10/27/15 starter: what do you think photosynthesis is? practice: write 5 key points from video 1. 2....
TRANSCRIPT
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10/27/15
Starter:What do you think photosynthesis is?
Practice: Write 5 key points from video1.2.3.45.
10/27/15
Photosynthesis notes
Application/Connection:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixA8ZXx0KU
Notes
Video Review Ws
Exit:Write 1 thing you learned today and 1 thing you would like to know about.
Photosynthesis notes 81 82
EQ: What drives cellular life and where does this energy come from and go to?
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10/28/15
Starter:What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis?
10/28/15
Photosynthesis notes
Application/Connetion:
Finish Notes and ws
Exit:
Write 1 thing you learned today and 1 thing you would like to know about
Photosynthesis notes 83 84
EQ: What drives cellular life and where does this energy come from and go to?
Practice: Questions:1What is photosynthesis?
2. What organisms conduct photosynthesis?
3. If plants get their energy/food from photosynthesis, how do animals get their energy/food
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October 27-28, 2015
AGENDAB.9 B.
I will Compare the reactants and products of
photosynthesis and cellular
respiration in terms of energy and matter while
completing notes.
1 Starter2. Notes3. Ws 4. Exit
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Date Lecture/ Activity/ Lab Page10/14 Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Poster 67-68 10/15 Osmosis Lab 69-7010/16 Osmosis Lab Day II 71-7210/17 Osmosis Lab Day III and Quiz 73-7410/20 Cell Analogies Poster 75-7610/21 Experimental Design 77-7810/22 Test Review 79-8010/27-28 Photosynthesis Notes 81-82
Table of Contents
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Photosynthesis• Anabolic (small molecules
combined)• Endergonic (stores energy)• Carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring
process that uses light energy (photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose).
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose
SUN
photons
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Question:
Where does photosynthesi
s occur?
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Plants• Autotrophs – produce their own
food (glucose)• Process called photosynthesis• Mainly occurs in the leaves:
a. stoma - poresb. mesophyll cells
StomaMesophyllCell
Chloroplast
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Stomata (stoma)Pores in a plant’s cuticle
through which water vapor and gases (CO2 & O2) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.
Guard CellGuard CellCarbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Found on the underside of leaves
Stoma
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Mesophyll Cell of Leaf
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!
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Chloroplast
Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
GranumThylakoid
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
Thylakoid stacks are connected together
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Thylakoid
Thylakoid Membrane
Thylakoid SpaceGranum
Grana make up the inner membrane
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Question:
Why are plants green?
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Chlorophyll Molecules
• Located in the thylakoid membranes
• Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center
• Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-660 nm are most important)
• Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.
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Wavelength of Light (nm)
400 500 600 700
Short wave Long wave(more energy) (less energy)
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Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll
wavelength
Absorption
violet blue green yellow orange red
Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light best
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Question:
During the fall, what causes the leaves to
change colors?
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Fall Colors• In addition to the chlorophyll
pigments, there are other pigments present
• During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments
• Carotenoids are pigments that are either red, orange, or yellow
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Redox Reaction
The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
Two types:1. Oxidation is the loss of e-
2. Reduction is the gain of e-
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Oxidation ReactionThe loss of electrons from a
substance or the gain of oxygen.
glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Oxidation
Carbon dioxide Water
Oxygen
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Reduction Reaction
The gain of electrons to a substance or the loss of oxygen.
glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reduction
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Question:
Why do cells use
for energy?
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Energy for Life on Earth
• Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth
• Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars
• Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration
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Structure of ATP
• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
• It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups
• The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a HIGH ENERGY chemical bond
• This bond can be BROKEN to release ENERGY for CELLS to use
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Removing a Phosphate from ATP
Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will ---– Release ENERGY for cells to use– Form ADP– Produce a FREE PHOSPHATE
GROUP
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High Energy Phosphate Bond
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FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-attached to ADP reforming ATP
Process called Phosphorylation
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Phosphorylation
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Parts of Photosynthesis
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Two Parts of Photosynthesis
Two reactions make up photosynthesis:
1.Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction - Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.
SUN
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Two Parts of Photosynthesis
2. Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction
• Also called Carbon Fixation or C3 Fixation
• Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).
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Light Reaction (Electron Flow)
• Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes
• During the light reaction, there are two possible routes for electron flow:A. Cyclic Electron Flow
B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
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Cyclic Electron Flow• Occurs in the thylakoid
membrane.• Uses Photosystem I only• P700 reaction center-
chlorophyll a • Uses Electron Transport Chain
(ETC)• Generates ATP only
ADP + ATP
P
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Cyclic Electron Flow
P700
PrimaryElectronAcceptor
e-
e-
e-
e-
ATPproducedby ETC
Photosystem I
AccessoryPigments
SUN
Photons
Pigments absorb light energy & excite e- of Chlorophyll a to produce ATP
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Noncyclic Electron Flow• Occurs in the thylakoid
membrane• Uses Photosystem II and
Photosystem I• P680 reaction center (PSII) -
chlorophyll a• P700 reaction center (PS I) -
chlorophyll a• Uses Electron Transport
Chain (ETC)• Generates O2, ATP and
NADPH
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Noncyclic Electron Flow
P700
Photosystem IP680
Photosystem II
PrimaryElectronAcceptor
PrimaryElectronAcceptor
ETC
EnzymeReaction
H2O
1/2O2 + 2H+
ATP
NADPH
Photon
2e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
2e-
SUN
Photon
H2O is split in PSII & ATP is made, while the energy carrier NADPH is made in PSI
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Noncyclic Electron Flow
• ADP + ATP• NADP+ + H NADPH• Oxygen comes from the
splitting of H2O, not CO2
H2O 1/2 O2 + 2H+
P
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Chemiosmosis
• Powers ATP synthesis• Takes place across the
thylakoid membrane• Uses ETC and ATP synthase
(enzyme)• H+ move down their
concentration gradient through channels of ATP synthase forming ATP from ADP
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ChemiosmosisH+ H+
ATP Synthase
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+high H+
concentration
H+ADP + P ATP
PS II PS IE
TC
low H+
concentration
H+ThylakoidSpace
Thylakoid
SUN (Proton Pumping)
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Calvin Cycle• Carbon Fixation (light
independent reaction)• C3 plants (80% of plants on
earth)• Occurs in the stroma• Uses ATP and NADPH from
light reaction as energy• Uses CO2
• To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
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Chloroplast
GranumThylakoid
STROMA– where Calvin Cycle occursOuter Membrane
Inner Membrane
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Calvin Cycle (C3 fixation)
6CO2
6C-C-C-C-C-C
6C-C-C 6C-C-C
6C-C-C-C-C
12PGA
RuBP
12G3P
(unstable)
6NADPH 6NADPH
6ATP 6ATP
6ATP
C-C-C-C-C-CGlucose
(6C)(36C)
(36C)
(36C)
(30C)
(30C)
(6C)
6C-C-C 6C-C-C
C3
glucose
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Calvin Cycle
Remember: C3 = Calvin Cycle
C3
Glucose
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Photorespiration
• Occurs on hot, dry, bright days
• Stomates close• Fixation of O2 instead of CO2
• Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar molecules
• Produces no sugar molecules or no ATP
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Photorespiration
Because of photorespiration, plants have special adaptations to limit the effect of photorespiration:1. C4 plants
2. CAM plants
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C4 Plants• Hot, moist
environments• 15% of plants
(grasses, corn, sugarcane)
• Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places
• Light reaction - mesophyll cells
• Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells
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C4 Plants
Mesophyll Cell
CO2
C-C-C
PEP
C-C-C-CMalate-4C sugar
ATP
Bundle Sheath Cell
C-C-C
Pyruvic Acid
C-C-C-C
CO2
C3
Malate
Transported
glucoseVascular Tissue
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CAM Plants• Hot, dry environments• 5% of plants (cactus and ice
plants)• Stomates closed during day• Stomates open during the
night• Light reaction - occurs
during the day• Calvin Cycle - occurs when
CO2 is present
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CAM PlantsNight (Stomates Open) Day (Stomates Closed)
Vacuole
C-C-C-CMalate
C-C-C-CMalate Malate
C-C-C-CCO2
CO2
C3
C-C-CPyruvic acid
ATPC-C-CPEP glucose
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Question:
Why do CAM plants close
their stomata during the
day?
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Cam plants close their
stomata in the hottest part of the day to
conserve water
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10/27/15
Starter:What do you think photosynthesis is?
Practice: Write 5 key points from video1.2.3.45.
10/27/15
Photosynthesis notes
Application/Connection:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixA8ZXx0KU
Notes
Video Review Ws
Exit:Write 1 thing you learned today and 1 thing you would like to know about.
Photosynthesis notes 81 82
EQ: What drives cellular life and where does this energy come from and go to?
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10/28/15
Starter:What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis?
10/28/15
Photosynthesis notes
Application/Connetion:
Finish Notes and ws
Exit:
Write 1 thing you learned today and 1 thing you would like to know about
Photosynthesis notes 83 84
EQ: What drives cellular life and where does this energy come from and go to?
Practice: Questions:1What is photosynthesis?
2. What organisms conduct photosynthesis?
3. If plants get their energy/food from photosynthesis, how do animals get their energy/food