
129
(a) Classifo devices S, T, U, V and W into two groups based on their common characteristics.
f4 marksl
(b) State the class of lever of devices S and W.
fl markl
(c) Diagram 3.2 shows three different pairs of scissors P, Q andR which use the principle of lever.
(i)
P
State one variable which
Diagram 3.2
influence the effort needed to cut the paper.
S,T, U, V, W
I markl(ii) Calculate the effort needed to cut the paper by scissors P and R.
12 marksl
(iii) State the relationship between the length of the handle and the effort needed to cut the paper.
I markl
';!
lj
Ij
130
*4r::j ii:$**
HEAtrEB
10Simple MachinesMesin Ringkas
PMR TOPICAL ANALYSIS
Mesin ialah suatu alat yang dapat membantu kita
melakukan kerja dengan lebih mudah dan cepat.
Levers are simple machines.Tuas merupakan sejenis mesin ringkas.
Levers can be classified into three classes
depending on the positions of the fulcrum,loacl and effort acting on the lever.Tuas dapat diklasifikasikan kepacla tiga kelas
bergantung pada kecluclukan fulkrum, beban danclaya yang dikenakan pada tuas itn.(a) First class lever
Tuas kelas pertamaThe fulcrum (F) is between the load (L)
and the effort (E).
Fulkrum (F) terletak di antara beban (L) dan
daya (E).
Example : ScissorsContoh : Gunting
(b) Second class leverTuas kelas kedua
The load (L) is between the firlcrLrm (F)
and the effort (E).
Beban (L) terletak di antara fulkrum (F) dandaya (E).
'10 i
--i-----.--..--
P2j
EFFE(TIVE NOTES
fff,1 leversruas #1 A machine is a clevice that helps us to do A
a'-.1work easier and faster. l---l
E
I
Example : NutcrackerContoh : Kacip kekeras
(c) Third class leverTuas kelas ketigaThe effort (E) is between the fulcrum (F)
and the load (L).
Daya (E) terletak di antara fulkrum (F) dan
beban (L).
s'f-j-A. -l-F L
L--l E +
7::,:;" 'li?,llii ",,
4 (a) The principle of lever states that whenthe lever is in equrilibrium, the effort(E) multipliecl by its distance from thefulcrum (F) equals the load (L) multipliedby its distance from the fulcrum (F).
Hukum tuas menyatakan bahawa apabilatuas berada dalam keadaan keseimbangan,hasil darab daya (E) dengan jarak daya dariftrlkunt (F) clan hasil darab beban (L) clenganjarak beban dari iulkrum (F) adalah sama.
Load (L) X distance of the loacl from fulcrumForce or effort (E) x distance of the eifort fromthe fr-rlcrum
Beban (L) X jarak beban = Daya (E) x jarak daya
dari fulkrum
Practice 10
il#*%d
triliii',f
(b) Exanrple : Calculate the effort needed tobalance rod AB.Contoh : llitungkan daya yang dipeilukanuntuk mengitnbangkan rod AB.
5 N x 20 cm = effort (claya) X 40 cm
Eifort =Daya
5NX20cm
€(|fr Pppreciating the innovativeefforts in the clesign of machinesto simplify work ;
Menghargai usaha inovatif dalam rekabentuk mesin untuk memudahkan kerja
To make our work c.rsier .rnd our livesmore comfortable, humans have used theprinciples of iever to invent nrachines.Untuk mentudahkan kerja kita dan menjadikanhidttp lebih selesa, rnanusia telah menggunakanprinsip tuas utnuk ntencipt,t mesin.
lnventions of complex maclrines enablemore difficult ancl dangerous works to be
carried out c1r-rickly ancl safely.Ciptaan mesin y,tng kontpleks membolehkankerja yang lebih sukar d,tn b;thaya clilaksanakan
dengan cepat dan selamat.
The man uses tlre least force whenLelaki itu menggunakan daya yang paling kurangapabilaA the effort is between the loacl anclfulcrum
claya terletak di antara beban dan fulkrumB the load is between the fulcrum and load
beban terletak cli anlara fulkrunt dan beban
C the effort is as near as possible to the
fu I cru nr
claya terletak sec/ekat mungkin dengan fulkrum
D the load is as near as possible to the fulcrr-rmbeban terletak sedekat mungkin dengan iulkrum
3 Diagram 2 shows a paper cutter.Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah pemotong /<erta-s.
40 cm2.5 N
M u trIpIE.cHoIcE QUESTIoNS
INSTRUCTION: Each question is iollowed by fourpossible answers A B, C and D. Choose the correctanswer.
ARAHAN: Setiap soalan cliikuti oleh empat pilihanjawapan A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang betul.
LeversTitus
The classification of a lever is based onPe n gelasan tu as berd as arkanA the position of its load
kedudukan bebanB the size and position of its load
saiz dan kedudukan bebanC the size ancl position of its effort
saiz dan kedudukan dayaD the position of its fulcrurm, load and effort
kedudukan fulkrun, beban clan daya
Diagram 1 shows a man using a crowbar to lifta heavy rock.Rajah 1 menunjukkan seorang lelaki sedangmenggunakan tuil besi untuk ntengangkat satu batuyang berat.
rockbatu besat
represent the effort, fulcrum and
yang mewakili daya, iulkrum dan
Which pointsIoad?Titik manakahbeban?
D
LoadBeban
Diagram 2 Rajah 2
EffortDaya
FulcrumFulkrum
LoadBeban
P O R
a R P
R O P
D P aDiagram 1 Rajah 1
Practice 1o
Diagram 3 shows a tyl)e of clevice.RaTah 3 menunjukkau -sryertr-s a/.t1.
Diagram 3 Rajah 3
Which device belorrg,s to the same class as thelever shown in Diagranr 3?
Alttt manakah yang Lergolon;; dalam kelas yangsama clengan tuas yang clitunjukkan dalam Rajah 3?
A C -r">, r?*_---- < l//€<o:. d
Diagram 4 shows a lever system. The clistancebetween each point on the lever is tlre sanre.Rajah 4 menunjukkan salu sistem tuas. larak diantara setiap titik cli atas tuas adalah sama.
PQRS
8kg 12 kg
Diagram 4 Rajah 4
The lever is balancecl when the fulcrum is atTuas itu diseimbangkan apabila fulkrum berada di
B Diagram 6 shows a balanced lever systenr.PMn Ra/ah 6 menuniukkan satu sistem tuas dalamCLONE ,
\; keaclaan setmbang.
r tJF m
Diagram 5 shows a lever systenr.
Rajah 5 menunjukkall salu Ji.sle/lt tt/a-s.
,
I
FulcrumFulkrum
Diagram 5 Rajah 5
Which of the following values for P ancl Q willbalance the lever?Antara nilai-nilai P dan Q berikut, yang ntanakahakan mengintbangkan tuas ini/
P{N) Q(N)
aJ 20
4 40
5 55
7 75
1.0 m
Diagram 6 Rajah 6
What is load X?
Apakah beban X?
A 10NB 3ON
7
PMRCLONE
'02
5NPN
D
D
APBQ
CRD5 C 5ON
D 70N6
PMBCTONE
'08
Which crowbar uses the least effortthe nail?Tuil besi manakah yang menggunakanpaling kecil untuk menarik keluar paku?AC
effortdaya
I
efforldava
,' nail
I ,un,
\-\---- ".- \\f:=::::::::...-"..-..--
etfortdaya nail
I pakulr_s-]_\\4 \\-l:l
to pull out
daya yang
nailpaku
9 Diagram 7 shows three students X, Y and ZpMR sitting on a see-saw with F as the fulcrum. TheS see-saw is in ecJuilibrium.'03^ ,-"" Rajah 7 menunjukkan tiga pelajar X, Y dan Z duduk
cli atas papan jongkang-jongket dengan F sebagaiiulkrum. Papan jongkang-jongket berada clalamkeseimbangan.
XY
Diagram 7 Rajah 7
Which action will cause Zto go up?Tindakan manakah yang akan menyebabkanbergerztk ke atas?
MD
effortdaya
Inail
pakuMPractice 10 @
X moves towards F 12
X /reigerak ke arah fY moves towards F
Y lx'rgerak ke alah f :
Z moves towarcls F
Z berger.tk ke arah fX and Y move towarcls F
X dan Y berger;rk ke arah F
Diagram B shows a vegetable seller carryingtwo baskets P ancl Q. P has a mass of 50 kg and
Q has a mass of 30 kg. The clistance between
Q and the seller is 1 .5 nr. (Assume 1 kg = 1 g 5;Rajah B menunjukkan seorang peniual sayur
ntembawa dua bakul P dan O-. P mempunyai iisim50 kg dan Q mempunyai jisin 30 kg. larak anlara Qdan penjtral sayur ialah 1 .5 nt. (Anggap 1 kg = l0 N)
Diagram B Rajah B
What should the distance between the sellerand P be in order to balance both baskets?Apakah jarak antara penjttal sayur dengan P untukme ngim bangkan ked u a-d u a bakul ?
Diagram '10 shows a wheelbarrow.Rajah 10 menunjukkan sebuah kereta sorong
fulcrumfulkrum
1.2m
Diagram 10 Raiah 10
How much effort is required to lift a load of20kg| (Asslrme 1 kg= 19 51;
Berapakah daya yang diperlukan untukntengangkat beban beriBh 20 kg? (Anggap
1kg=10N)A lONB 4ON
Diagram i 1 shows a uniform rod. The rod is in
equilibrium when an effort of 20 N is exerted
to balance a load of 50 N. What is value y?
Rajah 11 ntenunjukkan satu rod seragam. Rod ini
berada dalam keseimbangan apabila daya 20 N
dikenakan untuk mengimbangkan beban 50 N.
Apakah nilaiy? "#;
effortdaya
10PMRCLONE
'06
c 100ND 4OON
13
fulcrumfulkrum ---*t
A 0.5mB 0.9m
C 1.5mD 1.9m
"t'l Which statement is true in relation to P ancl Qin Diagram 9?
Pernyataan manakah yang benar mengenai P dan Qdalam Rajah 9?
PQDiagram 9 Rajah 9
P is a first class lever and Q is a second classlever.P ialah tttas kelas pertama dan Q ialah tuas kelas
keclua.Both P and Q are second class levers.Kedua-dtra P clan Q ialah tuas kelas kedua.Both P and Q have fulcrr-rm between theload and effort.Keclua-clua P clan Q ntentpunyai fulkrum antara
beban dan daya.P is a simple machirre and Q is a complexmachine.P ialah mesin ringkas clan a ialah mesin
kompleks.
14 Diagram I2 shows a man opening the lrood of
a car.Rajah 12 menuniukkan seorang lelaki sedang
membuka hud kereta.
Diagram 12 Raiah 12
Which points represent the fulcrr-rm, load and
effort?Titik-titik manakah yang mewakili fulkrum, beban
dan daya?
loadbeban
Diagram 11 Rajah 11
C 75cmD lO0cm
A 12cmB 50cm
Piactice 40
FulcrumFulkrum
LoadBeban
EffortDaya
P a R
P R O
a D P
R a P
Appreciating the innovativeefforts in the design of machinesto simpliff workMenghargai usaha inouatif dalam reha
bentuh mesin unhtk nrcnrudahkun keriu
15 If there are no machines, what would our lives
be like?lika tidak ada mesin, apakah keadaan kehidupan kita?
D
We would need less people working in
i n cl u stri es.
Kita ticlak akan ntemerlukan ramai orang bekeria
dalam industri.
We could build tall buildings easily.Kita boleh ntembina bangunan tinggi dengan
mudah.
We would have plenty of time to do our
work.Kita akan mempunyaimembuat kerja kita.
We could not traveldestinatiori to another.Kita tidak dapat bergerak dengan cepat dari satu
destinasi ke destinasi yang lain.
K\
D
banyak masa untuk
faster from one
SrnucruRED Quesnorus
INSTRUCTIONS: Write your answers in the spaces provided.ARAHAN: Tulis jawapan anda dalam ruang yang disediakan.
Diagram 1 .1 shows four simple machines K, L,M and N that use the principle of lever.
Raiah 1 .1 menunjttkkan empat mesin ringkas K, L, M dan N yang menggunakan prinsip tuas.
LMDiagram 1.1 Rajah -1.1
(a) Based on Diagram 1.1, answer the following questions.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1 .1, iawab soalan berikut.(i) State one characteristic that can be observed from K, L, M and N by referring to the positions
of fulcrum, load and effort.Nyatakan satu ciri yang dapat diperhatikan pada K, L, M dan N dengan merujuk kepada kedudukan
fulkrum, beban clan daya.
DeviceAlat
CharacteristicCiri
L
M
1
P
Classify the four simple machines K, L, M and N into two groups based on their common
characteristic.Kelaskan empat mesin ringkas K, L, M dan N kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan ciri sepunya.
Common characteristicCirisepunya
DeviceAIat
(b) Diagram 1.2 shows two situations P and Q of a device using the principle of lever.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan dua situasi P dan Q untuk alat yang menggunakan prinsip tuas.
Diagram 1.2 Raiah 1.2
State one inference about the device.Nyatakan satu inferens untuk alat itu.
(i i)
(i)
(i i) Predict the force needed to lift rock Q.Ramalkan daya yang diperlukan untuk mengangkat batu Q.
State the relationship between the distance of the crowbar from the fulcrum and the force
needed to lift the rock.Nyatakan perhubungan antara jarak tuil besi dengan fulkrum dan daya yang dipeilukan untuk
mengangkat batu.
(iii)
2 Diagram 2.1 shows a pair of pliers.PMR Ral'ah 2.1 menuniukkan sepasang playar.cl-0ilE
'05
Diagram 2.1 Rajah 2.1
(a) Based on Diagram 2.1:Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1:
(i) Label the position of the fulcrum.Label kedudukan fulkrum.
(ii) State the class of the pliers.Nyatakan kelas playar.
(iii) Cive one reason for your answer in 2a(ii).Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di 2a(ii).
(b) Based on Diagram 2.2, mark (X) in the box for the tools with the same class of lever as the pliersin Diagram 2.1.Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2, tanda (X) dalam kotak untuk alat dengan kelas tuas yang sama seperti playar dalamRajah 2.1.
see-saw wheelbanowkereta sorono
Diagram 2.2 Rajah 2.2
(c) Diagram 2.3 shows a situation where the effort and load are in equilibrium.Raiah 2.3 menunjukkan situasi di mana daya dan beban berada dalam keseimbangan.
EffortDaya
50N
Diagram 2.3 Rajah 2.3
Calculate the effort, E needed to balance the ruler using the following formula:Hitung daya, E yang diperlukan untuk mengimbangkan pembaris dengan menggunakan formula berikut:
Load x distance of load from fulcrum = Effort x distance of effort from fulcrumBeban X jarak beban dari fulkrum - Daya x jarak daya dari fulkrum
I
Technological and lndustrial Development in Society
Simple Machinesslam% **g,QTAKs\S
[_o*["_"_f ,ye.Qg-e;ff ons
Instruction: Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the correct answer'
Arahan: Setiop soalin diikLtti oleh ernpat pilihn, A, B, C donD. Pilih iawapon yong betul.
@ i Leverr
1 Which of the following toolsopply the prir-rciplc of levers?Atttnrt nlnt bL'riktrl, rlnrrg rnnnokalr
trttt t gnplikasikntt p ri trsilt trros?
A Scrc-ntsSkru
B I'ulle1'5'I'nknl
C Fishing rodslornrt
D SiphonsSifon
(?o, .tt tbudne
2 Lcrrers make our workeasier byTuos DrcninLlikort kcrin kits lcltilrrrrrttlnlt kcronn ia
A causing grcaterrnovernettt of tl-re loadr,r,ith little cffortr n a r t qebaltknrr p e r ga rakn n y art gIcbilt bcsar dutgntt scdikit darla
B lifting l-reavy objectsusing great effortr rrc n gnr t gka t ob.i ek lte rn tdengatt dnyn yntrg ltcsar
C carrying objects withelectricitynrcngnrtgkat obiek
ma r r ggu rt aknn tann g;n tl ck t rikD enabling a great force to
overcolne a smaller forcer rtur rb a rut rkntt d nr1 n y ntr g ltcsnrtrtcttgntnsi dnya ynrrg labilt
kacil
(?ot ctribstins
, 3 A ruler is hung at the ccntre I
.Q@,with a string. 50 g wcight is i
r - hung on thc rulc.r as shown .
in Diagr.rm 1.
S t:It n t a r r g Ttet nlr n ri s d i gn t t t tt tt g
padn bnlnginu tcttgnlrttrla dutgan
sctrtns tnli. Pcttrbcrnt bariisitn 50 g
digntttttttgpadopt'ntbaris,scpcrtiyang diturtjukkLttr dtlntrt Rninlt 1.
RulerPembaris
DIAGRAM 7/P.^JAH 1
At which points, A, B, C orD on the rulcr should the25 g wcight be hung so thatthe ruler is balanced?Ptttla titik tnwttknh, A, B, C atau
D nfns ltcntlrnris, sepatutrrYn
pcntbarnt 25 g digarrttrtl9 sttlravlpcnfuaris itu seintltonc ?
l{9t rtt'6qdn!
PQ. A force of 60 N isused to balancc the plankhorizontally.Rniah 2 mertunjukknrr scltuah
I,ongknh knyu di a1a.s 51'A't7ri rrg
popatt ynilg ringnn, PQ. Sntu
dnya 60 N digtrttokart utrtukr t t c r t 11 t' i r r t b n r t gk n t r 7t tt1t tt t t i t t t sc c n r n
ntuulntnr.
4 Diagram 2 shows a wooden:@ block on a light plank
DIAGRAM z/RAJAH2
Wl-rat is the n cight of thewooden block? [Ignoreweight of light planklApakolr be rnt ltorrgkah knrlu itu?
[Aboiknn ltgval pnpnrt ritrgnrt]
A 75NB lOONC 12OND 15ON
€-t qttrthrtturc
ert differcnt points on theruler. Each load consists of anumber of 200 g ln"eights.l?,ai nlr 3 rr tcr rtr trj ukkart scbo t nr t Iyurrltoris. Bcltnrr X dnrt Ydi gnntu t r g pnda t i tik bt'rl ni t r ttr t
1t aLl a pc r t ilt ari s. S c t i tt lt It t'It n r t
t e r di ri d u i:Lt ntl n b il nr r gtr r r
1tgn1fiL:rut lteriisinr 200 g Vtutgtertutttr.
Load YBeban Y
Retort standKaki retoft
5 Diagr.rnr 3 shows a rulcr.
ffi$ t-nr.tt X and )'.rrc hung
A Penarbit llmu Bakti Sdn. Rhd. (7.J2516-M) 2012 84
DIAGRAM 3/RAJAH 3
'I ,
FI
i
I,r? In which of the following
situations will the ruler bein equilibrium?Dolnm keadann ynng manakah,panbaris itu akan berads dalamkcseinrbnngon?
Which of the followingdiagrarns labels the load,fulcrurn and effort correctly?Arttsrn rnjnlt barikut, rlongr rr nt r nkalt n rcl abelknn lteban,
fulkrutrr datr dntln tlengan betul?ForceDaya
FulcrumFulkrum
-* ForceDaya
FulcrumFulkrum
LoadvBeban
FulcrumFulkrum
Load I
Beban
FulcrumFulkrum
i- 8 Diagram 4 shows two girls,tffigt'and Q sitting on a see-saw
. The effort is between thefulcrum and the loadD ay a terl e tak an tara fulkruntdengan beban
The above is the characteristicof a type of lever.Which of the followingstatements is true about thislever?Di atss ialah cii-cii scjenis tuas.
Antara pernqntnan berikut, yangrnanakah benar tentang tuas ini?A This is a second class
leverIa merupoknn tuas kelas kedua
B Scissors are an exampleof this type of leverGunting ialsh sntu contolrtuas jenis ini
C The effort and the loadact in opposite directionswhen the lever is usedDnyo dnn lteltnn ltertintlnkd alar n a rnl t be r tcn tnn gannTtabiln tuas ini digunoknn
D The effort needed issmaller than the loadDaqn yang diperlukan ndnloltkurnng daripnda bebnn
@ *t**
with F as the fulcrum. Thesee-saw is in cquilibriurn.Rajnlt 4 tttttunjukkan duo ornnghudak pcrenrytunn, P tlan Q sednngduduk di ntas jongkang-_jongket, dirrrorn F ialnlt ftlkrunt. longkang-jongket itu dalam kcseintbangnn.
PO
DIAGRAM 4/R,AJAH 4
\A/hich of the followingactions will cause Q to go up?Antara tindnkan berikut, yangmsnakalt akan ntenyebnbkan Qnaik?
I P moves towards FP bcrgcrak kc ornlt F
lO Simple Machines
II P moves away from FP hergcrnk mminuhi F
III Q rnoves away from FQ bergarak mcn jnuli F
IV Q moves towards FQ bugcrak ke antlt I:
A I and Il onlyI dnn II salnja
B i and III onlyI dan lll snlmja
C II dan IV onlyII dan IV snlujn
D III and IV onlyIll dnn lV snlmj
l.$" otlrturrirg
9 Diagram 5 shows a ligl-rtrod, PQ.Rajnlt 5 rttanunjukknrt sotrr rodringatt, PQ.
FulcrumFulkrum
15N
A buckelof sandweighing.10
NSatu baldipasirdenganberat lO N
, DI AGRAM 5/p.AJ AH 5
, if a forcc of 15 N is neededto act at 10 cm frorn the
' fulcrurn to balance the rod,what is the distancc betweenthe bucket of sar-rd and thefulcrurn?
: likn sntu dnyn 15 N dilterluknn, trtrtukltertindak podo jnrnk 70 cnr: dari ftlkrurrt utttuk seiniltartgkatt
' rod ittr, nltnknh jornk nntnro bokli,, pttsit'dngonfrlkrutrt?
A 5cm C 15cm: B 10crn D 20crn
i @ ao,drydng
. 10 Diagram 6 shows two girls: l and Y with the mass of', 20 kg ar-rd 40 kg respectively
, playing a see-saw.: Rajnh 6 ntenunjukkttn tluo orong: budnk peren4luan, X tlatt Y ynng': tnasing-masing hcrjisitrr 2.0 kg tlnn
40 kg scdnttg ltarnnin jlnqkangjongkct,
i
I
I
I
l
I
DL
@'6\
D
i
I
I
Numberof
weightsin loadjX ,
Bibnganpembuaiilalan,
,
bebanX )
Length
r/cmD--i^a)
Number
t1,of1ri.
'weighs,:inloeCt.t.,.r:,J'1r.':.i
Bilangay:pimbtiiit
iql&.::bebsflY"i
llbqgtl-ilri,t/.&:Pyiqr,g
y/dk ':lt''i: i.tt::,t::.;t.]ii.l
i*s.gi;, :,;: :,1;l.i^:.:i1:i;:. f.:,:!:l.i:
';]ilni;t.r..,,:.:,,.: .il t': ll
*'nJ!!,'16
r/&,.
2 6aJ 9
2 9 J 6
2 6 2 9
2 9 2 6
LoadBeban
ctlrlbutlng
A Ptnerbit Ilmtt BaLti Sdn. Bld. (732516,tt1) 20t2
X (20 ks) Y(40 ks)
DIAGRAM 6/pAJAH 6
If X sits 50 cm from thefulcrum, F, how far fromthe fulcrum should Y sitso that the see-saw is inequilibriurn?[Assunrc 1 kg = 19 61',
Sekiranya X duduk 50 cm dnri
filkrum, F, bera1tn iaul*alt dari
filkrum Inrrrs Y dttdt* agar
.j on gkn n g-j on gkc t be ra tln d al m n
kcse itrtbatgarr?
[Anggnp 1 kg = 10 N]A 5cmB 25cm
@ cttrlbudrr
11 Diagram 7 shows a rnodelthat represents a leversystem.Rtjnh 7 tnanunjukknrr sotu tnodelyang trteittakili snttr sistctrt tuns.
EffortDaya
Beban
DIAGRAM 7/p,AJAH7
Which of the following toolsis in the same class as thelever system shown?Arrlarn nlnl bcrikut, yarrgtttnrmknlt hcrnLla dnlntt kalns ynng
snmn dertgart sistem tuns yotrgdi l rrrtj trkknrt?
A Ice tongsPutyepil nis
B Papcr cuttcrPentotongkcrtns j
C Knife :
Pisotr
D ScissorsGurrting
@ o."rYnlrg
i 12 Diagram 8 shows a bottle
: cap being removed using a
I bottle opener.: Rajah 8 menunjukknr satu). pcntttup botol ynng diltukn dangnn:, menggunnknn penfuuka botol.
:po
DIAGRAM 8/RAJAH 8
Which of the points P, Qand R represent the fulcrum,effort and load?Balngion unnakalt P, Q tlauR meuakili fulkrunr, dmln datt
bcban?
@'13
DIAGRAM 9/RAJAHg
Which of the followingtools are in the sarne classof lever as the tool shown inDiagram 9?Arttarn olnt berikut, ytutg ntorrnknlt
lteratln dolnm kclns trrtts ynng setntl
seperti alat yong dituttjukknrrdalarn Rajah 9?
I
C 50cmD 75 crn A
B
C
D
II
zI and II onlyI dnrt II salnjo
I and III onlyI dan lII salnja
iI dan lV onlyII dan IV saluja
III and lV onlyIII dnn IV snhaja
tgt dcrtlYlng
1.4 Which of the followingactivities makes use of athird class lever?Arttnrn nktii,iti lteriktt, tlnngtnnnnknlt nrt'trggttnnkntr tttns kelns
kctiga?
A Cuttir-rg paper witl-r a
pair of scissorsMu r ggt ur t i tt g kcr t os tlt' tt gntr
seplsnttg gttrrtirtg
B Playing the see-sawB c u r r tr i r r i tu r gk a t g- i o n gkc t
C Playing golfBannnin gol.f
D Opening the can lid witha can oPet-lerMor tbuka pt'r r rr t tt p I i tr dc tr gttr t
pentltuko titt(;at onribstir'
15 Diagrarn 10 shows a levers\.stem witl-r two loads, P
ancl Q hung on either endsof a rnctre rule.Rnjnlr 10 rtrt'rttttr.iukkntt stttu sisteur
tuas dutgimr dun ltabatt, P dnn Qrlttrrg digttrttrtttg padrt kcdtrn-dunI t u j rtrr g sebnt n t r g Ttctriltnris trt t' ta r.
DIA6RAM |OIRAJAH 10
P is 71/z tirnes heavier thanQ- For the mctre rule to be
in equilibriurn, what sl-roulcjthe values for .r" ancl r7 be?
FulcrumFulkrwn
EffortDaua
LoadBeban
O R P
P t( O
/< P 0P O R
asCnttrr
70 80 90100
@ Pencrbit lhnu Bakti Sdr. Rhd. (732516-M) 2012
III
P ialah 7 %kali lebih berltdnripada Q. Apakah nilai x dan ysupalla pembaris meter itu berndsdalsm keseintbnngan?
xlcm ,;{e$r'20 80
40 60
60 40
80 20
@r "r++*16 Diagram 11 shows a pole
being used to lift a rock.Rajnlr 11 rrtcnunjukkan sebatanggalalt yang digunnkan untukm e n ga n gkat sebij i hn tu.
DIAGRAM ll/P.AJAH11
Where should the fulcrum,F be placed, A, B, C or Dso that the smallest force isneeded to lift up the rock?Di rrtnnakalt pntut fulknnn barotln,A, B, C atntL D supnyo dnyo ynng
Ttnling kecil diTterlukon untukrrtengangkat bntu itu?
(!jlt cttrihrdns
17 Diagrarn 12 shows a leversystem.Rn.ialt 12 rncnunjukkan sattrsistent tuas.
The amount of effort usedto balance the plastic rodis shown by the springbalance. At which position,A, B, C or D will the springbalance show the smallestreading?lumlah dayn yang diguna untukmeny chnb an gkan ro d pl as t ikditunjukkan oleh nerqca spring.Padn kedudukan manakah, A,B, C ntou D nersca spring akanmenunjukkan blcaan yang palingkecil?
./-tS" atltft*&ir
18 Diagram 13 shows a papercuttbr.Aforceof5Nisapplied to cut a piece ofPaPer.Rajnlr 13 ntutunjukkan sntupctttotongkertas. Satu daya 5 Ndikenakrm untuk mentotong scheluikartss.
. 30cm
DIA6RAM 13/RAJAH 13
Find the moment of theforce shown.'[antukon ilt(ntrcn doyn yangditunjukkan.
A 1.00 NmB 1.50 NrnC 1.75 NmD 2.00 Nm
l.$t odr{bdrng
19 Which of the followingstatements are true aboutsecond c]ass levers?A tt ! nrn pt'rnyal nnt t bt riku t, ynr grnnnnkah benar tentnttg tuas kelaskedua?
A The load is between theeffort and the fulcrumBcbon berndn ontara dnyadcngart.frilkrunt
lO Simple Machines
Examples include pliersand golf clubContolr tarmnsuk playar danknyu golfBoth the effort and theload act in the sarnedirectionKctluo-dua dayn dnn ltebanbcrtitdnk daltrtt nralt ynttgsqtna
D The load moves througha longer distance thanthe effortBebon bergarak dalam jorakyang lebih jnuh dnripndadnya
l.$" sttr&rdw
20 Diagram 14 shows a humanarrn that represents a classof lever system.Rnjalr 14 ntcttunjukknn satulengan trtntttrsitr ynng nrciuokilisatu kelns sistem tuns.
DIA6RAM 74/P.AJAH 14
Which of the followingtools belongs to the sameclass of lever shown inDiagram2T?Antsrs nlat bcrikut, yang rnartnkalttergolong dalnrn kelns tuns yangsnrrn seperti r1ang tlitun.iukkandalatn Rajnlt 74?
A Claw hammerTukul tuil
B Paper cutterPernotong kertas
C WheelbarrowKerefa sorong
D ShovelPentlodok./-
lgt dddfl,ins
B
C
D
ForceDaya
I
87
DIA6RAM 72/P.AJAH 12
O Penerbit llmu BaLa Sdn Bhd. (732516-M) 20r2
Science Form 2
&-€"y-"9l::{iv"s-Syesf i9.1s
Instruction: Answer all questions.Arahan: lav,ab semua soalan.
1 Diagram 1, shows five tools, I, K, L, M and N.Ilnjalt 7 menunjukkan lima alat, I, K, L, M dsn N.
4M&DIAGRAM !/P.AJAHl
Observe the tools in Diagram 1.Pe rlmtikotr olnt-nlnt dnlam Rnjoh 1.
(a) State the class of lever for each tool l, K, L,M and N.Nyotaknn kelas tuas untuk sctin1t alnt l, K, L, Mrlnrr N.
l:
(u)
Diagram 2 shows a tool that uses a leversystem.Rnjolt 2 manunjukkan sntu nlnt yortg nenggunakan satu
sistetn tuos.
DIAGRAM ?/P.AtrAH2
Label the tool in Diagram 2 to show thefulcrum (F), the effort (E) and the load (L).Lnltelksn nlnt Llnlnm Rnjnh 2 utrtuk nrcnunjukkott
fulkrutrr (F), davn (E) dort bcbnn (L).
(i) Which class of lever does the toolshown in Diagrarn 2 belong to?Dalarrt kelas tuns yartg ntnnaknlr alat tlnlont
Rajalt 2 tugoltmg?
(ii) Give one reason for vour answer in' (bxi)Bcri satu saltnlt bngi irut,opnrt ntrdn dnlnnt
(b)(i).
(.) Name two other examples of tools thatarc in the same class of levc'r as tl're toolshown in Diagrarn 2.
Nortrnknrt dua corrttilr alat lnirt dnlnrtt kclns luos
Vrrng sailtn dutgnrr nlnt dnlnm Rninlt 2.
1.
(b)
N:
2al
LoadBeban
Pull downwardsTarik ke bawah
&M
A
-
N
(b) Classify the tools, I, K, L, M and N inDiagrarn L into two groups based on theirclass of levers. State the tools belonging toeach class.Kelaskan alat-nlot I, K, L, M dorr N tlnlnnt Rnjnh 7
kepnda dun kun4tulott, Iterdssnrkttn kclas tuns-
Nomakan nlat-nlat dulam setinp kclas.
Class ofleverKelas tuas
Names oftoolsNnms nlat
I, K, L, M, ANd NI,K,L,MdanN
@ Pencrbit |lmu Bakti Sdn. Bhd. (732516-M) 2012 88
DIAGRAM 3.I/RAJAH 31
A student carried out an experiment using thelever system in Diagram 3.i.A string is tied at the centre of the ruler(fulcrum) to the retort stand. A 600 g weightfs ]rung at the left side, 20 cm away Lo- ih"fulcrum.The student carried out the following steps:Seorang pelnjar menjnlankan satu eksperintit denganmenggunakan sistcm tuas yang ditunjukkan dalamRajah 3.1.S.eut11 tali diikat pada pertengalun pembaris fulkrum)dan digantung pnda kski retort. Satu pembera't 600 gdignntung pada sebelah kiri, 20 cm dari fulkrum.P cI nj a r i t u t tt e I nk u k a n I an gknh -I an gkah b e r ik u t :Step 1: A spring balance is hung 20 cm from
the fulcrum, on the other end of theruler.Sntu nernca spring digontung 20 cm rlari
- ftlkrun, padn hujung pembnris yang satu logi.Step 2: The spring balance is pulled
downwards to balance the ruler. Theforce used is recorded.Ncraco sltring itu tlitarik ke ltnualt untuktt.tcttrlcitnbnngknn ltunbnris itu. Dnyn ynngtli gu rnknn di c n ta tkan.
Step 3: Steps 1 and 2 are repcated with thespring balance being hung 30 cm and40 crn from the fulcrum.Lnngkah 7 dat 2 diutangi clenganrrtettggnnturtgkan neraca sqtring 30 on dan40 art dnri fiilkrturt. l
Diagrain 3.2 shows the readings obtained: l
Rninh 3.2 ntcttttn jukknn bncanrt qnng tli1teroleh:(u) (i) Record the readir"rg of the spring
balance in the space provided. l
Catntknn bncnnn nernca s1tring rlalom ruang f
yang disediakntt.
Distance of the spring balance fromthe fulcrum = 20 crnReadir-rg on the spring balance =
lnrnk rtarncn spring tlari fulknun = 20 cntBncnnrt ltndn ttt'rnca.s2rirrg =_=--.- N
Distance of the spring balance from thefulcrum = 30 crnReading on the spring balance:.---...----.-N
lornk narnca sltring dnri fulkrum = 30 cntBncaart ytndn neracn spring =_-=_-..- N
:: : lO Simple Machines
Distance of the spring balance from thefulcrum = 40 cmReading on the spring balance =
larak neraca spring dari fulkrum = 40 cmBacaan pada neracn spring =-_---_ N
DIAGRAM 3.z/R.AtrAH3.2
(ii) Complete Table 1 to show the results.(Assume 1 kg mass = 10 N)Lengkapkan ladual 7 untuk menunjukkankeputusannya.(Anggap jisirn 1kg = 19
^11
@+
.Loail':'$ifRohii
,,.,..,,,Effort
diitance {m)larak ilaya.: ,.f2) ., '(M
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.3
0.2 0.4
I
I
TABLE 1/JADUALl
(b) (i) Based on Table 'J., draw a bar chart ofeffort against effort distance.Berdasarknn ladunl 1, lukisknn satu cnrtn ltardnya nelauan iarnk doya.
Effort (N)Dnyo (N)
Effortdistance(m)lnrnk daya(nt)
CD(ii) Based on the bar chart obtained in
(bxi), what is the relationship betweenthe effort needed to balance the 600 oweight and the effort Jir,""*i
""'"Berdasarkan cnrta har yang diperoleh dalant(b)(i), apakah lutbungan antara daya yang
@ Prnerbit llntu BaLti Sdn. Bhd. (232516-M) 20t289
Science Form 2
diperlukan un tuk ntcny einfu an gkan pemberat
600 g.dengan jarak daya?
r-7r(.) (i) Calculate the product of the load and
the load distance:Load (N) x Load distance (m)Kira lwsil darab behan dengan jarak beban:
Beban (N) x larak heban (m)
(ii) Calculate the product of the effort andthe effort distance at different effortdistances, using the formula:Effort (N) x Effort distance (m)Kirahnsil darab dnya dengan jarak dnya
trttttrk lnrnk dnya yang berlainan, dengan
menggunnkan fornrula:Daqn (N) x larak dnyn Qn)
(d)
(e)
(iii) Are the surface areas of the bars in thebar chart drawn in b(i) the same?Adakah luns bar dalam cafta bar dalam (c)(i)
sama? -3Suggest one hypothesis for thisexperiment based on answers in (c).
Cndnngkan satahipotcsis bagi cksperimcn iniberdasarkan jawnpan dalnm (c),
r-7r(i) Write the formula for moment of force
for a lever in equilibrium.Tulis fonnula untuk momen daya ltogi satu
tuas ynttg dalant kcseimbarryan.
I ft-)
(ii) Calculate the effort needed if theeffort distance is L0 cm.Kirn daya yang diperluknn sekirnntln jnrnkdnyn inlnh'|] crrr.
_D
State the variables for the experiment.Nyatnkan ytcnftoleh ultalt untuk eksperimcn irti.
(i) Manipulated variable:P entholeh uhnl r dimnnilt ulnsikan :
(ii) Responding variable:Penfuolclt ubah bergcrnk halas:
(iii) Constant variable:P enfu olcl r ubnl t d i m nl a rknn :
(0
90@ Panerbh lltnu Bakti Sdn Bhd. (7325r6-M) 20t2
I
SIMPLE MACHINE
ffigr{s*.ffio;*=* W
1 A lever is a simple machine that turns about a fulcrum (F) when an effort (E) is applied to overcome a resistingforce called load (L).Tuos odoloh mesin ringkas yang berputar poda fulkrum (F) opabila dayo (D) dikenakan untuk mengatasi daya rintangan yang
dipanggil bebon (B).
2 There are three classes of levers:Terdapot tigo kelos tuas:
Class of lever/Kelos tuos Use/Kegunaan Examples/Contoh
First classKelas pertomo
E
To produce a large force from a
small forceUntuk menghosilkan daya yang besardoripodo dayo yong kecil
. PlierslPloyar
. Scissors/6unting
. CrowbarlTuil
. Claw hammer/Tukul tuil
Second classKelos keduo
To produce a large force from a
small forceUntuk menghasilkon daya yang besordoripada daya yong kecil
N utcracker/P engacip buah
Wheelbarrow f Kereto sorong
Bottle opener / Pembuko botolPaper cutter f Pemotong kertos
Third classKelos ketigo
To produce a large movementfrom a small movementUntuk menghosilkon gerakon yongbesor doripada gerakan yong kecil
. BroomlPenyapu
. lce tongs/Penyepit ais
. Fishing rodlloran
. Human's armf Lengan monusia
*ro *
3 The moment of a force refers to the turning effectof a force.Momen daya merujuk kepoda keson putaron daya.
Moment of a force f Momen doyo (N m)
= Force (N) x Perpendicular distance from thepivot to the force (m)Doya (N) x Jarak serenjong daripodo pivot ke doyo (m)
ln a lever, there are two opposing momentsproduced by the effort and the load, which are theclockwise moment and the anticlockwise moment.Pado tuos, terdopot duo momen bertentongon yongdihasilkon oleh doya dan bebon, iaitu momen mengikutjom don momen melowan jom.
5 The moments in a lever is given by the followingformula:Momen podo tuas diberi oleh rumus yang berikut:
Load (N) x Distance of load from F (m)Bebon (N) x Jorok beban doripodo F (m)
= Effort (N) x Distance of effort from F (m)Doyo (N) x Jarok daya doripoda F (m)
Levers can be used to design machines thatto simplify our work.Tuas boleh digunokan untuk mereka cipto mesin
membantu mempermudah kerjo kita.
help
yang
#
fiB *nnp*e*r i{3 Simple Mochine
II]
ry
Alat-alat ini tergolong dalamtuas kelas pertamaThe fulcrum is betweenthe load and the effortFulkrum berada di antarabeban dengan dayaA big force is used toovercome a small loadDaya yang besar digunakanuntuk mengatasi beban yangkecilI and III danlII and IVI danTY
C Ii and IIIII danIII
D III and IVIII danN
A
2ruf,l!03€
B
Which of the following devicesis a second-class lever?Antara alat berikut, yang manakahtuas kelas kedua?
A
Which statement is true aboutthe third-class levers?Pernyataan manakah yang benartentang tuas kelas ketiga?
A The load is closer to thefulcrum than the effortBeban lebilz dekat dengan
fulkrum berbanding dengandaya
B - The effort is locatedbetween the fulcrum andthe loadDaya terletak di antara
fulkrum dan beban
c
D
4ffiil_Ugcrt
EXAMINATION PRACTICE 10
WffiJ"y:'?--I The following information
shows the characteristics of a
simple machine.Nlaklumat berikut menLmjukkanciri-ciri suatu mesin ringkas.
. It has a fixed point calledfulcrumMempunyai satu titik tetapyang dipanggil fulkrum
. It has a resisting forcecalled loadMempunyai satu dayab erten t an gan y ang dip anggilbeban
. It has an effort applied toovercome loadMempunyai satu daya yangdikenakan untuk mengatasibeban
\tVhat is this machine?Apakah mesin ini?A A lever C An axle
Tuas GandarB Awheel D Awedge
Roda Baji
Diagram I shows two devicesthat use the principle of lever.Rajah I menunjukkan dua alatyang menggLtnakan prinsip tuas.
Diagram IRajahl
lVhich statements are correct?Pernyataan manakah yang betul?I The load and effort act in
the opposite directionBeban dan daya bertindakdalam arah yangbertentangan
II These devices belong tofirst class levers
Question 5 - Analysing
c
D
C
D
The load acts in the samedirection as the effortBeban bertindak pada arahyang sama seperti daya
The load is locatedbetween the fulcrum andthe effortBeban terletak di arTtara
fulkrum dan daya
jr,.', tce tongs and forceps are examples of third-. f'classlever.
$ . eenyepit ois dan forsep ialah contoh tuos kelos
'' ACLtgU.
5 Diagram 2 shows the differentparts on a wheelbarrow.Rajah 2 menunjukkan bahagianyang berlainan pada keretasorong.
f-K--.i r j
,v:,Mj
Diagram 2Raiah2
\tVhich of the followingrepresents J, K, L and M?Antara yang berikut, yangmanakah mewakili LK, L danM?
r',,,.ttidm.f:tiii#I l, ; 1; 1,1 6rpa;.:i ;li::i
JFulcrumFulkrum
KDistance ofeffortJarak daya
L
Magnitude ofloadMagnitudbeban
MDistance ofloadJarak beban
A
B
-ti
I
7,
I
JI
ri
Diagram 3 shows a device usedat a construction site.Rajah 3 tnenwtjukkan alat yangdtgtmakan di tapak pembinaan.
Diagram 3Rajah3
Which of the following deviceshave the same class of lever as
the device above?An tara alat b erikut, y ang manakahmentpunyai kelas tuas yang samadengan alat yang dinrnjukkan diatas?
A Ice tongsPenyepit ais
B ScissorsGunting
C Fishing rodJoran
D Paper cutterPemotong kertas
Which of the following showsthe lever that uses the Ieastamount of effort to remove thepole?Antara yang berikut, yangmanakah me n unj ukkan tuas yan gmenggwtakan jumlah daya yangpaling rendah untuk mencabuttiang itu?A
WedgePole -..f I nnjirians | | -j--1(Vt+=- \ Effo',
Y f l"\ Dava277777777777777777777
B
PoleTiang \ ,oo',
Daya
\ Effort
Wedge
na
db
b
c
Wedge
I
Baji
Daya
D
WedgeBaji
EffortDaya
I Diagram 4 shows a nut beingtightened using a spanner.Rajah 4 menunjukkan nat yangdiketatkan dengan ntenggunakanspanar
Diagram 4Rajah4
Which of the following pairs iscorrect?Antara pasangan berikut, yangmanakah betul?
NutNat
ON
cm ---;N
4
p- 20
c
.Momentpf,,rlfqrqq;ll.:lftrI *t,-:^:,MonaenSqiii
': (Nn):''t',;.
4ClockwiseIkutjam
BClockwiseIkutjam
I AnticlockwiseLawan jam
L4AnticlockwiseLawan jam
Diagram 5 shows a force that isapplied on a stapler.Rajah 5 menunjukkan daya yangdikenakan pada pengokot.
Diagram 5
Rajah5
i}lrapier "!0 SimPle Mochine lfi
Calculate the moment of theforce.Hitungkan momen daya.
A 0.30Nm C 1.05NmB 0.75Nm D 1.50Nm
The moment of a force = Force x Perpendicular
distance from the pivot to the force
Momen daya = Doyu x Jarak tegok dari pangsi 1
ke daya i
1
l0 Diagram 6 shows a secondl-!i[. class lever.:89" Rnioh G menunjukkan tuas kelas
kedua.
Diagram 6Rajah6
Calculate the force required tolift 60 kg of sand.Hitung daya yang diperlukanuntuk mengangkat 60 kg pasirA 1s0N C 350NB 2OON D sOON
i Load tr'rf " oit,r^* oi =; il;;;;-li ' f ^ load from effort from the
i
i the fulcrum (m) fulcrum (m) I
) .P) aahan(N)rlarakbeban = x Jarakdaya I, t::il:!:::!l !:!:!:'^9)
I I Diagram 7 shows a model of ahuman arrn.Rajah 7 menunjukkan modellengan manusia.
l5N
Diagram 7RajahT
Calculate the force exerted.Hittutgkan daya yang dikenakan.A 60NB 75N
C BOND 95N
[i!l &h*p*asr 3E SimPle Mochine
12 Diagram 8 shows a barrier gate
arm.. Rajah B menunit*kan Pagar
penghalang.
2s0 N
Diagram B
RaiahB
Calculate the length, X.Hitungkan panjang,X.A 550 cm C 810 cmB 750cm D 925cm
13 Diagram 9 shows a
wheelbarrow carrying a loadof sand.Rajah 9 menuniukkan kereta
sorong yang mengangkut Pasir.
BN
20 cm 175 cm
Diagram 9RajahS
Calculate the weight of thesand.Hitungkan berat pasir
Calculate the weight of theboulder.Hitungkan berat batu besar itu.
A 75N C 150NB BON D I75N
15 Diagram 11 showstwosPheres,R and S, which are hung from abalanced rod.Rajah lI menunjukkan dua sfera,
R dan S, yang diganntngkan Padarodyang seimbang.
S
Diagram 11
Rajahll
Which of the following showsthe correct values of P, Q, Rand S?
Antara yang berikut, Yangmanakah menuniukkan nilaiyangbetulbagi P, Q, R danS?
,l.ii.P,:i ,,.R, s
30 cm 15 cm 2N 6N
30 cm 10 cm 7N 18N
25cm l0 cm 3N 5N
25cm l0 cm 4N r0N
Diagram 12 shows the modelof a lever.Rajah 12 menunjukkan modeltuas.
Diagram 12Raiah12
\tVhich of the following devicesrepresents the lever?Antara alat berikut, yang manakahmewakili tuas ini?
A
B
c
DA 78NB gBN
C 19OND lBON
t614 Diagram l0 shows amanusing
a poie to lift a boulder.Rajah IO menunjukkan seoranglelaki yang menggunakan tianguntuk mengangkat batu besar
Beraf BoulderBatubesar
Diagram 10Rajahl0
H?&;M4tut!{"'"" '"
Question 16 - Relating
'o
17 \rVhich crowbar requires thetffitl least effort to pull out the nail?-o9tt'u Tril manakah'yang memerlukan
daya yang paling kw'ang ttntukmencabut paku?
A I effortNail I oaYo
Paku Y
/-v-=B I emort
Nail I oayaPaku Y
lrl.€--7
ClawhammerTtLkttI tttilScissorsGuntingIce tongsPetryepit ais
NutcrackerKacip kekeras
- rr'l 1i",,.,. ir'. Ji'i."1. "i,i. ".J
ir"' ir,."
:-. fulcrum, the smaller the effort required to i
T, ' overcome the load.
f,, Semokin pendek iarak beban dari fulkrum,\ " semakin kecil daya yang diperlukan untuk
mengotosi bebon itu.
l8 Diagram 13 shows two objectsthat are hung from an equallYgraduated rod.Rajah 13 menunjukkan dua objekyang digantung Pada rod Yangdisenggat secara rata.
C
D
ll,PlLlr1
.i #
'1
tEt
40NDiagram 13
Rajah13
To maintain the balance ofthe rod, a fulcrum should beplaced at pointD em i menge kalkan kes e imbanga nrod itu, fulkrum harus diletakkandi titikAPCRBaDS
f9 Diagram 14 shows two tools, J
,Pilfl- and K. used to extract a nail.;g* Roinh L4 menunjttkkan clua alat,I dan K yang digunakan untukmencabut paku.
WallDinding
NailPaku
WallDindittg
Diagram 14Rajah 14
Which of the followingdescribes the effort used?Antara yang berikut, yangmanakah me neran gkan daya yan gdigunakan?A I uses less effort than K
I menggunakan kurang dayadaripa.daK
B K uses less effort than J
K menggunakan kw'ang dayadaripadal
C The distance of the nailfrom the fulcrum does notaffect the effort used
Jarak paku dari fulkrumtidak mempengaruhi daYayang digtutakan
D If the distance of effortfrom the fulcrum is
shorter, Iess effort will beusedJika jarak daya dari fulkrumIebilt pendek, daya yatrydigunakan adalah lebiltkurang
Both J and K belong to levers of the first-class.
Keduo-dua ) dan K tergolong dalom tuas kelas
peftamo.
20 Diagram 15 shows a modelconstructed by a student.Rajah i5 tnenunjttkkan modelyang dibitm oleh seorang pelajar.
15 cm
,ffi ..A p prec i ajiFslhe tllgva tly_e*l'
Efforts"in the:Desig:rii:of ' :.
Machinesto Sniptify Work
lt
t!
2l Diagram i6 shows a simplepetrol gauge.Rajah 16 menunjukkan sattt tolokpetrol yang ringkas.
IndicatorPenunjuk
PQRS
BuoyPelampung
PetrolPetrol
Diagram 16Rajah 16
At which point should a
fulcrum be placed to increasethe accuracy ofthe gauge?Di titik manakah fitlkrum harusditempatkan bagi meningkatkankejintan tolok itu?
LoadBeban
PanDulang Slotted weight
Pemberat berslot
APBa CRDS
Diagram J.5
Rajah 75
The following dataobtained:Data yan g b erikut dip e roleh :
Weight of pan = 5 NWeight of pan + load=245NWeight of slotted weight
= 22.5 NBerat dulang =5 NBerat dulang + beban
=245 NBerat pemberat berslot
= 22.5 N
What is the weight thatshould be added to theslotted weight so that thesystem is in equilibrium?Apakah berat yang harusditambahkart kepada pemberatberslot itu supaya sistem ini beradadalam keseimbangan?A 50N C 125NB IOON D IsON
-. The gauge is more accurate if it can detect a
{ : slight chanqe in the volume of the petrol.
I fobk it, kain 1ru jika tolok itu dapot mengeson
' ' perubahan isi podu petrot yong amat kecil.1S
22 Diagram 17 shows the designof a foot mortar based on a
lever system.Rajah 17 menunjukkan rekabentuk lesung kaki berdasarkansistem tuas.
t0N
Diagram 17RajahIT
Calculate the minimum forceapplied by the foot to lift themortar.Hitutrykan daya minimumyang dikenakan oleh kaki untukmengangkat lesung itu.
F250 cm*l- 500 cm
[fB ilfrapi;er .3* Simple Mochine
A 3N C 7NB 5N D ION
23 Diagram lB shows a farmerI$S carrying two baskets, L and M.it8'sri The mass of L is 3o kg and the
mass of M is 50 kg. The distancebetween L and the farmer is
I.5 m.Rajnh 18 menunjukkan petaniyang menggandar dua bakul, Ldan M. Jisim L ialah 30 kg danjisimM ialah\lkg.Iarak di antaraL dan petani itu ialahl.S m.
50 kg
Diagram IBRajahlB
lVhat is the distance betweenbasketM and the farmerso thatboth baskets are balanced?
Apakah jarak di antara bakul Mdan petani ittt stLpaya kedtta-duabakul adalah seimbang?
A 0.7mB 0.BmC 0.9mD l.0m
' '.,...'-::,.. Weight of L x Distance of L from fulcrum =]I {"weigl'tofliaxDistanceofMfromfulcrum. I
'. [. Berat L x Jarok L dari fulkrum = Berot M x Jorak
'- Mdarifulkrum
30 kg
Structured Questions ,t--_ J
Appieciating the,i4noValive Efforts in ihe Design
of Machines to Simptify Work
I Diagram 1, I shows three pictures of tools, X, Y andZ.Rajahl.I menunjukkan tiga gambar aIat,X,Y danZ.
Diagram I.1Rajah I.l
On Diagram 1.1, label pictures X, Y andusing the following words:Pada Rajah l.I, Iabelkan gambar X, Y danmenggunakan p erkataan - p e rkataan b erikut :
First-class Second-class Third-classlever lever leverTLtas kelas Tuas kelas Tuas kelaspertama kedua ketiga
!tirii::rii:":l!::!:i.:::iiiiii t.':r i r'r
I (b) - Relating
13 marks I markah)
(b) Explain the usage of the following classes oflevers:Terangkan penggunaan tuas kelas-kelas berikut:(i) First-class lever
Tuas kelas pertama
Third-class leverTuas kelas ketiga
12 marks I markahl
Diagram 1.2 shows the situation when a forceand a load are balanced.Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan situasi apabila daya danbeban adalah seimbang.
40N
Diagram 1.2RajahI.2
Calculate the force, F, needed to balance therod. Use the following formula:Hitungkan daya, F, yang dipellukan untukmengimbangi rod itu. Gunakan rumus berikttt:
(ii)
(c)YX:
Z:
(a)
Load
Force, F I nod
Question Question 1(c) - Slnthesising
*l
Load x Distance of load fiom ftrlcrum =Force x Distance of force from fulcrumBebanx Jarak beban dari fitlkntm = Dayax Jarakdaya dari fulkrum
40Nx0.20m=Fx1.0mF=BN
12 marks I markahl
i Tl' rnu ,etationship is called the principle of lever.1., ..;.', p . Hubungan ini dipanqgil prinsip tuas'
.:-
Diagram 2.1 shows four devices, W, X, Y and Z,
which use the principle of lever.Rajah2.l menunjukkan empat alat,W, X,Y dan Z,yang menggutmkan prinsip tuas.
Diagram 2.1Rajah2.l
State one characteristic of any three devicesbased on the positions of effort, load andfulcrum.Nyatakan satu ciri bagi mana-mana tiga alatberdasarkan kedudukan daya, beban dan fulkrum.
13 marks I markahl
Levers are classified according to the relativepositions ofthe fulcrum, load and effort.Tuos dikelaskan mengikut kedudukan relatiffulkrum, beban dan daya,
thaS:ten 10 SirnPle Mochine l@
(b) Classiff the devices W, X, Y and Z inlotwo groups based on their commoncharacteristics.Kelaskan alatW,X,Y dartZ kepada dua kumpulanberdas arkan ciri sePunYa.
[4 marks I markah],. _-- __'^--__-l
: Levers provide mechanical advantage to,i ' transfer or change the motion and magnitude '
| ' offorce.1-fi,,.fuas memberikan kelebihan sawot untuki
', ,.: ' nemindahkan atau mengubah pergerakan dan ),
: mognituddoYa j:__-.. --.:Diagram 1.2 shows three situations, P, Q andR, which involve the application of a leversystem.Rajah L.2 menunjukkan tiga situasi, P, Q danR,yang melibatkan aplikasi sistem tuas.
2 (a)Intni o8_9i
(c)
lr .
ItP:.
399 N -*Pqo*6^,Rock{'>? ruilaatu%
Diagram 2.2Rajah2.2
Commoncharacteristics
Ciri sepunya
fiB ***;***rn J* Simple Machine
Based on Diagram 2.2:Berdasarkan Rajah2.2:(i) State one inference about the lever- system.
Nyatakan satu inferens tentang sistem tuasini.
l mark / markahl
Predict the force required to lift the rockat situation R.Ramalkan daya yang diperlukan untukmengangkat batu dalam situasi R.
[1 mark / markah]
State the relationship between the lengthof the crowbar and the force required tolift the rock.Nyatakan hubungan antara panjang tuil dandaya yang diperlukan untuk mengangkat batuitu.
lI mark / markahl
The distance of load must be shorter than the i
- distance of effort in order to lift a heavy load ,
T: with a small effort.
fi , nraf beban mesti lebih pendek doripada jarok' dayo untuk mengongkat beban yong berat,
dengan doya yong kecil.
Diagram 3 shows a spanner that is used to tightena nut.Rajah 3 menunjukkan spanar yang digunakan untukmengetatka.n nat.
25 cml+--+l
Diagram 3Rajah3
Name the tuming effect that is used to tightenthe nut in Diagram 3.Namakan kesan putaratx yang digunakan untukmengetatkan nat dalam Rajah3.
lI mark I markahl
Calculate the turning effect of the force that isrequired to tighten the nut.Hitungkan kesan putaran daya yang diperlukanuntuk mengetatkan nat itu.
State the directiontighten the nut.
12 marks I markah)
of the turning effect to
Nyatakan arah kesan putaran untuk mengetatkannat itu.
II mark / markah]
Suggest two ways to increase the turningeffect of a force in Diagram 3.Cadangkan dua cara untuk meningkatkan kesanputaran daya dalam Rajah3.
[2 marks I markah)
I The turning effect can be changed by changing
I :.- . the force applied or the perp€ndicular distance
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)(iii)
(ii)
1.
2.
I
.l
1'!
,1l
t,
! ' from the pivot to the force.
fi,^Keson putaran boleh diubah dengon mengubah :
,-" daya yang dikenakon otou jorok tegak darilpanglkedaya.
.
Diagram 4 shows a wheelbarrow.Rajah 4 menunjukkan sebuah kereta sorong.
Diagram 4Rajah4
X:- Y
I*I
(a) On Diagram 4, Iabel parts X, Y andZusing thewords given below:Pada Rajah 4, labelkan baltagian X, Y clan
Z ntenggunakan perkataan-perkatann yangdiberikan di bawah:
Effort Load FulcrumDaya Beban Fulkrunt
[3 marks I markah]
(b) (i) Based on Diagram 4, state the class oflever that the wheelbarrow belongs to.Berdasarkan Rajah4, nyatakan kelas tuas bagikereta sorong.
lI mark I markaltl
(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 3 (b) (i) .
Beri satu sebab bagi jatuapan di3(b)(i).
ll mark / markalil
State one advantage of using wheelbarrow incarrying heavy loads.Nyatakan satu kebaikan menggunakan keretasorong untuk mengangkat beban yang berat.
II mark I markah]
(d) Based on Diagram 4, choose one tool that isin the same class of lever as the wheelbarrow.Mark (/) the boxprovided.Berdasarkan Rajah 4, pilih satu. alat yang tergolongdalam kelas tuas yang sama dengan kereta sorong.Tandakan (/ ) dalam kotak yang diberikan.
Ice tongsPenyepit ais
NutcrackerKacip kekeras
ll mark / markahl
dli"rel:u.er 1$ SimPle Machine SP
5 Diagram 5.1 shows a pair of wire cutter.
lNfl Raiah 5.1 menunjukkan sepasang pemotong tucryar07,!i
XYWireWayar
Diagram 5.1Raiah5.I
(a) (i) 'vVhat is the class of lever for the pair ofcutter?Apakah kelas ttns bagi pemotong itu?
lI mark / markah)
State one reason for the answer in 2(a) (i).
Nyatakansatu sebab bagi jawapan diz(a)(i).
lI mark / markah)
I 'i - State the position of the fulcrum, the load and j
r I the effon. I
i jV I'tyotoxon frdudukan fulkrum,beban dan daya. ir'..-,-,i
Based on Diagram 5.1, explain why the wireis easier to cut when the cutter is held at Yrather than at X?Berdasarkan Rajah 5.1, terangkan mengapa dawailebih mudah dipotong apabila pemotong itudipegang diY berbanding dengan diX.
ll mark / markahl
(c) Diagram 5.2 shows a man carrying a loadusing a wheelbarrowRajah 5.2 menunjukkan seorang lelaki membawabeban dengan sebuah kereta sorons.
Diagram 5.2Rajalt5.2
(ii)
(c)
(b)
'JJ$i# Question 3(b)(ii) - Making inferens Question 3(c) - Detecting bias
[iB Chapcen 10 Simple Mochine
Draw a lever system for the lvheelbarrow andlabel the positions for the effort, load andfulcrum.Lukis sistem tuas bagi kereta sorongitu dan labelkankedudukan bagi daya, beban dan fulkrum.
12 marks I markah)
, fvtake sure you show the acting drrections of
i' '
the load and the effort (force).
'i $, fastiXan onda tuniukkon aruh tindlkan beban
i:: '- !:::!:l:: -
Diagram 5.3 shows a balanced lever system.Rajah 5.3 menunjukkan sebuah sistem tuas yangseimbang.
Diagram 5.3Rajah5.3
Calculate load M when the system is inequilibrium.Hitungkan beban M apabila sistem itu adalahseimbang.
Use the following formula:Gunakan rumus yang berikut:
Load x Distance of load= Force x Distance of forceBeban x Jarakbeban=Daya x Jarakdaya
[2 marks I markah]
Diagram 5.4Rajah5.4
\A{ey does J use more force than K to paddlehis canoe?Mengapakah J menggunakan lebih banyak dayadaripada K untuk me ndayung kanuny a?
lI mark / markahl
i;. D.";*'.,1* p;iil;,1" rrk'"'J"ilI TStnaeffortonthepaddlerwhilecanoeing. i
l, f,, renturan posisi fulkrum, beban don daya poda:
ln:'{ dayungketikamendayung. ,L_ '.-_**_
Diagram 6.1 shows the set-up of a balanced leversystem.Rajah 6.I menunjukkan sttsunan sistem tuas yangseimbang.
Weight PPemberatP
Distance of weight P
from the fulcrumJarakpemberatP d.ari
fulkrum Distance of weight Q from thefulcrum
Jarak pemberat Q dari fiikrum
Diagram 6.1Rajah6.l
(d)
-: -
(e) Diagram 5.4 shows twopaddling canoes.Rajah 5.4 menunjukkan duamendayung kanu.
people, J and K,
orang,l danKyang
500 N
,(N).
il':;1Distanceof '
-.weightPfromithefulcrum (m)'.:,JwakpeiltheraiP:'dadfulkrun(m)
.,*oibiaiirieof'-"-f"..ightqfr"-lifiefutcrum {m)
Var*pemtemtq'rforifulkrum(m)
0.5 2.0 1,0 0.2 5.0 1,0
1.0 2.0 2.0 0.4 5.0 2.0
I.5 4.0 6.0 Y 3.0 6.0
2.0 4.0 8.0 4.0 Y 8.0
GhaPter 10 SimPle Mochine
The distances of weight p and weight Q from the fulcrum are measured and recorded inTable 6'2'
Jarak pemberatP dan pemberat Q darl\ulkrum diukur dan direkodkan dalam Jadual6.2'
IIE
Table 6.2Jadual6.2
(a) State the aim of this experiment.Nyntakan tujuan eksperimert itti.
(ii) Write one equation to explain the answer
in a(c) (i).Tr,tlls satu persamaan untuk menerangkanjawapan dia(c)(1).
II mark / markah]
(d) Using the equation in 4(c)(ii), determine the
values of X andY in Table 6'2.Dengan menggunakan persamaan di 4(c)(11),
tentukan nilaiX danY dalam Jadual 6.2.
Value of X:NiIaiX:
Value of Y:NiIaiY:
12 marks I markah)
[*ffiiN;D-"'* "f b.d1,"..,1" f'ilil
i'i3ltl = Effort (N) x Distance of effort from the I
r i fulcrum (m) :
i .,P i. geaan (N) xJ orakbeban dari-fulkrum (m\ =
p6yq j
i" ury11yi11:il:d"::!!k::':!:Y) l
(e) State one conclusion for this experiment.Nyatakan satu kesimpulan b agi eksperim en ini.
(b) State the variablesNyatakan pemboleh
lI mark /markah)
in the experiment.ubah dalam eksperimen ini.
(c) (i) Based on the data in Table 6.2, state onehypothesis for the experiment.Berdasarkan data dalam Jadual 6.2, nyatakansatu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.
ll mark / markahl
ffi
[3 marks I markah]
Question 6(c) (i) - Making hypothesis
ll mark / markahl
