10.4 plant reproduction * indicates vocab word. stages of plant life cycle plants have complex life...
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10.4 Plant Reproduction
* Indicates Vocab Word
Stages of Plant Life Cycle Plants have complex life cycles that
include 2 different stages:
1) The sporophyte stage
2) The gametophyte stage
Plant Stages: *Sporophyte During this stage the plant produces
spores
These spores develop into the next stage: the Gametophyte
Plant Stages: *Gametophyte During this stage 2 kinds of sex cells are
made:
1) Sperm Cells 2) Egg Cells
Fill out the cycle on the next page when done copying
Plant Life CycleAll plants go through two stages in their life cycle. Which are the sporophyte and gametophyte stages?
Sporophyte Stage
Gametophyte Stage
Plant Life Cycles Plants are based on the length of their
life cycle There are three main types:
1)*Annuals 2)*Biennials 3)*Perennials
Plant Life Cycles *Annuals: flowering plants that
complete a life cycle within one growing season
Ex: marigolds, petunias, wheat, and Cucumbers
Plant Life Cycles *Biennials: Angiosperms that complete
their life cycle in two years 1st Year: The plant germinates and grows
roots, short stems and leaves 2nd Year: The stems lengthen, new
leaves grow, flowers and seeds are produced
Ex: Parsley, Celery, and foxglove
Plant Life Cycles *Perennials: Flowering plants that live
for more than two years (most flower every year)
Ex: Apples, Kale, Watercress
Plant Reproduction All plants undergo sexual reproduction
that involves fertilization
*Fertilization-occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell
*Zygote-the name for a fertilized egg
Sexual Reproduction Fertilization can only occur in some
plants if water is present in the environment
The sperm cells swim to the egg via water Ex. Algae
Other plants have adaptions to fertilize in dry environments
Slower than Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction Many plants go through asexual
reproduction Only one parent and offspring are identical
to parent This does not involve flowers,
pollination, or seeds
Faster than Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction Because only 1 parent: populations grow
fast Negatives: no genetic variation
Grafting: part of a plants stem is cut and attached to another related plant species
Thus plants can now make more than 1 kind of fruit
Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants Some plants need a very moist
environment to release spores The spores then grow to become
gametophytes When those produce eggs, the sperm needs
the moist environment to be able to swim to the eggs
Ex: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns, club mosses, horsetails
Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants Spotlight: Fern The fronds are the sporophyte stage of
plant On the underside of mature ferns spores
develop in a spore case-wind/water carry these spores along distance
If the spore lands in moist shaded soil it will grow into a gametophyte
Gymnosperm Reproduction CycleExplain the steps of pollination and fertilization in the cycle.
*Cones-the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm
Pollination
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On Next PageFill in the chart For PollinationAnd Fertilization
Angiosperm Reproduction 1st pollen falls on a flowers stigma
Then the sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flowers ovule
After that the zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed
Angiosperms: Pollination A flower is pollinated when a grain of
pollen falls on the stigma
A flower is pollinated by the wind, or other animals (think back to pollinators from 10.3)
Angiosperms: Fertilization If the pollen falls on the stigma of a
similar plant fertilization can occur Sperm cells join with the egg cells inside
an ovule within the ovary A zygote then develops
Angiosperms: Fruit development and Seed Dispersal *Fruit- the ripened ovary and other
structures of an angiosperm that enclose one or more seeds
Fruits are the means by which angiosperm seeds are dispersed; animals dispers seeds when they eat in one place and defecate in an other
Ex: apples, cherries, tomatoes, squash
Angiosperm ReproductionReproduction in angiosperms begins with flowers.