#1003 prostate cancer update october 5 to october 8 robert r. bahnson, md louis levy professor of...
TRANSCRIPT
#1003 Prostate Cancer Update
October 5 to October 8
Robert R. Bahnson, MDLouis Levy Professor of SurgeryDirector, Division of UrologyThe Ohio State University Medical Center & The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
Eric A. Klein, MDHead, Section of the Urologic OncologyCleveland Clinic Foundation
Robert R. Bahnson, M.D.Louis Levy Professor of Surgery
Director, Division of UrologyThe Ohio State University Medical CenterThe James Cancer Hospital and Solove
Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio 1
Profile Profile
Kevin• 42 year old white male• Father had prostate cancer• Healthy otherwise• Symptoms - Weakening urination stream - Frequent urination at night - Hesitancy when urinating - Dribbling of urination
Kevin• 42 year old white male• Father had prostate cancer• Healthy otherwise• Symptoms - Weakening urination stream - Frequent urination at night - Hesitancy when urinating - Dribbling of urination
2
Profile Profile
Kevin
• Evaluation - Digital rectal exam - Serum PSA determination
Kevin
• Evaluation - Digital rectal exam - Serum PSA determination
2A
3
Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer
• Most commonly diagnosed cancer in adult men
• More than 179,300 men diagnosed in 1999
• Estimated 37,000 will die of disease• Nearly 20 million males in U.S. forced to make important decisions regarding early detection
• Controversy has prompted early detection guideline by the American Cancer Society and the American Urologic Assoc. advising a DRE and a serum PSA beginning at age 50
• Most commonly diagnosed cancer in adult men
• More than 179,300 men diagnosed in 1999
• Estimated 37,000 will die of disease• Nearly 20 million males in U.S. forced to make important decisions regarding early detection
• Controversy has prompted early detection guideline by the American Cancer Society and the American Urologic Assoc. advising a DRE and a serum PSA beginning at age 50 4
Early Screening Early Screening
• Opponents point out that randomized trials have not demonstrated a survival benefit in screened patients
• However, most agree that: - Digital Rectal Exam and Serum PSA have likely played a critical role in the downward prostate cancer stage migration seen in the last 10 years
• Opponents point out that randomized trials have not demonstrated a survival benefit in screened patients
• However, most agree that: - Digital Rectal Exam and Serum PSA have likely played a critical role in the downward prostate cancer stage migration seen in the last 10 years
5
Guidelines Guidelines
• Who are men at high risk? - Those with a family history - All African American men, they should begin an early detection program at age 40
• Which men should undergo a biopsy? - Men with a life expectancy exceeding 10 years and a palpable abnormality on digital rectal exam
- Men with a PSA greater than 10ng per ml
• Who are men at high risk? - Those with a family history - All African American men, they should begin an early detection program at age 40
• Which men should undergo a biopsy? - Men with a life expectancy exceeding 10 years and a palpable abnormality on digital rectal exam
- Men with a PSA greater than 10ng per ml 6
Guidelines Guidelines
• In screening studies, nearly 3/4 of men will have a normal DRE and a PSA of less than 4 ng/ml
• Only 15% of this population will have a cancer
• In screening studies, nearly 3/4 of men will have a normal DRE and a PSA of less than 4 ng/ml
• Only 15% of this population will have a cancer
7
8
9
Recommendations Recommendations
• Men with a normal DRE and a PSA greater than 10ng per ml will harbor cancer greater than 50% of the time
• Therefore, routine biopsy is suggested for men with a 10 year life expectancy if they have an abnormal DRE or a PSA greater than 10ng per ml
• Men with a normal DRE and a PSA greater than 10ng per ml will harbor cancer greater than 50% of the time
• Therefore, routine biopsy is suggested for men with a 10 year life expectancy if they have an abnormal DRE or a PSA greater than 10ng per ml
10
Prostate-Specific AntigenProstate-Specific Antigen
• % Free PSA has emerged as the most clinically useful with the potential to provide:
- Improvements in early detection - Staging - And Monitoring of prostate cancer
• % Free PSA has emerged as the most clinically useful with the potential to provide:
- Improvements in early detection - Staging - And Monitoring of prostate cancer
11
12
Biopsy ProceduresBiopsy Procedures
• Recent evidence suggests change in biopsy technique is needed to increase detection
• Systemic parasaggital sextant biopsies are widely adopted as standard biopsy procedure
• New literature suggests optimizing transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy techniques
• Recent evidence suggests change in biopsy technique is needed to increase detection
• Systemic parasaggital sextant biopsies are widely adopted as standard biopsy procedure
• New literature suggests optimizing transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy techniques 13
Biopsy ProceduresBiopsy Procedures
• Increasing number of biopsies increases likelihood of detecting cancers
• Risk of finding cancer on repeat biopsy with an initial benign biopsy and an elevated serum PSA is 25%• Report by Dr. McCullough shows extended biopsy technique detects more cancers than standard sextant technique
• Increasing number of biopsies increases likelihood of detecting cancers
• Risk of finding cancer on repeat biopsy with an initial benign biopsy and an elevated serum PSA is 25%• Report by Dr. McCullough shows extended biopsy technique detects more cancers than standard sextant technique
14
15
16
Summary Summary
Kevin
• Serum PSA 1.5 ng/ml• Prostate slightly enlarged• No suspicious findings• Follow-Up: - Due to family history, annual prostate exam and testing is recommended
Kevin
• Serum PSA 1.5 ng/ml• Prostate slightly enlarged• No suspicious findings• Follow-Up: - Due to family history, annual prostate exam and testing is recommended
17
Eric A Klein, M.D.Head, Section of Urologic Oncology
The Cleveland Clinic FoundationCleveland, Ohio
18
Profile Profile
Simmons Brothers
Brother #1• 50 year old man• Saw family physician one year ago• Prostate was normal upon exam• PSA was slightly elevated• Prostate biopsy revealed a pre-cancerous condition, Prostatic Intra-epithelial Neoplasia or high-grade PIN• Subsequent biopsy confirmed presence of cancer• Underwent a radical prostectomy
Simmons Brothers
Brother #1• 50 year old man• Saw family physician one year ago• Prostate was normal upon exam• PSA was slightly elevated• Prostate biopsy revealed a pre-cancerous condition, Prostatic Intra-epithelial Neoplasia or high-grade PIN• Subsequent biopsy confirmed presence of cancer• Underwent a radical prostectomy
19
Profile Profile
Simmons Brothers
Brother #2• In family lounge, met twin brother• Recommended he be screened for prostate cancer• His biopsy showed high-grade PIN• Subsequent biopsy confirmed prostate cancer• Underwent a radical prostectomy• Genetic testing revealed brothers carried HPC1, which holds a higher risk for development of prostate cancer
Simmons Brothers
Brother #2• In family lounge, met twin brother• Recommended he be screened for prostate cancer• His biopsy showed high-grade PIN• Subsequent biopsy confirmed prostate cancer• Underwent a radical prostectomy• Genetic testing revealed brothers carried HPC1, which holds a higher risk for development of prostate cancer
20
20A
21
Genes And Prostate CancerGenes And Prostate Cancer
• Susceptibility Genes - Influence development of cancer
• Phenotypic Genes - Influence clinical behavior of cancer
• Susceptibility Genes - Influence development of cancer
• Phenotypic Genes - Influence clinical behavior of cancer
22
23
Major Susceptibility Locus ForProstate Cancer on Chromosome 1
Suggested By A Genome-Wide Search
Major Susceptibility Locus ForProstate Cancer on Chromosome 1
Suggested By A Genome-Wide Search
• Susceptibility locus on long arm of chromosome 1 in certain families
• Gene area designated as HPC1
• On-going intensive efforts to identify gene association with prostate cancer
• Susceptibility locus on long arm of chromosome 1 in certain families
• Gene area designated as HPC1
• On-going intensive efforts to identify gene association with prostate cancer
24
Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Genes
Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Genes
• HPC1 - 1q24-35 - 9% of cases - Early age of onset - Many affected family members - ? African Americans - ? More advanced stage and grade - Structure and function unknown
• HPC1 - 1q24-35 - 9% of cases - Early age of onset - Many affected family members - ? African Americans - ? More advanced stage and grade - Structure and function unknown 25
26
Evidence For A Prostate CancerSusceptibility Locus On The
X Chromosome
Evidence For A Prostate CancerSusceptibility Locus On The
X Chromosome
• Three other reports that suggest three additional areas that predispose individuals to prostate cancer• HPCX which appeared in Nature in 1998
• Epidemiologic observations suggest that men with a brother affected with prostate cancer are more likely to get prostate cancer than those whose father was only affected
• This suggests linkage with X chromosome
• Three other reports that suggest three additional areas that predispose individuals to prostate cancer• HPCX which appeared in Nature in 1998
• Epidemiologic observations suggest that men with a brother affected with prostate cancer are more likely to get prostate cancer than those whose father was only affected
• This suggests linkage with X chromosome 27
Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Genes
Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Genes
• HPCX - Xq27-28 - 16% of cases - Clinical features undescribed
- Structure and function unknown - Not androgen receptor
• HPCX - Xq27-28 - 16% of cases - Clinical features undescribed
- Structure and function unknown - Not androgen receptor
28
Predisposing Gene ForEarly-Onset Prostate Cancer,
Localized On Chromosome 1q42.2-43
Predisposing Gene ForEarly-Onset Prostate Cancer,
Localized On Chromosome 1q42.2-43
• French Study - Has demonstrated another susceptibility locus on chromosome 1 also on the long arm, but distal at Iq42
• French Study - Has demonstrated another susceptibility locus on chromosome 1 also on the long arm, but distal at Iq42
29
Pcap CharacteristicsPcap Characteristics
• 1q42.2-43
• Associated with early age of onset
• Phenotype unknown
• Structure and function unknown
• 1q42.2-43
• Associated with early age of onset
• Phenotype unknown
• Structure and function unknown
30
Evidence For A Rare ProstateCancer-Susceptibility Locus
At Chromosome 1p36
Evidence For A Rare ProstateCancer-Susceptibility Locus
At Chromosome 1p36
• University of Washington Study
- Has identified a 4th susceptibility locus on chromosome 1, on the short arm at 1 p36
• University of Washington Study
- Has identified a 4th susceptibility locus on chromosome 1, on the short arm at 1 p36
31
CAPB CharacteristicsCAPB Characteristics
• Chromosome 1p36
• Frequent LOH in CNS tumors
• Not linked to age of onset
• Linked to FH of CNS tumors
• Clinical behavior unknown
• Probably rare
• Chromosome 1p36
• Frequent LOH in CNS tumors
• Not linked to age of onset
• Linked to FH of CNS tumors
• Clinical behavior unknown
• Probably rare 32
Genes And Prostate CancerGenes And Prostate Cancer
• Susceptibility Genes - HPC1 - HPCX - Others likely - 4q, 5p, 7p, 13q• Phenotypic Genes - Androgen Receptor - “Family history” gene - Androgen metabolism genes
• Susceptibility Genes - HPC1 - HPCX - Others likely - 4q, 5p, 7p, 13q• Phenotypic Genes - Androgen Receptor - “Family history” gene - Androgen metabolism genes
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
#1004 Evaluation & Management of Back Pain
October 12 to October 15
Brian Bowyer, MDAssociate Professor of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationDepartment of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationThe Ohio State University Medical Center
Lawrence J. Mervis, M.D.Clinical Associate Professor of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Medical Center andJames Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteColumbus, Ohio
NEXT WEEK