101781260-ch11

ch11

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Social psychology is the study of ______.

A. social thinking

B. social influence

C. social relations

D. All of these

2. Barbie is a "perfect 10." She has gorgeous flowing blonde hair, crystal blue eyes, olive tanned skin, and a

smile to die for. According to social psychological research, when Ken meets Barbie for the first time, what

other traits might he infer about Barbie's personality?

A. She is friendly, likeable, popular, and successful.

B. She is mean, grumpy, and lazy.

C. She is conceited, selfish, and self-centered.

D. She is unreliable and unpopular.

3. Which of the following statements about research on the "beautiful is good" stereotype is FALSE?

A. Infants as young as 3 to 6 months of age prefer attractive faces over unattractive faces.

B. Attractive people are assumed to have a variety of positive characteristics, including being better adjusted,

socially skilled, friendly, likeable, extraverted, and likely to achieve superior job performance.

C. There is little truth to the "beautiful is good stereotype." Attractive people do not really possess the positive

characteristics of the stereotype.

D. The "beautiful is good stereotype" can influence how we treat others, as in the concept of the self-fulfilling

prophecy.

4. Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this

initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit

aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

______.

A. the self-fulfilling prophecy

B. the self-serving bias

C. the fundamental attribution error

D. social conditioning

5. A study by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968) found that children who were labeled as "late

bloomers" at the start of the school year showed larger IQ gains than other, non-labeled students, even though

these particular children were chosen randomly. The children's teachers were informed about these labels but

the students themselves were not. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

A. Cognitive dissonance theory

B. The mere exposure effect

C. The self-fulfilling prophecy

D. The self-serving bias

6. Research suggests that which of the following faces would be rated as most attractive?

A. A face in which the distinctive features of the face have been digitally enhanced.

B. A face with an unusually small forehead and unusually large lips.

C. A face with unusually small ears and unusually large eyes.

D. A composite face of multiple faces that have been digitally blended to produce an "average" face.

7. According to research on the "average face is the attractive face," which of the following faces would be

likely to receive the highest attractiveness ratings?

A. Face A: morphed from 2 faces

B. Face B: morphed from 4 faces

C. Face C morphed from 8 faces

D. Face D morphed from 16 faces

8. Babyface Nelson, so named because of his youthful appearance, was one of the most ruthless and dangerous

gangsters in United States history. Based on person perception research findings, what kind of person do most

people expect when they encounter someone with a babyish face?

A. We expect baby-faced individuals to be nave, weak, honest, and less competent than individuals with more

mature faces.

B. We expect baby-faced individuals to be smarter and more trusting than individuals with more mature faces.

C. We expect baby-faced individuals to be more open to new ideas than individuals with more mature faces.

D. We expect baby-faced individuals to be more prone to acting out of control than individuals with more

mature faces.

9. According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

A. Internal/external causes

B. Stable/unstable causes

C. Controllable/uncontrollable causes

D. All of these

10. Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him

because she is a selfish and unhappy person, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him

because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make commitment right now. Jack is making

a(n) ______ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) ______.

A. internal attribution / external attribution

B. external attribution / internal attribution

C. downward social comparison / upward social comparison

D. upward social comparison / downward social comparison

11. When many people first learn of the classic conformity and obedience studies, they often believe that the

participants in these studies are weak-minded people and they tend to underestimate the power of the social

situation. This is an example of ______.

A. self-perception theory

B. the fundamental attribution error

C. the false-consensus effect

D. a positive illusion

12. Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an

intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she attributes her behavior to

the situation and thus blames the grade on her instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test

questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of ____.

A. learned helplessness


C. the false uniqueness effect

D. the false consensus effect

13. The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner

dispositions upon another's behavior is called ______.

A. the self-serving bias


C. the false consensus bias

D. cognitive dissonance

14. You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl. You would be making the fundamental attribution error

if you assumed that _____.

A. he has an angry and volatile personality

B. he just missed a putt

C. he was thrown off by the flash of a camera

D. he was in a tough situation

15. Your new roommate leaves dirty laundry all over her room and you assume she must be a slob. You ignore

the fact that she is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the ______.

A. fundamental attribution error

B. universality mistake

C. self-serving bias

D. availability heuristic

16. You watch as another student stumbles and drops her books in the hall. According to the fundamental

attribution error, how would you explain the student's behavior?

A. She must have tripped over something.

B. She is a clumsy person.

C. She couldn't help it; there were too many books to carry.

D. She was trying to get out of someone else's way.

17. _____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.

A. Consensual validation

B. Cognitive dissonance

C. Risky shift

D. Deindividuation

18. Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously

thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates _____.

A. the false consensus effect


C. deindividuation

D. social loafing

19. Lily does not approve of abortion. She is shocked when she finds out how many people in her state hold

pro-choice attitudes. This is an example of ______.


B. cognitive dissonance

C. the self-fulfilling prophecy

D. groupthink

20. Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise's

unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n) _____.

A. positive illusion

B. hallucination

C. reactive illusion

D. an ideal self

21. Individuals who have positive illusions about the self _____.

A. are judged less positively by others

B. are psychologically less healthy

C. tend to show high levels of psychological well-being

D. display self views that are rooted in reality

22. Cindy recently played in a softball game in which she misplayed a ground ball for an error. Later in the

same game, she made a great catch on a very difficult play. According to the self-serving bias, she would

attribute her error to _____ and her good catch to _____.

A. bad fielding skills / luck

B. bad fielding skills / good fielding skills

C. a bad bounce / luck

D. a bad bounce / good fielding skills

23. Based on Steele's (1997) research on stereotype threat, we should be especially concerned about instructions

for standardized tests if they _______.

A. ask for race/ethnic information BEFORE the test starts.

B. ask for names BEFORE the test starts.

C. are administered by men and women from different racial/ethnic backgrounds.

D. are culturally/racially sensitive.

24. "Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of

______.

A. peer-review

B. peripheral attribute

C. peer recognition

D. social comparison

25. When people try to confront Alfred about drinking too much alcohol, he replies, "Drinking may be harmful

to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement, which is an example of self-justification,

illustrates Alan's attempt to reduce _____.

A. the mere exposure effect


C. the self-serving bias

D. the fundamental attribution error

26. Hugh bought a new calculator at Staples for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from Wal-Mart showing

the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said to himself, "I'm glad I got my calculator at Staples; the ones at

Wal-Mart are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects _____.

A. cognitive dissonance reduction

B. self-perception bias

C. informational influence

D. peripheral-route processing

27. Marty has always strongly believed that it is wrong to cheat. However, after he cheated on his chemistry

quiz, his attitude toward cheating significantly softened. Which theory best accounts for this attitude shift?

A. cognitive dissonance theory

B. self-perception theory

C. social identity theory

D. social exchange theory

28. Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals _____.

A. change attitudes in order to be more popular

B. change behavior in order to be more popular

C. do not perceive a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior

D. try to align their attitudes and behavior

29. _____________ theory contends that behaviors can cause attitudes.

A. Self-perception

B. Social identity

C. Self-serving

D. Social comparison

30. According to self-perception theory, if you're not sure how you feel about something, how can you find

out?

A. Compare yourself to others

B. Look to your emotions

C. Ask a friend

D. Look at your behavior

31. Juanita returned home after being away for several years. When she saw her father, whom she thought she

disliked, she hugged him and cried. Based on her crying when she saw him, she determined that she must like

him more than she thought. This is most consistent with the _____ of attitudes.

A. evolutionary theory

B. social learning theory

C. self-perception theory

D. social identity theory

32. Which of the following statements about research on persuasion is TRUE?

A. Older people are more likely than younger people to change their attitude.

B. Television is a more powerful medium for persuasion than a printed newspaper.

C. People who have initially strong attitudes on an issue are more likely to be persuaded than those with initially

weak attitudes.

D. Emotional appeals are usually not very powerful means of persuasion.

33. When people pay close attention to the facts, the _____ is (are) the most persuasive, but when subjects are

not paying full attention, such as during a television commercial, the _____ may work better.

A. peripheral route / attractiveness of the source

B. emotional factors / attractiveness of the source

C. source's credibility / emotional factors

D. emotional factors / credibility of the source

34. Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but

potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and rationality. After

slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds this person's idea sounds compelling

and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the _____.

A. peripheral route to persuasion

B. norm of reciprocity

C. central route to persuasion

D. foot-in-the-door technique

35. Central route persuasion _____.

A. involves the use of non-message factors, such as the source's credibility and attractiveness

B. involves engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument

C. involves emotional appeals

D. All of these

36. According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger

request.

A. the foot-in-the-door technique

B. the door-in-the-face-technique

C. the bystander effect

D. the social facilitation effect

37. John is selling magazine subscriptions and chocolates. He asks you whether you are interested in buying

some chocolates for $1 and you say yes. When you go to get the money to pay for the chocolates and return to

the door, John asks you if you would also like to buy a $25 subscription to a variety of magazines. You feel

obligated and agree to buy a magazine subscription. This is an example of _____.

A. social loafing

B. the door-in-the-face technique

C. the foot-in-the-door technique

D. the bystander effect

38. The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to put a big ugly election

sign on their lawn. If the people refuse, they ask them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn.

The staff is using _____.



C. the elaboration likelihood model

D. a negative appeal

39. A person on campus walks up to you and asks if you would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for

her cause. Though the ribbon is a bit unattractive, it is small so you agree to wear it. After agreeing to this

request, the solicitor then asks you if you would be willing to make a donation of $15. This example best

demonstrates the persuasion technique called _____.



C. the norm of reciprocity

D. central route persuasion

40. What is the key social emotion involved with altruism?

A. Sympathy

B. Empathy

C. Generosity

D. Love

41. Alex regularly gives donations of blood to the Red Cross because he received a life-saving transfusion when

he was in a car accident two years ago. Robert's helping behavior is best explained by _____.

A. the concept of reciprocity

B. reciprocal determinism

C. social exchange theory

D. self-perception theory

42. The bystander effect is most likely to occur ______.

A. when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other bystanders present

B. when someone is witnessing an emergency and no one else is present

C. in emergencies involving racial minorities where there are a large number of bystanders present

D. in memory studies in which bystanders did not remember as much about an emergency as the individual who

was the victim

43. Diffusion of responsibility is most likely to influence _____.

A. the attributions we make about others


C. helping behavior

D. prejudice

44. In 1964 Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed to death in front of her apartment building. It took the assailant

approximately 30 minutes to kill Genovese. Police reports showed that although 38 neighbors witnessed the

event, no one helped or called the police. According to your knowledge of social psychology, this incident can

be best explained by _____.

A. the social facilitation effect

B. cognitive dissonance theory



45. According to the _______ of helping, we are especially likely to help and to care for our close relatives over

strangers.

A. social exchange theory

B. evolutionary perspective

C. cost/reward theory of helping

D. bystander effect

46. Aggression is associated with low levels of which neurotransmitter?

A. Dopamine

B. Serotonin

C. Norepinephrine

D. GABA

47. Aggressive behavior has been linked with low levels of _____.

A. dopamine

B. GABA

C. serotonin

D. acetycholine

48. Deficits in the functioning of the ______ are associated with aggression.

A. hippocampus

B. hypothalamus

C. parietal lobes

D. frontal lobes

49. The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is _____.

A. estrogen

B. testosterone

C. epineprhine

D. norepinephrine

50. Which of the following factors INCREASES the likelihood of an aggressive response?

A. Physical pain

B. Heat

C. Being personally attacked or insulted

D. All of these

51. Robert, a 9-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night he imitated several of the aggressive

moves he saw on TV by acting them out with his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains

William's behavior?

A. Observational learning theory

B. Frustration aggression theory

C. Social identity theory

D. Cognitive dissonance theory

52. Based on the information presented in your textbook, what is the most likely outcome experienced by

children who frequently play violent video games?

A. They are more likely to engage in aggressive and delinquent behaviors.

B. They are no different from children and adolescents who don't play violent video games.

C. They are less likely to engage in aggressive and delinquent behaviors.

D. They are more likely to be empathetic to the feelings of others.

53. Approximately what percentage of participants in Solomon Asch's study conformed to the group's pressure

to select the incorrect line?

A. All of the participants

B. None of the participants

C. About 35 percent of the participants

D. About 90 percent of the participants

54. Joyce has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than

work to succeed, she tends to "dummy down" to act more like the students that she hangs out with. She has at

times answered questions incorrectly in class on purpose to be more like her friends. Joyce's behavior is an

example of _____.

A. informational social influence

B. ethnocentrism

C. groupthink

D. normative social influence

55. _____ is based on a person's desire to be accepted by the group.

A. Informational social influence

B. Normative social influence

C. Social loafing

D. Social facilitation

56. Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal

before so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign

environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each

course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is displaying ______.

A. normative social influence

B. informational social influence

C. group polarization


57. Approximately _____ of the participants in Milgram's obedience experiment administered the maximum

450-volt shock to the victim.

A. one-fourth

B. one-third

C. two-thirds

D. three-fourths

58. Prior to conducting his experiment, Stanley Milgram asked a group of psychiatrists to predict how many

individuals would obey his commands to shock another person. The psychiatrists predicted that ______ of the

participants would deliver the full 450 volts of shock to the victim. Results of Milgram's experiment showed

that, in fact, _____ participants delivered the full 450 volts.

A. none / nearly 10 percent

B. 1 in 10 (10 percent) / nearly 25 percent

C. 1 in 100 (1 percent) / nearly 33 percent

D. 1 in 1000 (0.10 percent) / nearly 65 percent

59. Results of Milgram's experiment showed that participants were more likely to fail to comply with the

authority figure's requests when _____.

A. participants could see everyone else being obedient to authority

B. the authority figure was perceived to be legitimate

C. the authority figure was far away as opposed to nearby

D. the victim was made to seem more human

60. The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a

group is known as _____.

A. social contagion


C. the false consensus effect

D. deindividuation

61. The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of

behavior, emotions, and ideas.

A. egoism

B. altruism

C. social contagion

D. social loafing

62. You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others

doing the same thing. This is an example of _____.

A. social loafing

B. group polarization

C. social facilitation

D. social contagion

63. ______ refers to the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension. It occurs in group situations that

foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

A. Social loafing

B. Groupthink

C. Deindividuation

D. Group polarization

64. According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others _____.

A. enhances performance on all types of tasks

B. diminishes performance on easy or well-learned tasks

C. diminishes performance on difficult or new tasks

D. has little to no effect on performance

65. Ralph just started taking guitar lessons last week. Jimi has been playing guitar for almost 20 years.

According to the concept of social faciliation, performing in front of an audience of strangers and friends

tonight will likely ______ Ralph's performance and ______ Jimi's performance.

A. decrease / decrease

B. increase / increase

C. decrease / increase

D. increase / decrease

66. Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because _____.

A. the presence of others arouses us

B. we are more relaxed in group situations than when we are alone

C. we feel more deindividuated when we are alone than when we are in a group

D. of a genetic predisposition toward heightened performance in group settings

67. Social loafing refers to the _____.

A. tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

B. tendency for people to exert more effort when working in groups than when working alone.

C. tendency to spend more time being nonproductive when in the company of one's peers

D. social norm that obligates the general public to help those who may not be completely able to help

themselves (e.g., children and the elderly).

68. Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to

when each student did an individual project. This difference can be explained by the phenomenon of _____.

A. cognitive dissonance

B. social loafing

C. the sleeper effect

D. polarization

69. The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group

members is known as ______.


B. social loafing

C. risky shift

D. group polarization

70. Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is

likely to become _____ as a result of _____.

A. more politically conservative / the fundamental attribution error

B. more politically conservative / self-perception theory

C. more liberal / group polarization

D. more liberal / social loafing

71. The assumption that ethnic outgroups are not only different, but that other groups are inferior to your group,

is called _____.

A. social identity

B. ethnocentrism

C. deindividuation

D. groupthink

72. ______ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a

group. ______ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the

person belongs to that group.

A. Ethnocentrism / Stereotype threat

B. Prejudice / Discrimination

C. Discrimination / Ethnocentrism

D. Stereotype threat / Prejudice

73. In a recent study (M. Bertrand & S. Mullainathan, 2003), researchers sent 5,000 fictitious resumes to

companies advertising in Chicago and Boston. Applicants with "black-sounding" names were 50 percent LESS

likely to be called for an interview than those with "white-sounding" names. This unfair treatment based on the

group to which someone belongs (or seems to belong) is called _____.

A. prejudice

B. discrimination

C. the mere exposure effect

D. the false-consensus effect

74. ______ is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a

questionnaire. _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a

method that does not require awareness.

A. Implicit racism / Explicit racism

B. Explicit racism / Implicit racism

C. Sexual harassment / Ethnocentrism

D. Ethnocentrism / Sexual harassment

75. Sherif's Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the outgroup are affected by _____.

A. a person's level of intelligence

B. observational learning

C. competitive and cooperative activities


76. In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be best

advised to use _____.

A. a reward structure based on race

B. competition among students


D. the jigsaw classroom

77. The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

A. proximity

B. similarity

C. physical attractiveness

D. reciprocity

78. Tom has left home and is attending college in a city far away from home where he doesn't know anybody.

According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be most likely to make friends with _____.

A. Bill, his roommate

B. John, who lives across campus

C. Michael, who lives in the same dorm but two floors below Tom

D. Stuart, who lives 10 miles away in an off-campus apartment

79. According to the evolutionary theory of attraction, men tend to seek mates who are ____ and women tend to

seek mates who are ______.

A. young and beautiful / financially stable

B. financially stable / young and beautiful

C. similar to themselves / different from themselves

D. different from themselves / similar to themselves

80. Social psychologists believe that _______ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and

that ________ increases as the relationship grows and matures.

A. affectionate love / romantic love

B. romantic love / affectionate love

C. consensual validation / romantic love

D. consensual validation / affectionate love

81. ______ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part

of a love relationship.

A. Romantic love

B. Affectionate love

C. The mere exposure effect

D. Companionate love

82. According to Ellen Berscheid's research, ______ is the most important ingredient of romantic love.

A. caring

B. affection

C. sexual attraction

D. companionship

83. When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they

are displaying _____.

A. romantic love

B. affectionate love


D. passionate love

84. Research on gender and love shows that men ______.

A. conceptualize love in terms of friendship, whereas women conceptualize love in terms of passion

B. fall in love more quickly and easily than women

C. are less likely than women to break up premarital relationships

D. All of these

85. According to ________________, your feelings about a relationship are a function of how fair you feel the

relationship is or how much you feel you get out as much as you put in.

A. social identity theory

B. social exchange theory

C. the investment model

D. the evolutionary approach

86. According to ______, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to

minimize costs and maximize benefits.

A. psychological exchange theory


C. the concept of social contagion

D. the elaboration likelihood model

87. According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is _____.

A. equity

B. physical attractiveness

C. the availability of other alternative partners

D. passionate love

88. Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners

are committed and invested in the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?

A. The investment model

B. Evolutionary theory


D. Social exchange theory

89. Equity is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction _____.

A. among men, but not among women

B. among women, but not among men

C. during both the early and later stages of a relationship

D. during the early but not later stages of a relationship

90. Dave is a handsome and famous celebrity. He has been in a dating relationship with Gabriela, a beautiful

and popular actress, for the past two months but he doesn't feel that strongly committed to their relationship.

Recently, Dave has been working on a new movie and several women have expressed their interest in getting to

know him better. Dave is now contemplating whether he should stay with Gabriela or explore other tempting

alternative relationships. According to the investment model, what will Dave probably do next?

A. He will probably ask Gabriela to marry him.

B. He will probably ask Gabriela to move in with him.

C. He will probably stay with Gabriela for at least another year so that he can cultivate their relationship.

D. He will probably break up with Gabriela and give in to the temptation of dating other women.

91. According to attribution theory, what three dimensions do individuals evaluate when they are trying to

explain the underlying causes of behavior?

92. Define Festinger's concept of cognitive dissonance. How can dissonance be reduced?

93. Discuss the distinction between altruism and egoism.

94. A politician claims that media violence the sole cause of aggressive behavior among children and teens. He

builds his campaign around setting more stringent media regulations and censorship guidelines. Is there

substantial evidence for a causal link between violent media exposure and aggression? Is there evidence of a

correlation between violent media exposure and aggression? What other factors are involved in the origin of

aggressive behavior?

95. Discuss the distinction between normative social influence and informational social influence. Under what

conditions are we most susceptible to normative social influence? Under what conditions are we most

susceptible to informational social influence?

96. Define the concept of deindividuation. What effects can deindividuation have on our behavior? How do

psychologists explain the effects of deindividuation?

97. Discuss the distinction between explicit racism and implicit racism. How would a psychologist measure

explicit racism and implicit racism?

98. According to social psychology, why do people develop stereotypes and prejudice?

99. Pretend that you just landed a new job as a psychological consultant for an internet dating service. Your new

boss has asked you to give a presentation on the social psychological principles of attraction. Discuss the factors

that influence interpersonal attraction.

100. Discuss the concepts of romantic love and affectionate love. How do these types of love vary over the

course of a relationship?

ch11 Key

1. Social psychology is the study of ______.

A. social thinking

B. social influence

C. social relations

D. All of these

page 377

Blooms Taxonomy: knowledge

Difficulty Level: easy King - Chapter 11 #1

Learning goals: social cognition

2. Barbie is a "perfect 10." She has gorgeous flowing blonde hair, crystal blue eyes, olive tanned skin, and a

smile to die for. According to social psychological research, when Ken meets Barbie for the first time, what

other traits might he infer about Barbie's personality?

A. She is friendly, likeable, popular, and successful.

B. She is mean, grumpy, and lazy.

C. She is conceited, selfish, and self-centered.

D. She is unreliable and unpopular.

page 377

Blooms Taxonomy: application

Difficulty Level: moderate

King - Chapter 11 #2 Learning goals: social cognition

3. Which of the following statements about research on the "beautiful is good" stereotype is FALSE?

A. Infants as young as 3 to 6 months of age prefer attractive faces over unattractive faces.

B. Attractive people are assumed to have a variety of positive characteristics, including being better adjusted,

socially skilled, friendly, likeable, extraverted, and likely to achieve superior job performance.

C. There is little truth to the "beautiful is good stereotype." Attractive people do not really possess the positive

characteristics of the stereotype.

D. The "beautiful is good stereotype" can influence how we treat others, as in the concept of the self-fulfilling

prophecy.

pages 377-378


Difficulty Level: hard


4. Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this

initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit

aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

______.

A. the self-fulfilling prophecy


C. the fundamental attribution error

D. social conditioning

page 378

Blooms Taxonomy: application Difficulty Level: moderate

King - Chapter 11 #4


5. A study by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968) found that children who were labeled as "late

bloomers" at the start of the school year showed larger IQ gains than other, non-labeled students, even though

these particular children were chosen randomly. The children's teachers were informed about these labels but

the students themselves were not. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

A. Cognitive dissonance theory

B. The mere exposure effect

C. The self-fulfilling prophecy

D. The self-serving bias

page 378

Blooms Taxonomy: comprehension

Difficulty Level: moderate King - Chapter 11 #5


6. Research suggests that which of the following faces would be rated as most attractive?

A. A face in which the distinctive features of the face have been digitally enhanced.

B. A face with an unusually small forehead and unusually large lips.

C. A face with unusually small ears and unusually large eyes.

D. A composite face of multiple faces that have been digitally blended to produce an "average" face.

page 378




7. According to research on the "average face is the attractive face," which of the following faces would be

likely to receive the highest attractiveness ratings?

A. Face A: morphed from 2 faces

B. Face B: morphed from 4 faces

C. Face C morphed from 8 faces

D. Face D morphed from 16 faces

page 378

Blooms Taxonomy: comprehension Difficulty Level: moderate



8. Babyface Nelson, so named because of his youthful appearance, was one of the most ruthless and dangerous

gangsters in United States history. Based on person perception research findings, what kind of person do most

people expect when they encounter someone with a babyish face?

A. We expect baby-faced individuals to be nave, weak, honest, and less competent than individuals with more

mature faces.

B. We expect baby-faced individuals to be smarter and more trusting than individuals with more mature faces.

C. We expect baby-faced individuals to be more open to new ideas than individuals with more mature faces.

D. We expect baby-faced individuals to be more prone to acting out of control than individuals with more

mature faces.

pages 377-378




9. According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

A. Internal/external causes

B. Stable/unstable causes

C. Controllable/uncontrollable causes

D. All of these

pages 379-380




10. Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him

because she is a selfish and unhappy person, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him

because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make commitment right now. Jack is making

a(n) ______ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) ______.

A. internal attribution / external attribution

B. external attribution / internal attribution

C. downward social comparison / upward social comparison

D. upward social comparison / downward social comparison

page 379

Blooms Taxonomy: application Difficulty Level: hard



11. When many people first learn of the classic conformity and obedience studies, they often believe that the

participants in these studies are weak-minded people and they tend to underestimate the power of the social

situation. This is an example of ______.

A. self-perception theory


C. the false-consensus effect

D. a positive illusion

page 379




12. Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an

intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she attributes her behavior to

the situation and thus blames the grade on her instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test

questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of ____.

A. learned helplessness


C. the false uniqueness effect

D. the false consensus effect

pages 380-381




13. The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner

dispositions upon another's behavior is called ______.

A. the self-serving bias


C. the false consensus bias


page 379

Blooms Taxonomy: knowledge Difficulty Level: easy



14. You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl. You would be making the fundamental attribution error

if you assumed that _____.

A. he has an angry and volatile personality

B. he just missed a putt

C. he was thrown off by the flash of a camera

D. he was in a tough situation

page 379


Difficulty Level: hard King - Chapter 11 #14


15. Your new roommate leaves dirty laundry all over her room and you assume she must be a slob. You ignore

the fact that she is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the ______.

A. fundamental attribution error

B. universality mistake

C. self-serving bias

D. availability heuristic

page 379




16. You watch as another student stumbles and drops her books in the hall. According to the fundamental

attribution error, how would you explain the student's behavior?

A. She must have tripped over something.

B. She is a clumsy person.

C. She couldn't help it; there were too many books to carry.

D. She was trying to get out of someone else's way.

page 379




17. _____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.

A. Consensual validation

B. Cognitive dissonance

C. Risky shift

D. Deindividuation

page 382




18. Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously

thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates _____.



C. deindividuation

D. social loafing

page 380




19. Lily does not approve of abortion. She is shocked when she finds out how many people in her state hold

pro-choice attitudes. This is an example of ______.



C. the self-fulfilling prophecy

D. groupthink

page 380




20. Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise's

unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n) _____.

A. positive illusion

B. hallucination

C. reactive illusion

D. an ideal self

page 380




21. Individuals who have positive illusions about the self _____.

A. are judged less positively by others

B. are psychologically less healthy

C. tend to show high levels of psychological well-being

D. display self views that are rooted in reality

page 380


Difficulty Level: easy


22. Cindy recently played in a softball game in which she misplayed a ground ball for an error. Later in the

same game, she made a great catch on a very difficult play. According to the self-serving bias, she would

attribute her error to _____ and her good catch to _____.

A. bad fielding skills / luck

B. bad fielding skills / good fielding skills

C. a bad bounce / luck

D. a bad bounce / good fielding skills

pages 380-381




23. Based on Steele's (1997) research on stereotype threat, we should be especially concerned about instructions

for standardized tests if they _______.

A. ask for race/ethnic information BEFORE the test starts.

B. ask for names BEFORE the test starts.

C. are administered by men and women from different racial/ethnic backgrounds.

D. are culturally/racially sensitive.

page 381




24. "Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of

______.

A. peer-review

B. peripheral attribute

C. peer recognition

D. social comparison

page 381




25. When people try to confront Alfred about drinking too much alcohol, he replies, "Drinking may be harmful

to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement, which is an example of self-justification,

illustrates Alan's attempt to reduce _____.

A. the mere exposure effect


C. the self-serving bias

D. the fundamental attribution error

pages 381-382




26. Hugh bought a new calculator at Staples for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from Wal-Mart showing

the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said to himself, "I'm glad I got my calculator at Staples; the ones at

Wal-Mart are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects _____.

A. cognitive dissonance reduction

B. self-perception bias

C. informational influence

D. peripheral-route processing

page 382


Difficulty Level: hard King - Chapter 11 #26


27. Marty has always strongly believed that it is wrong to cheat. However, after he cheated on his chemistry

quiz, his attitude toward cheating significantly softened. Which theory best accounts for this attitude shift?

A. cognitive dissonance theory

B. self-perception theory

C. social identity theory

D. social exchange theory

page 382




28. Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals _____.

A. change attitudes in order to be more popular

B. change behavior in order to be more popular

C. do not perceive a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior

D. try to align their attitudes and behavior

page 382




29. _____________ theory contends that behaviors can cause attitudes.

A. Self-perception

B. Social identity

C. Self-serving

D. Social comparison

page 383




30. According to self-perception theory, if you're not sure how you feel about something, how can you find

out?

A. Compare yourself to others

B. Look to your emotions

C. Ask a friend

D. Look at your behavior

page 383




31. Juanita returned home after being away for several years. When she saw her father, whom she thought she

disliked, she hugged him and cried. Based on her crying when she saw him, she determined that she must like

him more than she thought. This is most consistent with the _____ of attitudes.

A. evolutionary theory

B. social learning theory

C. self-perception theory


page 383




32. Which of the following statements about research on persuasion is TRUE?

A. Older people are more likely than younger people to change their attitude.

B. Television is a more powerful medium for persuasion than a printed newspaper.

C. People who have initially strong attitudes on an issue are more likely to be persuaded than those with initially

weak attitudes.

D. Emotional appeals are usually not very powerful means of persuasion.

pages 383-384




33. When people pay close attention to the facts, the _____ is (are) the most persuasive, but when subjects are

not paying full attention, such as during a television commercial, the _____ may work better.

A. peripheral route / attractiveness of the source

B. emotional factors / attractiveness of the source

C. source's credibility / emotional factors

D. emotional factors / credibility of the source

pages 383-384




34. Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but

potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and rationality. After

slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds this person's idea sounds compelling

and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the _____.

A. peripheral route to persuasion

B. norm of reciprocity

C. central route to persuasion

D. foot-in-the-door technique

page 384




35. Central route persuasion _____.

A. involves the use of non-message factors, such as the source's credibility and attractiveness

B. involves engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument

C. involves emotional appeals

D. All of these

page 384




36. According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger

request.


B. the door-in-the-face-technique


D. the social facilitation effect

page 385




37. John is selling magazine subscriptions and chocolates. He asks you whether you are interested in buying

some chocolates for $1 and you say yes. When you go to get the money to pay for the chocolates and return to

the door, John asks you if you would also like to buy a $25 subscription to a variety of magazines. You feel

obligated and agree to buy a magazine subscription. This is an example of _____.

A. social loafing


C. the foot-in-the-door technique


page 385




38. The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to put a big ugly election

sign on their lawn. If the people refuse, they ask them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn.

The staff is using _____.



C. the elaboration likelihood model

D. a negative appeal

page 385




39. A person on campus walks up to you and asks if you would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for

her cause. Though the ribbon is a bit unattractive, it is small so you agree to wear it. After agreeing to this

request, the solicitor then asks you if you would be willing to make a donation of $15. This example best

demonstrates the persuasion technique called _____.



C. the norm of reciprocity

D. central route persuasion

page 385




40. What is the key social emotion involved with altruism?

A. Sympathy

B. Empathy

C. Generosity

D. Love

page 386



Learning goals: social behavior

41. Alex regularly gives donations of blood to the Red Cross because he received a life-saving transfusion when

he was in a car accident two years ago. Robert's helping behavior is best explained by _____.

A. the concept of reciprocity

B. reciprocal determinism

C. social exchange theory

D. self-perception theory

page 386




42. The bystander effect is most likely to occur ______.

A. when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other bystanders present

B. when someone is witnessing an emergency and no one else is present

C. in emergencies involving racial minorities where there are a large number of bystanders present

D. in memory studies in which bystanders did not remember as much about an emergency as the individual who

was the victim

page 387



King - Chapter 11 #42 Learning goals: social behavior

43. Diffusion of responsibility is most likely to influence _____.

A. the attributions we make about others


C. helping behavior

D. prejudice

page 387




44. In 1964 Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed to death in front of her apartment building. It took the assailant

approximately 30 minutes to kill Genovese. Police reports showed that although 38 neighbors witnessed the

event, no one helped or called the police. According to your knowledge of social psychology, this incident can

be best explained by _____.


B. cognitive dissonance theory



page 387




45. According to the _______ of helping, we are especially likely to help and to care for our close relatives over

strangers.

A. social exchange theory

B. evolutionary perspective

C. cost/reward theory of helping

D. bystander effect

page 387




46. Aggression is associated with low levels of which neurotransmitter?

A. Dopamine

B. Serotonin

C. Norepinephrine

D. GABA

page 388

Blooms Taxonomy: knowledge Difficulty Level: moderate



47. Aggressive behavior has been linked with low levels of _____.

A. dopamine

B. GABA

C. serotonin

D. acetycholine

page 388




48. Deficits in the functioning of the ______ are associated with aggression.

A. hippocampus

B. hypothalamus

C. parietal lobes

D. frontal lobes

page 388




49. The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is _____.

A. estrogen

B. testosterone

C. epineprhine

D. norepinephrine

page 389




50. Which of the following factors INCREASES the likelihood of an aggressive response?

A. Physical pain

B. Heat

C. Being personally attacked or insulted

D. All of these

page 390




51. Robert, a 9-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night he imitated several of the aggressive

moves he saw on TV by acting them out with his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains

William's behavior?

A. Observational learning theory

B. Frustration aggression theory

C. Social identity theory

D. Cognitive dissonance theory

page 390




52. Based on the information presented in your textbook, what is the most likely outcome experienced by

children who frequently play violent video games?

A. They are more likely to engage in aggressive and delinquent behaviors.

B. They are no different from children and adolescents who don't play violent video games.

C. They are less likely to engage in aggressive and delinquent behaviors.

D. They are more likely to be empathetic to the feelings of others.

page 392

Blooms Taxonomy: comprehension Difficulty Level: easy


Learning goals: social influence

53. Approximately what percentage of participants in Solomon Asch's study conformed to the group's pressure

to select the incorrect line?

A. All of the participants

B. None of the participants

C. About 35 percent of the participants

D. About 90 percent of the participants

pages 393-394




54. Joyce has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than

work to succeed, she tends to "dummy down" to act more like the students that she hangs out with. She has at

times answered questions incorrectly in class on purpose to be more like her friends. Joyce's behavior is an

example of _____.

A. informational social influence

B. ethnocentrism

C. groupthink

D. normative social influence

page 394



King - Chapter 11 #54 Learning goals: social influence

55. _____ is based on a person's desire to be accepted by the group.

A. Informational social influence

B. Normative social influence

C. Social loafing

D. Social facilitation

page 394




56. Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal

before so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign

environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each

course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is displaying ______.

A. normative social influence

B. informational social influence



page 394




57. Approximately _____ of the participants in Milgram's obedience experiment administered the maximum

450-volt shock to the victim.

A. one-fourth

B. one-third

C. two-thirds

D. three-fourths

page 396




58. Prior to conducting his experiment, Stanley Milgram asked a group of psychiatrists to predict how many

individuals would obey his commands to shock another person. The psychiatrists predicted that ______ of the

participants would deliver the full 450 volts of shock to the victim. Results of Milgram's experiment showed

that, in fact, _____ participants delivered the full 450 volts.

A. none / nearly 10 percent

B. 1 in 10 (10 percent) / nearly 25 percent

C. 1 in 100 (1 percent) / nearly 33 percent

D. 1 in 1000 (0.10 percent) / nearly 65 percent

page 396




59. Results of Milgram's experiment showed that participants were more likely to fail to comply with the

authority figure's requests when _____.

A. participants could see everyone else being obedient to authority

B. the authority figure was perceived to be legitimate

C. the authority figure was far away as opposed to nearby

D. the victim was made to seem more human

page 396




60. The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a

group is known as _____.

A. social contagion


C. the false consensus effect

D. deindividuation

page 397




61. The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of

behavior, emotions, and ideas.

A. egoism

B. altruism

C. social contagion

D. social loafing

page 397




62. You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others

doing the same thing. This is an example of _____.

A. social loafing

B. group polarization

C. social facilitation

D. social contagion

page 397




63. ______ refers to the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension. It occurs in group situations that

foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

A. Social loafing

B. Groupthink

C. Deindividuation

D. Group polarization

page 397




64. According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others _____.

A. enhances performance on all types of tasks

B. diminishes performance on easy or well-learned tasks

C. diminishes performance on difficult or new tasks

D. has little to no effect on performance

page 398




65. Ralph just started taking guitar lessons last week. Jimi has been playing guitar for almost 20 years.

According to the concept of social faciliation, performing in front of an audience of strangers and friends

tonight will likely ______ Ralph's performance and ______ Jimi's performance.

A. decrease / decrease

B. increase / increase

C. decrease / increase

D. increase / decrease

page 398




66. Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because _____.

A. the presence of others arouses us

B. we are more relaxed in group situations than when we are alone

C. we feel more deindividuated when we are alone than when we are in a group

D. of a genetic predisposition toward heightened performance in group settings

page 398




67. Social loafing refers to the _____.

A. tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

B. tendency for people to exert more effort when working in groups than when working alone.

C. tendency to spend more time being nonproductive when in the company of one's peers

D. social norm that obligates the general public to help those who may not be completely able to help

themselves (e.g., children and the elderly).

page 398




68. Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to

when each student did an individual project. This difference can be explained by the phenomenon of _____.

A. cognitive dissonance

B. social loafing

C. the sleeper effect

D. polarization

page 398

Blooms Taxonomy: applied



69. The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group

members is known as ______.


B. social loafing

C. risky shift

D. group polarization

pages 398-399




70. Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is

likely to become _____ as a result of _____.

A. more politically conservative / the fundamental attribution error

B. more politically conservative / self-perception theory

C. more liberal / group polarization

D. more liberal / social loafing

pages 398-399

Blooms Taxonomy: applied Difficulty Level: hard



71. The assumption that ethnic outgroups are not only different, but that other groups are inferior to your group,

is called _____.

A. social identity

B. ethnocentrism

C. deindividuation

D. groupthink

pages 401-402



King - Chapter 11 #71 Learning goals: intergroup relations

72. ______ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a

group. ______ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the

person belongs to that group.

A. Ethnocentrism / Stereotype threat

B. Prejudice / Discrimination

C. Discrimination / Ethnocentrism

D. Stereotype threat / Prejudice

pages 402-404




73. In a recent study (M. Bertrand & S. Mullainathan, 2003), researchers sent 5,000 fictitious resumes to

companies advertising in Chicago and Boston. Applicants with "black-sounding" names were 50 percent LESS

likely to be called for an interview than those with "white-sounding" names. This unfair treatment based on the

group to which someone belongs (or seems to belong) is called _____.

A. prejudice

B. discrimination


D. the false-consensus effect

pages 403-404



Learning goals: intergroup relations

74. ______ is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a

questionnaire. _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a

method that does not require awareness.

A. Implicit racism / Explicit racism

B. Explicit racism / Implicit racism

C. Sexual harassment / Ethnocentrism

D. Ethnocentrism / Sexual harassment

page 403




75. Sherif's Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the outgroup are affected by _____.

A. a person's level of intelligence

B. observational learning

C. competitive and cooperative activities


page 404




76. In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be best

advised to use _____.

A. a reward structure based on race

B. competition among students


D. the jigsaw classroom

page 404




77. The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

A. proximity

B. similarity

C. physical attractiveness

D. reciprocity

page 405



King - Chapter 11 #77 Learning goals: close relationships

78. Tom has left home and is attending college in a city far away from home where he doesn't know anybody.

According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be most likely to make friends with _____.

A. Bill, his roommate

B. John, who lives across campus

C. Michael, who lives in the same dorm but two floors below Tom

D. Stuart, who lives 10 miles away in an off-campus apartment

page 405




79. According to the evolutionary theory of attraction, men tend to seek mates who are ____ and women tend to

seek mates who are ______.

A. young and beautiful / financially stable

B. financially stable / young and beautiful

C. similar to themselves / different from themselves

D. different from themselves / similar to themselves

page 406



Learning goals: close relationships

80. Social psychologists believe that _______ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and

that ________ increases as the relationship grows and matures.

A. affectionate love / romantic love

B. romantic love / affectionate love

C. consensual validation / romantic love

D. consensual validation / affectionate love

page 407




81. ______ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part

of a love relationship.

A. Romantic love

B. Affectionate love


D. Companionate love

page 407




82. According to Ellen Berscheid's research, ______ is the most important ingredient of romantic love.

A. caring

B. affection

C. sexual attraction

D. companionship

page 407




83. When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they

are displaying _____.

A. romantic love

B. affectionate love


D. passionate love

page 407




84. Research on gender and love shows that men ______.

A. conceptualize love in terms of friendship, whereas women conceptualize love in terms of passion

B. fall in love more quickly and easily than women

C. are less likely than women to break up premarital relationships

D. All of these

page 407




85. According to ________________, your feelings about a relationship are a function of how fair you feel the

relationship is or how much you feel you get out as much as you put in.

A. social identity theory


C. the investment model

D. the evolutionary approach

pages 407-408




86. According to ______, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to

minimize costs and maximize benefits.

A. psychological exchange theory


C. the concept of social contagion

D. the elaboration likelihood model

pages 407-408




87. According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is _____.

A. equity

B. physical attractiveness

C. the availability of other alternative partners

D. passionate love

pages 407-408




88. Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners

are committed and invested in the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?

A. The investment model

B. Evolutionary theory


D. Social exchange theory

page 408

Blooms Taxonomy: comprehension Difficulty Level: easy



89. Equity is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction _____.

A. among men, but not among women

B. among women, but not among men

C. during both the early and later stages of a relationship

D. during the early but not later stages of a relationship

page 407




90. Dave is a handsome and famous celebrity. He has been in a dating relationship with Gabriela, a beautiful

and popular actress, for the past two months but he doesn't feel that strongly committed to their relationship.

Recently, Dave has been working on a new movie and several women have expressed their interest in getting to

know him better. Dave is now contemplating whether he should stay with Gabriela or explore other tempting

alternative relationships. According to the investment model, what will Dave probably do next?

A. He will probably ask Gabriela to marry him.

B. He will probably ask Gabriela to move in with him.

C. He will probably stay with Gabriela for at least another year so that he can cultivate their relationship.

D. He will probably break up with Gabriela and give in to the temptation of dating other women.

page 408




91. According to attribution theory, what three dimensions do individuals evaluate when they are trying to

explain the underlying causes of behavior?

Attributions vary along three dimensions. The first dimensions assesses whether the cause is internal or

external. Internal attributions include all causes internal to the person, such as his or her traits or abilities.

External attributions include all causes external to the person, such as social pressure, aspects of the social

situation, money, the weather, or luck. For example, did Beth get an A on the test because she is smart or

because the test was easy? The second dimension assesses the stability of the cause. Is the cause relatively

enduring and permanent, or is it temporary? Did Aaron blow up at his girlfriend because he is a hostile guy or

because he was in a bad mood that day? The third dimension involves assessing whether the cause is

controllable or uncontrollable. We perceive that we can control some causes (for instance, by preparing

delicious food for a picnic) but not others (if it rains that day).

Feedback: pages 379-380




92. Define Festinger's concept of cognitive dissonance. How can dissonance be reduced?

Cognitive dissonance refers to the psychological discomfort (or dissonance) that is caused by two inconsistent

thoughts or a belief that is inconsistent with behavior. According to the theory, we feel uneasy when we cannot

justify the difference between what we believe and what we do. In order to resolve the dissonance, the

inconsistency has to be resolved. This can be done by changing either one's attitudes or behavior.

Feedback: page 382




93. Discuss the distinction between altruism and egoism.

Both egoism and altruism can involve acts of prosocial behavior. The distinction between these two concepts

lies in the individual's motivation for helping. Egoism involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to

gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid social and self-censure for

failing to live up to society's expectations. In contrast, true altruism means giving to another person with the

ultimate goal of benefiting that person. Thus, altruism is motivated by an unselfish interest in helping another

person.

Feedback: page 386-387




94. A politician claims that media violence the sole cause of aggressive behavior among children and teens. He

builds his campaign around setting more stringent media regulations and censorship guidelines. Is there

substantial evidence for a causal link between violent media exposure and aggression? Is there evidence of a

correlation between violent media exposure and aggression? What other factors are involved in the origin of

aggressive behavior?

Although some critics have argued against the conclusion that TV violence causes aggression, many scholars

insist that TV violence can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children. Of course, television violence

is not the only cause of aggression in children or adults. There is no one cause of any social behavior.

Aggression, like all other social behaviors, has multiple determinants. The link between TV violence and

aggression in children is influenced by children's aggressive tendencies, by their attitudes toward violence, and

by the monitoring of children's exposure to it. Perhaps the strongest predictor of aggression is witnessing

aggression in one's own family.

Feedback: page 391




95. Discuss the distinction between normative social influence and informational social influence. Under what

conditions are we most susceptible to normative social influence? Under what conditions are we most

susceptible to informational social influence?

Informational social influence refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right. The

social group can provide us with information that we did not know, or may help us see things in ways that had

not occurred to us. As a result, we may conform because we have come to agree with the group. The tendency

to conform based on informational social influence depends especially on two factors: how confident we are in

our own independent judgment and how well informed we perceive the group to be. Normative social influence

is the influence others have on us because we want them to like us. We are particularly susceptible to normative

social influence when a particular group is important to us.

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96. Define the concept of deindividuation. What effects can deindividuation have on our behavior? How do

psychologists explain the effects of deindividuation?

Deindividuation occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal

responsibility. An example of the effects of deindividuation is the wild street celebrations that erupt after a

team's victory in the World Series or Super Bowl.

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation is that groups give us anonymity. When we are part of a

group, we may act in an uninhibited way because we believe that no one will be able to identify us.

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97. Discuss the distinction between explicit racism and implicit racism. How would a psychologist measure

explicit racism and implicit racism?

Explicit racism is a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a

questionnaire. Implicit racism refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level. Implicit attitudes must be

measured with a method that does not require awareness. For example, implicit racism is sometimes measured

using the Implicit Associations Test, a computerized survey that assesses the ease with which a person can

associate a black or white person with good things (for exampl

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