0IrfS *_0~ *^ ^ ^^Events and Happenings

In terac tiorn P oin st sin the SLAC Community4cteraction P iStS 1 t**September 1992, Vol. 3, No. 7

10,000 CHEERS FOR SLAC

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ON SATURDAY, AUGUST 14,while most of us were sleeping,the ten-thousandth Z particle pro-duced by a polarized beam wascreated by the Stanford LinearCollider, representing a significantvictory for SLAC. In the words ofSLAC's director, Burt Richter, "Weswore to the Department of Ener-gy that in this running cycle wewould produce ten-thousand Zswith polarized beams. We did itfive weeks before the end of therunning cycle; the machine hasworked wonderfully. All I can say,"Richter remarkedat the party inhonor of this triumph, "is that withthe help of all of you we've man-aged to do more than we said wewere going to do this running cycle."

A party was held the afternoon

of August 21 to celebrate thisachievement. Tables piled withmounds of fresh strawberries, brieand other good things to eat anddrink were set up on the Green.The highlight was a huge cake,with strawberries and blueberriesspelling out "10,000 Zs" on thetop. Burt Richter, Lowell Klaisner,Nan Phinney, and Marty Brieden-bach each spoke briefly, acknowl-edging and thanking the entire labfor their part in achieving the mile-stone. A key-chain flashlight print-ed with "10,000 Zs" was passedout to mark the event.

Tremendous effort from manypeople has culminated in this suc-cess. Almost every facet of themachine was improved. The SLC

(Conf'd. on p. 6)

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PALEOPARADOXIA DEDICATED

IT WAS SLAC'S VERY FIRSTscientific discovery. No atomswere smashed. No physics wasinvolved. The accelerator was onlyjust in the process of being built. Abulldozer went off the correct pathand, to everyone's surprise, un-earthed an almost complete skele-ton (without a head), of apaleoparadoxia, an ancient sea mam-mal that probably looked some-thing like a hippo with frog legs.Almost thirty years later, a full-size model of the skeleton is nearlycompleted.

Adele Panofsky, wife of the for-mer director of SLAC, Pief Panof-sky, took an immediate interest inthe excavation of the bones. WhileStanford wasn't going to keep thebones, she wanted at least a replicahere, especially because shewished to dedicate it to a recentlydeceased friend, V.L. "Van" Van-derHoof, who was a paleontologisthimself and a forerunner in thestudy of the demostylus, a cousinof the animal found at SLAC.

In exchange for the actualskeleton, the University of Califor-

nia at Berkeley, gave SLAC plastercast copies of the disassembledbones in January of 1969. Adelerecalls, "I was flabbergasted, andthought, 'Now, what do we dowith them?"' But with a promiseof help from a friend at the USGS,Charles "Rep" Repenning, she setout to spend the next three monthsputting it together. "Well, the threemonths went by," she says, pausesfor a moment, then adds "and sodid many years."

She worked three days a week,teaching herself all she needed toknow. The most intellectually chal-lenging part-and only part notyet completely finished-wasplanning how the teeth should belined up, since no examples of afull set of teeth have ever beenfound. Ironically, she derivedmuch information from a tooththat VanderHoof himself excavat-ed in a pile of demostylus teeth..

So, on September 4, AdelePanofsky finally stood in front ofthe completed skeleton-an embroi-dered paleoparadoxia emblazonedon the back of her shirt-to dedi-cate the results of almost twenty-years' worth of work. In theinterim she has become a respect-ed, self-taught paleontologist, andher restoration of the animal'sskull has been distributed to anumber of museums. A plaquewhich says "Dedicated to thememory of V.L. VanderHoof 1904-1964, geologist, paleontologist,friend of physicists" was the lastaddition, and SLAC's first experi-ment is finished at last.

-Karen Fox

Register to Vote by October 5IF YOU HAVE MOVED, changed your name, or want to change yourparty affiliation since last election, your voter registration needs to berenewed. The League of Women Voters has provided displays with regis-tration cards in the Auditorium Breezeway and the A&E building lobby.You must re-register before October 5 in order to vote in the presidentialelection on November 3. These materials have been provided by the localLeague of Women Voters in order to allow as many people as possible toparticipate in the democratic process. -Nina Adelman Stolar

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Norman R. Dean-1938-1992NORM DEAN PASSED AWAYon July 25 at his home in La Hondaafter suffering from a long illness;he was 54. On August 1 a live oakwas planted in his memory on theknoll in front of the SLAC cafeteria.

Norm's friends expressed thathis caring came through in almosteverything that he was involvedin. This concern for others wasobvious to those who worked withhim. He didn't want to be in thespotlight, yet because of his suc-cess, he constantly found himselfbeing relied upon. He was thekind of person who thrived onresponsibility without asking forrecognition.

Norm had the ability to moti-vate people to extend themselvesbeyond their usual limits. He suc-ceeded in this regard partlybecause of the strict demands heplaced on himself. He would neverask anyone to do something thathe wouldn't readily take uponhimself, and there was nothingasked of him that he would hesi-

Gina Mastrantonio and Al Ashley read theplaque placed beneath the tree dedicatedto Norm Dean's memory. About 75 peopleattended the August 1 memorial service.

tate to do. Norm held those heworked with in high esteem, andwas always concerned for theirwell being, adding an extra senseof meaning to the work he did.

At his home in La Honda,Norm enjoyed being with his closefriends and his dog Swarte. Heloved classical music, typicallyplaying something like the 1812Overture at about 100 decibels.Being out in nature, especiallywatching birds, brought comfortand peace to him away from thestress of his responsibilities.

It was at work that Norm wasin his true element; he wouldrather have been doing what hedid here than doing anything else.It was in his career that Norm'stalent and dedication was so keen-ly demonstrated.

Norm's career is a lesson inwhat hard work and devotion canbring. It took him from an entry-level job at the Princeton PalmerPhysics Laboratory to the positionof Assistant Director at SLAC. Hecame to Stanford in 1962 to makethe vacuum system on the CBXe-/e- collider installed at theHansen Physics Laboratory func-tion as it was intended. Fromthere, Norm moved up the hill toSLAC in 1963, where he eventuallybecame regarded as a worldauthority on accelerator and stor-age-ring vacuum systems.

Foresight and managementskills brought Norm to the head ofSLAC's vacuum group, where hewas responsible for the design andconstruction of the vacuum sys-tems for PEP and SPEAR. Duringthis time, one of his more impres-sive achievements was realizedafter he donned the additional hatof Production Chief of the Kly-stron Task Force in 1985. Underhis direction, the 5045 klystrontubes saw a 75% improvement inproduction efficiency. The systemNorm established still operates

well above the commercial stan-dards for klystron yields.

Because of his success, Normwas appointed to the position ofAssistant Director in the TechnicalDivision where he supervisedMechanical Engineering, Design,Vacuum, and Mechanical Fabrica-tion. Later, Plant Engineering wasalso added to his list of responsi-bilities. Norm devoted himself toorganizing these groups to workmore effectively together, and toensuring that they were cost-effective and responsible. If it wasin SLAC's best interest, Normwould do anything that needed tobe done, including making diffi-cult and sometimes unpopulardecisions without hesitation.

He did this not because it washis job, but because it was hisvocation. He really loved his work,and the people he worked withwere as important to him as any-thing in his life. This regard wascaptured by the inscriptionbeneath the live oak that wasplanted in his memory on theknoll beside the cafeteria: "InMemory of Norman R. Dean whodevoted his life to the success ofSLAC."

Norm is survived by his fianceeHoney Rawlinson, his former wife,Joyce Dean, and his many closefriends.

-Trevor Payne

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IN LAST MONTH'S COLUMN we told you it is possible to accessonline information about job listings, then we didn't tell you how to do it.To correct that oversight, here is the information. To get online informa-tion about SLAC employment opportunities, enter the VM command:PRISM1 <CR>. (This selection is labeled "General Interest".) 7 <CR> (Thisis labeled "Employment Opportunities".) DISPLAY ALL (This lists the jobopportunities.)

Electronic Preprints at the SLAC Library

You are probably aware of the electronic bulletin boards that distributehigh-energy physics preprints in TeX format. What you may not know isthat the SLAC Library subscribes to these bulletin boards, and nowreceives ten percent of the weekly collection of preprints electronically.The bulletin boards we subscribe to are

hep-lat high-energy physics-latticehep-th high-energy physics-theoryhep-ph high-energy physics-phenomenologyalg-geom algebraic geometryastro-ph astrophysicscond-mat condensed matterfunct-an functional analysisgr-qc gravity-quantum cosmology

These automated bulletin boards run on software developed byP. Ginsparg at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. If you are interestedin subscribing, stop by the library for an instruction sheet on how to setup a subscription, or call ext. 2411, or send e-mail to carolfey@slacvm.

The library's online database of preprints and reports, HEP, denoteseach preprint available electronically with a bulletin board number andname. If you are interested in that preprint, and are a subscriber to thebulletin board service, you can get the preprint file directly, without wait-ing for the hard copy to be distributed. You can also post your ownpreprints to the appropriate service. -Carol Chatfield

Selecting and Buying Xstations, Modems, and Computer Manuals

Are you wondering how to buy an xstation, a modem, or computermanual? Are you concerned about network compatibility issues, whichmodels are recommended, how much they cost, and how to arrange fornetwork connections? Do you need to know which forms to fill out, whoneeds to sign them, and where they should be sent? SCS has installedinformation files on SLACVM, SLACVX, and on the UNIX network to helpyou with these three types of purchases. We hope to add other files tohelp with other computer-related purchases in the future.

The files can be found on VM as XSTATION ORDERS*, MODEMORDERS*, or MANUAL ORDERS*. If you forget, AID pointers have beeninstalled. Just type AID MODEM, for instance, and you will be pointed tothe MODEM ORDERS* file. (Continued top of next column)

On SLACVX, the files can befound as DOC$ORDERS:XSTATION.TXT, DOC$ORDERS:MODEM.TXT orDOC$ORDERS.MANUAL.TXT. OnUNIXHUB, they are in /usr/local/doc/how-to-order/ as files xsta-tion, modem and manual.

Please send any comments onthe existing files or suggestions forfuture files to ARLA@SLACVM.

Arla LeCount

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Smaller Undulator Wins R&D 100 AwardWHEN ROGER CARR FIRSTencountered an undulator-a keycomponent of modern synchrotronradiation facilities-it was about asquare foot across and no morethan six feet long. Today, he says,scientists are building undulatorswhich "weigh 20 tons, cost $1.5million to build, and are 5 meterslong. It's a tremendous machine, avery tricky thing to build. And Ithought, there's got to be a cheap-Anr -IrV o ArTi- 1ACZ"Li haV; C a

whenever it changes direction. So,the more the electron beam wig-gles, the more radiation there willbe to work with. The undulatorproduces up to thirty times asmuch radiation as the storage ringdid alone.

Currently, most undulators areof the "adjustable gap" variety.The strength of the force fieldbetween two magnets depends onthe distance between them, so, to

Carr began work on his ideaduring his fellowship in Grenoble,France. His research left him withextra time, which he spent on thecomputer creating mathematicalmodels of undulators.

The models looked good, sowhen he got back to SSRL hedecided to actually build this new"adjustable phase" undulator.Conveniently, a number of mag-nets from PEP were out of use and

onn nf thp heam line hanCtl Wdy Ul ULUlJ L LI11S, UotedCUt

it's just getting out of hand."Well, he thought right,

and in return for a newdesign he's won one of thisyear's R&D 100 Awards, anaward given out by Research& Development magazine forthe 100 best inventions of theyear. Over the past thirtyyears, its illustrious list hasincluded the first electroniccalculator (no bigger than atypewriter), the electronicvideo recorder, the automat-ed teller machine and eventhe pop-top soda can.

TAT;1 o 1 :vv nue ,arr s Invenuon is

not likely to become a householditem, it has the potential to lowerthe ever-rising cost of buildingsynchrotron radiation facilitieswhich have blossomed during hisscientific career.

After receiving his Ph.D. fromUC Berkeley, Carr began workingat SSRL in 1984, just a year afterscientists here had introduced theundulator. An undulator is simplya special configuration of magnetsthat causes the electrons-youguessed it-to undulate. There aretwo rows of magnets, like opposingrows of teeth, above and below thebeam. As the electrons circle in thehorizontal plane, they are attractedfirst up and then down, tracing outa wave. An electron only emitsradiation when it accelerates,which in physics jargon includes

room for another undula-tor-the materials werealready waiting for him.Even though the cost ofthe project would bepretty low, Carr still metwith some problems."SSRL's managementwasn't too wild about it,"he recalls, "They reallydidn't like it and even thelast memo I had on thesubject said don't do it.So, I did it anyway."

The new undulatorworked as his modelnrod i ct'qH Th m a on noi

adjust the field of the undulator,one has to alter the gap betweenthe two rows. But that adjustmentisn't so simple. There's a ten-tonforce pulling together magnetsthat must be precisely positionedto a thousandth of an inch. Hugeamounts of machinery are neededto move these magnets and thenhold them exactly in place, whichis why undulators are so expensive.

Instead of pulling against theforces attracting the magnetstogether, Carr's undulator is builtwith a fixed gap; it is adjusted onlyby moving the magnets horizon-tally. "You just slide it back andforth," he says, "There are nogears and wheels and pulleys andmotors and bells and whistles thatyou're stretching. This is a lot lessmetal, tons and tons less."

1L .JL i.L .LcL L . II M 11 LCL .l .l.L

field was easily adjusted and theradiation was nearly identical towhat was normally produced. Theundulator was fully functional, yetsubstantially smaller. The result,Carr says, is that his undulatorcosts anywhere from 50% to 80%less than an adjustable-gapundulator.

Stanford has recently appliedfor a patent on the adjustable-phase undulator. While Carr's pri-mary goal was simply to publishhis work in the open literature, hesays that only a patent can make acompany's commercial venture onthe new undulator worthwhile.Still, Carr doesn't expect muchfinancial reward for his newinvention, "After they pay thelawyers, I'm thinking maybe I'llget a new set of bicycle shoes."

-Karen Fox

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produces Zs five times faster than lastyear, and the standard up-time is raisedto 70% from 30%. Beams are betterfocused, and the polarized source hasperformed at record levels.

"Around the world people havecopied the SLAC polarized-beamdesign," said Lowell Klaisner,A ·, * 1- . * __ _ _L _ 1 ,1

Assistant LDirector and nead ot thepolarized electron source project. "Ith i n It ni 1 ri r cn - norfnrma n cn o h incLLJLILILI / It,%...L L FC, .LT.JL /iV L I.JIIL.LL..T.1. ILUa

raised the standards for polarizedsources, and people still look to us asleaders in this kind of effort."

While non-polarized Z particleshave been produced at other colliders,the SLC is the first to collect anypolarized ones. A polarized Z is createdfrom the annihilation of a polarizedolortrnn writ-h n rnit-rnn hltnl nart-irclpe1UCk- I kI L VV I LI L a BUDO LI/ Ul LIU L L FGLI 1

that travel around and around in thestorage ring common to most colliderslose their polarization, making it im-possible to create a polarized Z. In alinear collider like the SLC, however,each particle only travels a semicirclebefore colliding in the middle, and thisshorter trip allows the electrons toretain the necessary polarization.

Experiments with polarized Zs willhelp physicists to test the currentlyaccepted particle theory, the StandardModel. This is one of the reasons whythe high-energy physics community isso encouraged about what can bedone here.

The renewed sense of pride andachievement was perhaps bestcaptured by Marty Briedenbach, co-spokesman of the SLD collaboration,"It was really wonderful to go to aconference and have physics results,"he said. "The comments that we heardwere basically that SLAC is back inLi LtnaI1 wUbi l Lf :JD.

"In the last month I've been toconferences in Hamburg and Dallas,"said Nan Phinney, coordinator of thedevelopment program. "High energyphysics people are very excited.They're really stunned by theperformance of the gun, by theluminosity and the reliability that wehave achieved with this machine, and C

by the performance of the SLDdetector." -Trevor Payne

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Phillips Awarded Free Electron Laser PrizeROBERT PHILLIPS, of the Kly-stron department, is this year'srecipient of the FEL Prize (free elec-tron laser), awarded annually since1988 by the Institute for Laser Tech-nology. Phillips flew to Kobe,Japan, the site of this year's Interna-tional Free Electron Laser Confer-ence, to be honored for hisinnovative work in the develop-ment of laser technology. Phillipsinvented the award-winning

- device, a fast-wave traveling-wavew tube called the ubitron, in 1957,

o while doinp militarv research with. O ....... d l....... --....

General Electric. According to Phillips, during that time they were verysuccessful, achieving new power records at each phase of the project.However, after seven years of working full-time on the project, militaryresearch and development was cut and the project discontinued.

During these years the military kept Phillips on a tight tether, so hewas unable to adequately publish his results. And perhaps for this reasonthe physics community was not aware for a long time of what he haddone. "My work from 1957 to 1964 was always highly classified. The mili-tary was very reluctant to let me publish," Phillips said. "The really hotnew results were never allowed to be covered in papers."

Phillips related a story about a paper he gave in Mexico City in 1959.He was approached by a gentlemen with a foreign accent whose delega-tion, as Phillips remembers, "was very interested in my work, as theywere doing similar work in their country. He [the foreigner] said hewould like to compare notes." When the man wrote down his address,Phillips saw the name M.B. Golant, USSR: "Back then, in 1959, it made megulp." Phillips had to write to Golant telling him there was nothing hecould do about it, the cold war having frozen his pen.

Phillips said it was really too bad, because the work Golant was doingwas quite exciting. The Russian was working on the gyrotron, a powerfulfast-wave generator, which utilized similar principles as the ubitron. Thissame technology was developed years later in the US for such importantpurposes as plasma fusion. Phillips commented that it would have been agood exchange: "We would have gained more than we lost."

Other factors aside from the military secrecy may also have kept hiswork obscure. For example, because of poor communication, researchersoutside of the power tube community did similar research quite unawareof Phillips' previous accomplishment. Ten years after the discontinuanceof Phillips' research, John Madey, a Stanford physics professor, indepen-dently developed a high frequency version of the ubitron, which he calledthe free electron laser. In the face of these handicaps, Phillips is, needlessto say, ecstatic about the belated recognition: "Gradually the physics com-munity has become aware, and they've chosen to recognize it [the ubi-tron], and call attention to it; this is a very, very fine gesture.

"I'm impressed with what the physics community has done," Phillipscontinued. "It would have been easy for them to slough it off, [thinking]that was a long time ago, and done at a much lower frequency, so itdoesn't count."

Even though in 1987 he gavethe opening paper on the historyof the ubitron for the Institute'syearly conference, Phillips wasunaware that the award existeduntil he received the letter tellinghim that he was going to receive it.The Institute only started award-ing the prize in 1988, so it tookPhillips by surprise.

Phillips will be in Japan for oneweek to attend the full conference,and then he will be right back towork at SLAC. As group leader intube R&D, he is involved in someexciting projects, including workon the new klystron for the B-fac-tory, as well as following up on thesuccess of the newly developedXC-5 klystron for the NLC, forwhich he created the output circuit.

-Trevor Payne

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All meetings are held in theOrange Room, unless anotherlocation is listed. Please notifythe Public Affairs Office of anyadditions or changes by call-ing ext. 2204 or sending e-mail to NINA@SLACVM.October 1

SLAC/SSRL MERGEOctober 2, 9:30 AM

Stanford President CasperInaugurationFrost AmphitheaterStanford Campus

October 3, 10 AM-4 PMFamily DayThe Green/CafePicnic Area/Auditorium/Breezeway

October 21SLUO Annual Users MeetingAuditorium(D. Hitlin, A. Breakstone,M. Helton)

October 21SSRL Workshop

October 22SSRL Annual Users MeetingAuditorium

October 23-24SPC Meeting

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3 SUMMER MONTHS + SCIENCE = 20 STUDENTS

Pictured above are this year's bumper crop of young scientists. Back row, left to right: Omar Rodriguez, Edward Chan, Michael Crivello,Jeffrey Gima, Al Green (SSP Director), Andrew Gerber, Susannah Green, Dale Lambert, Carol Brooks, Murray Henderson, Carla Levy;front row, left to right: Lorraine Lim, Elizabeth Vokurka, Lori Rhodes, Sarrah "Avon" Russell, Robin Coxe, Stephanie Diemel, Hung Quan,A. Heather Coyne, Astul Parada, Howard Friedman.

THE SLAC SUMMER SCIENCEPROGRAM (SSP) was in fullswing for the twenty-third straightsummer. Twenty university stu-dents got the chance to learn moreabout science, and get somehands-on experience, or as PaulCorredoura, a member of theselection committee, said, "to letthem know that there is some veryinteresting stuff out there," thatphysics outside the classroom is agood time.

Teresa Cervantes, the SSP coor-dinator, said that another goal ofthe program was to "focus on stu-dents who are under-representedin the physics world." For this rea-son women and minorities areencouraged to apply, with hopesthat they will be given the addi-

tional encouragement that mayhave previously been lacking.

During the students' nine-weekstay, their practical work assign-ments were supplemented with aMonday through Thursday morn-ing lecture series and Friday fieldtrips. SLAC also sets them up oncampus and gives them a $250 perweek stipend; it's no wonder thatcompetition is high, with 250-300people applying each year for thetwenty spots. But Corredoura saidthat the benefits of the program goboth ways. People at SLAC getsome top-notch help, as well assome fresh blood in the office toliven it up a little.

Supervisors, like Courredoura,try to think of projects that givestudents a goal to work towards

and a sense of progression andcompletion. Corredoura said thatthey may not always have time tocomplete what they start, but atthe very least they get to "playwith some things." For example,Corredoura's understudy, EdwardChan, worked on an adaptivealgorithm for a digital signalprocessor. Fun stuff!

According to Chan, the fieldtrips were fun, but he said that thelectures can be a bit much: "I getabout two or three words of whatthey say...It is interesting, butthere are a lot of interesting thingsI don't understand." Actually,Chan said that the work experi-ence he is receiving is the best partof the program,is getting the feelfor real working science.

Welcome Guests and New EmployeesDaniel Brau, Accelerator; Branden Cowan, Klystron; Roderick Curry, KlystronJames Dunne, Public Affairs; KarenFox, Publications; Audie Hickey, Power Conversion; Ruben Hunter, Mechanical Fabrication; Paul Keiser, MechanicalFabrication; Aric Keller, Mechanical Fabrication; Robin Mair, Physical Electronics; Patricia Moore, Information Ser-vices, Science Education; Robert Pushor, Mechanical Design; Keith Reynolds, Environment, Safety & Health (P&A);Yves Roblin, Experimental Group A; Stephen Schaffner, Experimental Group C; Thomas Sommer, AcceleratorDepartment; Linda Stuart, Experimental Group A; Sami Tantawi, Klystron; Eric Vella, SLD; RichardYeager, Business Services Division.; Arthur Zeroulias, Mechanical Fabrication

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3rd Family and Physics of Flavor

Martin Perl, Judy Finer, and Rafe Schindler at the Perl Fest, a dinner held in Martin's honorthe last Friday of the Summer Institute.

THE TWENTIETH ANNUALSLAC Summer Institute has comeand gone. This year's topic was"The Third Family and the Physicsof Flavor," poetically describing themore-recently-found subatomicparticles, including the tau leptondiscovered by SLAC's Martin Perl.

The members of this third gen-eration are heavier and requiremore energy to produce than theirlighter cousins. The top and bot-tom quark correspond to the tauand its neutrino companion; thequarks interact through the strongforce, whereas leptons whichreside outside the nucleus are con-trolled by the weak force.

The first seven days of the insti-tute were reserved for a pedagogicalreview of these particles. Advancedstudents, most at the post-doc lev-el or further, were brought up-to-date on what has been happeningin that particular area.

"In principle," said David Leith,an organizer of the institute over

the past twenty years, "all of thepeople who have been at theschool are up to speed and able tolisten to that [topic] in an informedway."

In the words of Leith, "If I triedto classify it [the institute] withone word, it would be youth. Thelecturers of the school portion allwere quite a bit younger than inpast years. And the participantslacked age as well. There was adifferent energy level-much live-lier."

The last three days of the insti-tute presented new results in suchareas as B physics, neutrino physics,and cosmology. The inhomoge-neities in the microwave back-ground radiation found by theCOBE experiment and describedby George Smoot, and the detec-tion of solar neutrinos by theGallex experiment, described byFrank. Hartmann, were, accordingto Leith, "startling results."

An uneven microwave back-ground shows that matter was dis-

tributed unevenly just after the bigbang. Finding these inhomogeneit-ies, therefore, is an important stepin explaining how structure in theuniverse was formed. Theoretical-ly, gravity in a non-uniform settingwould enhance the denser regionsmaking the galaxies, and eventual-ly the stars and the planets.

The Gallex experiment exposedfor the first time the lowest energyneutrinos from the sun. However,the overall rate of neutrinos seenwas about two-thirds the level pre-dicted, which could be explained ifthe amount of low-level neutrinosis as expected, and the high levelare one third as predicted. Thistype of dissonance between exper-iment and theory is invigorating tophysics, and possibly foreshadowsother imminent breakthroughs.

Another notable talk was thatof Michael Fero on the polarized Zresults at SLC. This is a matter ofmuch obvious local interest, as thesuccess of the Z studies is integralto SLAC's immediate future.

"The first results from SLD wereexciting," Leith said. "It was a nicetalk, an important talk...the audito-rium was full."

Because the focus of this year'sinstitute was the tau lepton, andMartin Perl was instrumental in itsdiscovery, a celebration was heldin Perl's honor. The last day wasdevoted solely to the new resultsachieved on tau physics from col-liders worldwide.

"The last two days were calledthe Perl Fest, recognizing Perl'sachievements," Leith said. Attend-ing in honour of Perl were manyprominent physicists from through-out the world. Also, many peoplefrom Perl's early years in Michigancame to wish him well and com-mented on their past with him inglowing terms. In Leith's words, itwas a real "Marty Party."

-Trevor Payne

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BEAMTIMES, LIFETIMES, AND SLACTIMESSHARON TRAWEEK USES ANanthropological point of view toinvestigate scientific communities,in particular the international com-munity of high-energy physicists.After nearly twenty years of study,including several years at SLACand KEK, she has observed:

* how knowledge, especiallyso-called craft or tacit knowl-edge, is transmitted from onegeneration to the next in a com-munity which is committed todiscovery, and that crucial fea-tures of their knowledge arenever written down;* how different styles ofresearch practice emerge andsurvive;* how disputes and factionsbegin and evolve;* how national and internation-al political and economic issuesshape and are shaped by thesephysicists and their work.

Community Common Sense

All communities develop theirown common sense. It is nottaught formally; there are no text-books on it. The content of com-mon sense can be complex and anoutsider may have difficulty iden-tifying it. Using her field obser-vations, Traweek studied the waycommon sense in a HEP communi-ty is defined.

Traweek noted that the peoplewho are doing science have changedsince the 1930s. In the 1930s, near-ly all scientists were caucasianmales either from rural areas orworking-class families. Today, thedemography has changed for thosescientists practicing biology andengineering, but for physicists andchemists, it has hardly changed.

Traweek compared and con-trasted the practice of high-energyphysics in Japan and the US. Shedescribed the social allocation ofknowledge by examining how jobs

are divided up. In Japan, forinstance, Group Leaders (mostlymen) do the tasks that Administra-tive Assistants (mostly women) doat SLAC. Postdocs play a veryimportant role in high-energyphysics in the US. In Japan, profes-sional engineers at private compa-nies do the work that post-docs dohere, and contract workers assem-ble the experimental apparatus.

According to Traweek, manyUS post-docs leave the field aboutsix years after their Ph.D., and theremaining people have no ideawhere the postdocs go. Traweekthinks that it is strange that the UShigh-energy physics community"gives up its young" so easily,especially after so much time andenergy has been spent on theirupbringing; other communitiesdon't do so.

Women on the Edge of ScienceWomen constitute a minuscule

percentage in high-energy physicsin both the US and Japan: about 3%of the employed high-energy physi-cists are women. The number issignificantly higher in Europe,possibly because of the strongerclass systems there, with womenscientists typically coming fromthe upper classes. In all countries,women are kept on the fringes ofhigh-energy physics.

Generation differences in Japan-ese women physicists were alsonoted by Traweek. Senior Japanesewomen, for instance, usually gottheir physics degree outside ofJapan, but returned to find jobs.Labs led by these women have afriendly and warm environmentwhere the students feel trusted.These women have learned how tonegotiate with industry to achievetheir goals, even though theyreceive less resources than theirmale colleagues.

Another important influence onscience is the source of its funding

and if there are sufficient funds.This influence has been changingover the past fifty years. Traweekobserves that international scienceis facing a crisis brought on by thescale of contemporary big science,shifts in the world economies andpolitics, and demographic andpolitical changes which influencewho can become scientists, doresearch, and define problems. Shebelieves that these major trends inthe ecologies in which scientistsand engineers work will funda-mentally change the practices,organizations and education in sci-ence, including high-energyphysics.

About the SpeakerSharon Traweek spoke at a

recent WIS-sponsored talk aboutwomen in national high-energyphysics labs in the US and Japan.Traweek is an Associate Professorin Anthropology at Rice Universi-ty in Houston, Texas, and theauthor of Beamtimes and Lifetimes:The World of High Energy Physicists,a book based on her anthropologi-cal study of SLAC, Fermilab, andKEK (the Japanese national high-energy physics lab). Her next book,on Japanese big science, will becompleted by the end of the sum-mer.

A videotape of the talk is avail-able for overnight loan from theSLAC library.

-Janet Dixon and Cherrill Spencer

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Summer Science Workshop

Andria Erzberger, lead teacher at the workshop, involved in lively discussion with some ofthe Summer Science Workshop teachers.

THIRTY-THREE OF THE NATION'Shigh school physics teachers wentback to school for two weeks thissummer by attending the SummerScience Workshop offered at SLAC.The workshop gave them newinsights into the world of particlephysics, as well as a reminder ofwhat it means to be a student.

According to Helen Quinn, thescience education coordinator atSLAC, this type of experience isdesigned to give the teachers "aneye on the world of real science."Quinn hopes that by seeing thescope of the projects, the teacherswill get an impression "of whatphysics is all about, [that therewas] a progression from the physicsof Newton to the physics of today."

Having high school teachersunderstand that physics continuesafter the text book is shut is veryimportant. If a bigger perspectiveis not shown in the classroomQuinn suggested it can be verydisheartening to aspiring students:"Most of what you teach in a highschool physics course is the physicsof the eighteenth and early nine-teenth century-it comes across asa dead subject." The goal of the

workshop is to inject some fresh-ness, keeping the science in highschools current.

The visiting teachers are able tomake connections with physicistsat SLAC. If a student expresses apassion for the subatomic, theteacher will not only have personalknowledge to share, but be able toput the student in direct contactwith a physicist in the field. Thistype of connection is also veryvaluable for those teachers whothemselves have a special interestin particle physics. For them aswell, the text book can be limiting.

This year's conference coincidedwith the Third International Sym-posium on The History of ParticlePhysics, giving the teachers theopportunity to hear first-handmany of the important people inthe modern physics world over thepast thirty years. Most teachersfound the opportunity to attendparts of that symposium and tointeract with its participants anexciting experience.

Trevor Payne

The Interaction Point © 1992, is publishedby Information Services of Stanford LinearAccelerator Center. Editors: EvelynEldridge-Diaz and Bernie Lighthouse. Pho-tographer: Tom Nakashima. Interns: TrevorPayne and Karen Fox. Deadline for articlesis the first of every month. Submissions maybe sent electronically to TIP@SLACVM or bySLAC mail to TIP, MS 68. Phone 415-926-

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