utEo=Yooo

Irlx

tlF l,- ll

31

The Pi tgr im Fathers

Thc rrrrnrc America' comes from an l ta l ian businessmancalled Amerigo Vespucci, who sailed to South Americabetween 1499 and 1502. But he was not the first Europeanto make the dangerous journey across the Atlantic. TheMkings came to'Vinland' (probably Canada or New England)frorl Sc:rnclirrrrvil around AD 1000, but they did not stay.' l ' l rcrr , i r r l4c)2, r r l ' r r : tvc I t r t l i r tn srr i lor cal lecl Chr istopher( lo l r r r r r l ' r t rs rcrrc l rcr l t l rc ( , r r r ib l ' rcrrn wlr i lc hc wrrs looking forr l scr l r ( )utc f rorrr I ' . r r ro1're to lncl i r r . ( ,o lurnbns cal led theNrrt ivc Anrcr icrrrrs ' lncl iarrs ' l rccrruse he thor.rght that he hadrcachccl lnclia. When Colr,rmbus retumed to Europe he told

1'rcogrle about his adventures and other sailors l ike Cabot andCartier followed him across the Atlantic. EuroDeans came tofish the rich seas of America too.

But it was only in thesevellteenth century that theFrench, the Dutch and theBri t ish al l came to l ive inNorth America: t l-rc Frcttchirr Que bcc, thc l )utc l r i r rNcw Yrlk encl t l rc l l r i t is l r inVirginirr r r t r t l Ncw I ' . r rg l rur t l .Two vcry c l i f fcrcrr t gr ' ( ) l r l )sof Engl ish pcoplc crosscr lthe At lant ic. ' l 'hc f i rstgroup began the colorry of

Jamestown in Virgirr ia i r r

1607. They hoped to find gold there, but life was very hardfor them. There was very l itt le food, and many of them diedduring the first winter. Then Pocahontas, the daughter of aNative American chief, became a friend of Captain JohnSmith and helped him and the other English people. Shelater married a man called John Rolfe and went to Er-rglandwith him. Luckily, tobacco saved the young colony. It wrseasy to grow tobacco in Virginia, and srnoki t . rg wi ts bccottr i t tgvery fashionable. People irr thc colotry stol 'rpctl looking, forgold and began t() gr()w to[rrrcco, wlr ic l r thcy solr l i t t I : t t ro1'rc.Soon they startecl to br i r tg 1 ' rcoplc f rotr t Af l icr t t ( ) w()rk r lstheir slaves and help thctl to gr()w nr()rc rrttcl trtorc.

John Smith travelled nortlr in 1674 t

I br I ISA

l.rrrnr ' t l t l r t l . rnt l , r r r . l t l rcy [ ' rotrght : r r r r l solr l r r r r inr l l sk i r . rs.l l r t ' r t l r , r r t l l r t t l r r r t r r l l pcople wcrc c( l r . r r r l rut t l so t l rcy dic l notI t , t r t ' r l , tv t 's .

l l r . . l ' i lgr i r r rs t ( )o were of ten i l l r r r rc l l rurrgry, r r r rc l near lyl r : r l l t , l l l rcrrr r l icc l in the f i rst year. But thcy hrrr l hclp f romsorrr t ' o l ' thc Nat ive Arrer ic i rns, parr icul . l r ly i l nr : ln cel ledSr; t r r r r r to. Hc went to Europe as a pr is() l ' lcr in 160.5, ancl spenrs()nrc ycrrrs in Englaud, scl he spoke sclnre Errgl ish. He showedthc l ) i lgr inrs how to hnnt and grow cor l l .

Irr thc i lr.rtr.nrn of 1621, t l-re Pilgrirns had a big dinr-rer t

l r r t l r t ' r ;urgr '1: l l r r r wl tct t l t is f r t t l rcr r rs l

10

which did not want people to have slevcs. ()n 24 December'South Carolina said that it wantec'l to bc irrdependent and

the other southern states soon followecl. Thc fighting begar-r

on 12 April 1861, at Fort Sumter.The South had some of the best solcliers - orle was the

famous Robert E. Lee - and they had plerlty of money from

sell ing their cotton to Britain. But the North had more men

and more factories. They also had Lincoln' oue of the best

presidents that the USA has ever had. He was boru on a farm

in Kentucky but he worked hard in order to leartl as much as

he corrld. Lincoln made the Republican Party strong and

spokc a["rout rights utd freedom. A very in-rportant battlewrls won by thc s

1u The USA

Irrrrrrigrrrnts from Europe arrived at Ellis Island in NewVrrk, whcrc they were all checked for disease and for otherproblcrrrs. Close to Ellis Island is the Statue of Liberty(lilrcrty nreans 'freedom'). On it are these famous words:'(iivc nre your tired, your poor . . . ' The statue welcomedthc poor, tired immigrants who hoped for a happier life inthe USA.

The Chinese immigrants who arrived in the'West of theLJSA also found prejudice. Many people came to live in(lelif

20

B Btack Americans

Today about 39 million of the 300 million people in the USAare black. They used to live mostly in the South, working inthe cotton and tobacco fields. A story about the hard life ofslaves, Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Srowe, wasvery popular in the mid-nineteenth century It made a lot ofpeople see that keeping slaves was wrong, and it told theexcitirrg story of how a slave family escaped, using the'Urrclcrgrourrcl Railway'. Tlris was not a real railway but anumbcr of plrrccs whe rc slirvcs could find help. people in eachhousc culd sh

t i l l

lhcrr i r r thc lc) . i0s, r r churchrrrrrrr crr l lc t l iV{ert i r r LutherKing l rcgrrrr r t> f ight for the c iv i l r ights of b leck pcople.( i roLrps of b l lck peoplc starrccl to break the law, bnr r . ror i r r r rv i . lc l r t wiry. I ' 1955 in Mclntgonrery, Al i r l ramrr, r l w()rrr l 'cellecl Rclsa Prrrks becrrmc farnous wher.r shc rcfusecl to givcher seat on a bus ro a whitc man. Then r.nore blrrck peoplerefused to use the bnses, and the bus companies lost r r lot ofmoney. Blrrck people also starred to go i r . r to 'n 'h i tcs orr ly 'r(]sIa u ra ltts.

ln Augr.rst 196.3 200,000 pcoplc uret iu \X/:tslrirrsron iutclhcrrrcl Martin Lr-rther King spelk rrborrr rlrc ncecl for lr lackpeople to be eqr-ral with white peotrrlc. Hc bcgrrn w'ith theser,r,r,rcls, which l.rave becor.ne frlr l()us: ' l lrrrvc rr dream .'f r i r r r r l ly , in 1961, a larv wrrs pesscr l rv l r ich grrve bhck peopr lc

Blttck Ante r icttns

their r ights ar.rc l Mart in Luther King was given t l - re NobelPeace Pr ize. But in 1958, he was murdered in Mernphis rrnt lf ighting started in more than a hundred citres.

Dr-rring rhe 1970s ar-rd 1980s, prejudice agairrst black peoplcslowly began to apperr less often, and many l"rlack peopleuow havc good jol"rs ir.r br.rsiness and govcrrrr.rrent. A blrrckwomall l ike Condclleezza Rice can represent t lrc AnrclicrrngoveruffIent in other coutrtries ancl pe rlrel-rs cvcn think rrlroutbecoming president. But thcrc i l rc st i l l p lohlcrrrs. WlrcnHurr ic:r t re Krr t r inrr c lcstrovecl thc c i ty oi Nerr ' ( ) r ' lerrrrs rrr l (X)5,most of the pleoplc u,ho lost thcir houscs rr 'crc l r l r rc l

The White House

--__*t

r r lso srry ' r ro ' ro l r i r t r ) , r tncl he chooses the judges for theSrrp11'1111'( .orrr t . l lc l rvcs rrncl works in the tWhite House inWrtslr ingtorr I ) ( , .

' lhe Srrprt ' r r re ( ,orrr f is thc rnost i r t rp l

3l30 The USA

irr Ncw Vrrk (Eastern Time), i t is 11 a.m. in Kansas (Central' l ' inrc), l0 a.m. in Arizona (Mountain Time), and 9 a.m. inScattlc (Pacific Time). And the time in Alaska is 8 a.m. andirr Hawai i 7 a.m.

The pictures by the artist Norman Rockwell tell stories ofthe life of ordinary families from the 1920s to the 1970s.Although they are often too h"ppy to be true, they give usan idea of life in small towns that has not all disappearedyet. Two-thirds of Americans own their homes, often with agarden. At least 85 per cent of families have a car and morethan 7.5 per cent of Americans drive to work. They also usetlrcir clrr t() g() to 'drive-in' restaurants, coffee shops, or evenbarrks. llcrrry F

3.i) t - Tbc USA

r \ r r t l , o i c()u[se, Americans lovc to shop; t l tc st tperrnarketl i ls t : rppcrrrccl in America, and now nlrury shops i r re opeutrr ' , . ' r r t ,v- t i rur hours a day. Some of the biggest shoppingcr 'ntrcs in rhe wor ld are in the USA - Mal l of America inMirrncrrprol is has over 500 shops ancl covers 1.25 mi l l ions(f r.rrrre nretres. You could put thirty-two Boeing 747 planesirr to i t !

Ar-nericans have to pay if they visit a doctor or go tol.rospital, but they do not usually pay to go to school. Schools,l ikc the laws, are different from state to state, but ir-r mostplrrccs, cvcryone goes to school for about twelve years. The\ ' ( ' ;u 's r l l r ' crr l lcc l 'grades' : grades 1 to 5 are'elementarys. l rool ' , ( r to l i r r rc ' r r r i tL l le school ' , ar-rd 9 to 12 'h igh school ' .r \ l r ' r r t S5 P1'1 ' . ' t ' r t t o i studcnts f in ish high school andtr ' l t ' l r t ; t t t ' rv i t l r , r l ) : l r lv l ( t l ( )wt1 i ts i t ' t r t r t>tn ' .I l r . ' r ' , r ls . r r r r . r l i , t ' . t ' r ' t ; t r l rool< ' ; t l r is hrrs plrotos

.r l , r l l t l r r ' \ tu( l ( ' r r ls i r r their c l , rss; tncl sonreirr lot ntr t t iot t r t l rot t t e , te l t pe rson. l ' i l r r ts l iket \ t t tcr ictut ( ) r t l l i t i r tncl ' l 'be Bredkfdst Clubhavc shown what l i fe is l ike at an Americanhigh school. About half the students whotinish high school go on to study for anothertwo or four years. Harvard and Yale in theeast and Berkeley in California are amongAmerica's famous universit ies.

Most Americans enjoy sports, and basebal l ,[ 'rasketball, and football are popular. Americanf

34 Eating and drinking tbc Amcrican tr ',r l t )

one of the best-known words in the world. You can also fin..lexcellent American wine from the west coast, parriculrrrlyCalifornia. But Americans are not allowed to buy alcoholunti l they are 2L. In many states you canl-lot smokc inplaces l ike bars, restaurants, and places of work. Frorn 1920to 1933, during Prohibit ion, it was against the law t drirrkalcohol at a l l in the USA, but many people st i l l w:rrr tccl todr ink i t . So cr iminals l ike Al Crr l - ronc blotrght r t lcol to l i r r tothe couutry atrcl trrrrclc rt lot of nt()ncy.

In Americr-u1 rcstr lurr lnts y()u crur c i r t r r l l l< in. ls ol . t r tstvfood from di f ferent court t r ics: ( .h i r rcsc, Mcr ic: t t t , r r r rd l t : r l i : tn,for example. The immigrants who cl lu lc t ( ) t l tc LISA bloughttheir own favourite foods with them. These ther.r changedinto new styles of cooking that are special to the USA. Forexample Tex Mex (Texan Mexican) food is l ike Mexicar-r butuses more meat. Cajun food is spicy food from Louisianawith unusual names l ike'gumbo' and' jambalaya''Soul food' is the food that black families liketo cook in the South. I t is usual ly meat or6sh with green vegetables, sweet potatoes,and corn bread, perhaps withoie afterwards.

Eating a ndd rin kin gthe American way

Whrrt do Americans eat? American 'fast food' is sold inrcstaurants in almost every country of the world. The mostfarnous examples are probably hamburgers, hot dogs, andchil 'rs, which are called 'french fries'. A lot of Americans aref,rt, 1'rcrhrrl 'rs because they eat too much fast food. These daysrrr ; r r ry f r tnr i l ies in America do not s i t down to eat dinnertogt ' t l rcr 'brr t crr t r r lorre every few hours al l through the day.Srvt ' t ' t l i rot ls, l ikc pics rrncl ice-cream, are very popular too.' l l r t ' l rurrorrs l le rr r r r r t l

. f crry 's icc-crerrm started in Vermont inNt 'w l r r rg l : r r r r l . l l r r t nrore : t r r t l r r rorc 1 ' rcople are interested inhcrr l t l ry crr t i r rg, so t l rcy choosc foocls thrr t i r rc l ret ter for themor thcy c lcci . le t ( ) st() l ) eat ing rneat.

lf you visit the USA you wil l be able to enjoy an Americanbrcakfast. Eggs are cooked in a lot of different ways; 'sunnysicle r.rpr' means with the yellow on top, 'over easy' neanswith the yellow underneath but sti l l sofr. With your breakfasryou can drink as much coffee as you want, all for the sameprrice. In fact, you can drink coffee all day in the USA. It is ofcourse the home of Starbucks, which since the 1990s haschiruged the way everybody drinks coffee. Now all over theworld you can go to a coffee shop and choose from a verylong menu of coffees.

Whrt else can you drink that is really American? Coca-( lo le wrrs f i rst made in 1886 by an American cal led Johnl)c'ntbcrton. Today it is sold in 195 countries and CokerM is 'Fast food'

l r

Ca Lif o rn ia

More people l ivc in Cal i frnia than in rrr ty other str t tc ()vcr30 nr i l l ion of thetn. I t is thc biggcst strr tc: l f tcr ' l i ' r r ts r tnt lAlaska and i f is a str tc of r l i f fcrcrrct 's . '1 h, . ' l r iu l r tst r r r r l r i l t t . l i r rin thc LISA ot t ts i t l r ' Al : rs l

thc grcrrt reclwood trees !ar()w - the tallcst trees iu the world.' l 'he biLl{rcst is I1.5.-5 metres high. Also i r r t l - re north is thcN,r ; t , r V;r l l t 'y r r rcrr , wlrcrc crccl lcnt wines rrrc m:rde. Ca l i forniaqr ' ( ) \ \ 's nrort ' l l r r i t , r r r r l vcgctrr [ r lcs than l rny other state in theI lSr\ l r r r t i t is ; r lso l : r r r rorrs lor i ts cont l ' lutcr factor ies. Hewlet t; r r r t l l ' r rc l

l ( ,48 The USA

s()nrc l )r l r ts

50 Tbe USA

rvt ' r t ' ) i rsr ' r r r i tc rn northerr-r Cal i fornirr , which hrs been a parksirre t ' l f i90, . rncl the coast of Cal i forni i r .

l i rn 'e l l i r rg north f rom Cal i fornia, you come to Oregonrrrrr l t l rcrr Washington. These states are cool and wet, b l l tvcry lrcrrutifr.rl, with big forests and high rronntains. Hereyou wi l l f ind a nurnber of nat ional prrrks l ike Mount Rainierencl Crater Lake.

The wonderful Rocky Mountairrs are ir.r rhe states ofWyorning, Montaua, Colorado, Ic laho and Utah, and aregrcrtt for holidays. Walking, climbir-rg, f ishing, hr.rnting, ar.rdhorsc-r ic l ing rre some of the th ings v is i tors enjoy here. Youc,rn , r lso cnjoy winter sports i r - r gr laces l ike Asper-r , wheretht ' r ' t ' is r r lot of srrorv. Tlrc only big c i ty in the Rockies isl ) t ' r rvt ' r ' . r \ lso in t l r t ' l {ocky I \ lotrnteins is Yel lowstone Park int l r t 's t r r t t 's o l l t l r r l ro, Wvorr ing, r rnr l Morrtr rna. I t is famonsl i r r r l r t ' l t ( ' \ 's( ' r ' r ; r l l t ' t l ( ) l t l l i : r i t l r fu l th l t shocl ts hot water uptt t to t l r t ' , t i t , t t1 ' to 55 tnt ' t res hiqlr . Srr l t Lrrke Ci ty, the capi ta lr in ol ( l t r r l r , rs nc\ t t ( ) r r l r rke thrr t is nruch srr l t ier than rhescrt . l i y()u t ly to swinr in th is l : rkc, you wi l l f incl that youcr lnn() t st : . ry unclcr t l re water l

Sout l r of the Rockies is the hot, dry srate o[ Ar izona,where the lancl has fantastic colonrs: not just brown ar-rdgrccn, but red, pink, orange, and blue. The most fa lnousplrrcc in Ar izona is the Grand Cauyon. This deep r iver val leywas made by the Colorado River cr.rtt ing through the rocknlrury thousands of yexrs ago. Today it is 1,600 metres deep,.{46 kilometrcs long, and lretweeu 0.4 and 24 kilometreswiclc wi th rocks in extraordinary shrrpes. You can walk dowrrto thc river, but it wil l take you two days ro

ler there ancll r r tck, r r r rc] you must take plenty of water to dr ink.

Ncxt to Ar izona, New Mexico is another hot, dry state,rr , l r t ' r ' t ' l : r r r r r i r r l l is d i f l icLr l t i r r rd the ordinary people are poor.

TheGrandCanyon

l i r r l rn:urv i l r t is ts heve also conre f rour othcr prrr ts of Arrrcr icat , l i r t ' in : rncl aronncl Santrr Fe aucl Taos. One of the l i rst wrrs( ,t ' ,r 'uirr O'Keeffe and thcrc is a n.ruscur.r-r of l-rcr work in\ . r r r l : r l rc.

l r r t l rc [ ] r rc l l r rncls Nrr t i< l r . r r r l Prrrk of South Dakcl t r r v is i torsr , r r t ' r r rbcr thc Si

54

16 Hot and cotd,big and smatL

Florida in the far Southeast is called the 'Sunshine State'because it is so warm and sunny. Oranges grow there, andvisitors come to enjoy beach holidays. They can also visit'Wirlt Disney tWorld and the Kennedy Space Center. FloridaIrrrs thc Eve rglades, an area which is not like any other placein tlrc USA. Tlrc larrcl is vcry wet ar.rd has many trees, plants,rrrr inrrr ls rrnr l birc ls th:r t r l rc rrot found ir-r other parts ofAntcr icrt . l l r r t l ; lo l i r l r r is vcry populrrr with older people whowilnt t () l ivc sorrrcwhcrc wi lnn. This means new houses andttrr lc ls, r t rrc l btr i lc l i r rg t l rcrr hrrs clcstroyed a lot of the land.'fhcrc arc rrls

1t\ ( r l / r ( ' { i , \ , \: l r l l t . r r l r ,nsrr l r , , rvot- l

6l60

ACTIVITIES

Before Reading

I Here are six famous places. Match the names with the photos.

ACTIVITIES

While Reading

Read Chapters 1 to 3. Are these sentences true (T) or false(F)? Rewrite the false sentences with the correct information.

1 The first Americans came frorrr Asirr.2 There are morc Hisparr ic 1 ' rcoplc t l r : r r r Nir t iv t ' Arrr t ' r i t : rns in

the USA.3 Pocahorr t r rs rrrrr r r ict l

. fohn Srui th.4 The Pi lgr im Frr t l re rs uscr l s l , rvcs to f r r r r r r tht ' l r r r r t l .5 Americar.rs celebratc T' l r rurksgiv i r rg in Novcrnbcr.6 Men in Bostorr threw boxcs of teir int

(rz^(. uvt'uF.s: Whilc Reading

Rcatl Ohaptcrs .5 irnd 6 and match these halves of sentences.

I l;rrrrrrcrs who came to l ive in the West . . .2 Wlrcrr lctters were carried by the Pony Express, they . . .. l Mrrrry Native Americans either died of disease . . .4 Without the buffalo . . ..5 After the Battle of Wounded Knee . . .6 The Hopiand Zw,. . .

a) took ten days to cross the country.b) Native Americans could not follow their usual way of l i fe.c) nrake beautiful jewellery.d) or wcrc k i l led in batt le.c) Nat ivc Anrcr icans hacl t< l l ive in ' reservat ions' .f ) grcw f i rot l orr t l rc i r ncw farnrs.

l{crrcl Ohrrl ltcrs 7 rurcl [ l and irnswer these questions.

I What happcrrct l lo i r r r r r r igr : r r r ts l t Fl l l is Is land?2 Which lar l ic group of i r rurr igrrrnrs mrrdc their homes in the

West?3 \X/hich language do most of today's immigrants speak?4 Where did most black slaves use ro work?5 'What was the'Underground Railway'?5 Before 1954, how were the lives of black peJple different in

the South?7 Why did Martin Lurher King win the Nobel Peace Prize?l l Wlrrr t d ic l Hurr icane Katr ina do in 2005?

AC uvt ' t I I : .s: Vlhi le RctLl ing ( r l

Read Chapters 9 to 11 and complete these sentences with thccorrect words.

1 In the USA the President I Congress makes the laws.2 The longest t ime that anybody can be president is four I

eight years.3 The Republican Party is more popular in the South I North

of the USA.4 The presidents fron.r thc Bush farri ly rc flrt ltar and son I

brothers.5 ln40 I 60 per cct t t of Atncr icatr farrr i l ics, t l rc htrsbrrr t t l r t r tc l

wife both work.6 To Arner icans, the date'ninc eleveu'means 11 Sel t tember /

9 Nouember.7 Most Americans walk I driue to work.8 The most popular sport in America is football I baseball.9 Califorr-ria is famous fr its wine I coffee.

10 Corn bre ad belongs to the style of food called Caiun I soulfood.

Read Chapter 12. Match the music with the places.

1 blues2 soul3 iazz4 country.5 rrrp

a) Nashvi l leb) New Orleansc) Mississippid) New Yorke) Detroit

6.564 Acrtv trl ES : W h i le Reading

Read Chapters 13 and 14. Then choose the correct words toconlpletc the sentences.

Altdtraz, Boston, Cambridge, Chicago, Death Valley,I)isneyland, Hollywood, Las Vegas, New York, Washington DC

Harvard opened in _

in 1636.was the home of the Kennedy family.

Central Park is a green place in the centre ofThe president lives in

is called the 'rWindy City'.People go to

_

to win - or lose - lots of money.Nowhere in the USA is lower than

used to be a prison.is the fi lm capital of the USA.

Tlrc rnost popular place for rourists in California is

Rcnd Chaptcrs 1.5 and 16. Here are some untrue sentences.Ohangc thcnr into truc sentences.

I Arrscl Adanrs wrotc [Tooks lbont the nat ional oarks of theUSA.

2 Oregon and Washington have hot, dry weather.3 Old Faithful is in Denver.4 The Grand Canyon is 1,600 merres long.5 Mount Rushmore is in Arizona.6 The Great Lakes lie between the USA and Mexico.7 Tom Sawyer wrore about life on the Mississippi River.8 Most people visit Alaska in the winter.9 Texas is rich because of its forests.

10 Hawaii is famous for its supermarkets.

ACTIVITIES

After Reading

Match the people with the sentences. Then use the sentencesto write a short description of each person. Use pronouns(he, she) and linking words (and, because, but, then, uho).

Johnny Casb I Martin Luther King I Pocahontas I GeneralSherman I Haruiet Tubman I Oeorge Wasbington

1 -

was the daughter of a Nat ive American chief .2 was known as'The Man in Black' .3

-

fought for the civil rights of black people.4 was a slave.5

-

fought for the North in the Civil \Var.6

-

was a rich farmer from Virginia.7

-

took his soldiers from Atlanta to the sea.8

-

escaped from slavery in 1849.9

-helped the English people in Jamestown.10

-

became the leader of the US army after the CivilrJVar.

was a famous country singer.became the first President of the USA.helped other slaves to escape from the South.won the Nobel Peace Prize.later went to England with her husband, John Rolfe.went back to his farm in 1797.sold mill ions of records.was ki l led in Mernphis i r r 196f i .

I2J

4567ti9

l0

ITT213t4151,61718

66 1(i/ rv/ '/ /r1.\ ' .. After Reading

li irrd thcsc words in the box below and draw lines throughthcrrr. ' l 'hc words go from left to right and from top tol)()tt()rrr.t lcoltol, area, colony, corn, elect, equal, hwnt, immigrant,jtrdgc, lrtw, museum, oil, right, sepdrdte, slatte, spicy, state,Ittx, t

7l70

l ' l lh ( )Xl 'ORD BOOKWORMS LIBRARY(;I{ADING AND SAMPLE EXTRACTS

STARTER . Z5O HEAD\UORDSprese ut simplc - prcsent continuous - impcretive -

canlcannot, must - going /o (future) - simple gerunds .. .Her phone is ringing - but where is it?

Sally gets out of bed and looks in her bag. No phone.She looks under the bed. No phone. Then she looks behindthe door. There is her phone. Sally picks up her phone andanswers it. Sally's phone

STAGE 1 r 4[oo HEAD\?ORDS... pasr simple - coordination with and, but, or -

srr lrrrrt l i rr :rr iorr with before, after, uben, because, so .. .

I kncw lr i r rr i r r l )crsirr . He was a famous bui lder and Iworkccl with l r i r rr r l rcrc. Firr a r ime I was his fr iend, butnot for long. Wlrcrr l rc c,rnrc to Plrr is, I came after him -I wanted to watclr lr inr. Hc wrls rl vcry clcvcr, vcry dangerousman. The Pltantom of tbe Opara

STACIt 2 c /OO Ht lAl)W()t{ t )S. . . prese nt perfect - will (futurc) - (clon't ) ltt t't ' l o, ntttst ilot, could -

comparisorr of adject ives - s implc i /c l ; ruscs l ) . ls t c()nt inuous -, ragquesr ions- askl te l l * i r r t i r r i t ivr . . . .

\fhile I was writing these words irr rrry cliary, I decidedwhat to do. I must try to escape . I shal l rry ro ger down thewal l outside. The window is high r l l )ovc r l re ground, butI have to try. I shall take sornc of rhc golcl with me - if Iescape, perhaps it will be hclpFul l:tter. Dracula

sTACI-- J . rOOO l l l iAl)w() l { l )s. . . sbould, may - prcsct- t t pcrfcct cont inuous - l r - . r ' r / to - p lst perfect

- causat ive reht ivc c lauscs - incl i rect st i t tentc l t ts . . .

Of course, it was most important that no one should seeColin, Mary, or Dickon enterin! the secret garden. So Colingave orders to the gardeners that they must all keep awayfronr that part of the garden in future. The Secret Garden

STAGE4' l4ooHEADwORDS. . . past pcrfcct cont inuous - passive (s i rnple forms) -

u,oul t l c