10.1 volcanoes and plate tectonics - mrs....
TRANSCRIPT
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10.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
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Volcanoes
A volcano is any mountain formed of lava and or pyroclastic material.
There are over 800 volcanoes on Earth!!!
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Origin of Magma
Molten rock beneath Earth’s Surface Complex mixture made of 3 things
1. melted mineral crystals 2. dissolved gasses3. water
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Origin of Magma
Magma forms in the crust and upper mantle when solid rock partially melts.
Formation depends on 3 things HeatPressurewater content.
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Origins of Magma- HEAT
At a depth of 100km temperature is 1400 – 1600 degrees Celsius (Asthenosphere – near melting point)
Additional heat needed comes form 3 sources: 1. Friction 2. Heat from the Mantle 3. Intrusion of Hot rock
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Heat continued
Additional heat needed comes form 3 sources: Friction
As the Plates slide past each other, the produce friction, much like rubbing your hands back and forth together!
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Heat Continued
Additional heat needed comes form 3 sources: Heat from the Mantle
deeper you go, the hotter it gets, so heat from the mantle adds to the magma chamber!
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Origins of Magma- Pressure
Pressure increases with depth inside Earth Increasing pressure raises the melting
point/Decreasing pressure lowers melting point
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Pressure
If pressure drops enough decompression melting occurs
as hot solid rock moves towards the surface it’s melting temperature is lowered , forming magma pockets
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Origins of Magma- Water Content
Rocks melting temperature lowered due to water content
“wet” rock deep beneath surface has lower melting point than a “dry” rock
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Volcanoes and Plate Boundaries
Most volcanoes form along divergent and convergent boundaries.
Some form far from plate boundaries above “hot spots” in the crust
There are 3 types of Volcanism Divergent Convergent Intraplate
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Divergent Boundary
Plates pull apart and mantle rock rises to fill the gap As rock rises, decompression melting occurs and forms magma Magma erupts along axis of spreading center
Example – Mt. Kilimanjaro
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Convergent Boundary
Subduction Zone Descending plate partially melts at
about 100-150 km deep due to: Friction Temperature, Pressure & water
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Convergent boundary
Oceanic-Oceanic Plate BoundaryForms chain of volcanoes on the ocean floorEventually grow large enough to rise above
ocean and form volcanic island arcRing of Fire – long belt of volcanoes that
circle much of the Pacific Ocean
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Convergent boundary
Oceanic- Continental Plate Boundary Result in continental volcanic arc
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Intraplate Volcanism
volcanic activity that occurs within a plate Kilauea volcano in Hawaii is Earth’s most active
volcano Yellowstone National park is a volcanic region
Occurs where a mass of hotter than normal mantle material called mantle plume rises toward the surface
Hot spot – small volcanic region a few hundred km across More than 40 hot spots are known Volcanic mountains of Hawaii have formed as the
Pacific Plate moves over a hot spot.
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