10th grade CDA Review Second Nine Weeks

Main Idea Practice• Once you can find the topic, you are ready to find

the main idea. The main idea is the point of the paragraph. It is the most important thought about the topic.

• To figure out the main idea, ask yourself this question: What is being said about the person, thing, or idea (the topic)?

• The author can locate the main idea in different places within a paragraph. The main idea is usually a sentence, and it is usually the first sentence. The writer then uses the rest of the paragraph to support the main idea.

• Reading Keys Online Practice• link

Who is the audience?• Before an author can reach his or her audience, they have to find

them. That means understanding who they are, what their expectations are, what they bring to the author’s writing, and what the author wants them to take away.

• Author’s ask themselves these questions when they sit down to write:

• Who is my audience?• What do I want them to know, believe, or feel after they read it?• When and where will they read it?• Why will they read it?

• Online examples and quiz• Link

What is the main/author’s purpose?

• Author's Purpose Basics• The author's purpose is basically the reason he or

she chose to act in a particular way, whether that's writing the passage, selecting a phrase, using a word, etc. It differs from the main idea in that author's purpose not the point you're supposed to get; it's the why behind the author picked up a pen or selected those words in the first place.

Author’s Purpose Practice link

Close Reading

• Link to Close Reading Practice

A close reading of anything requires you to pick up on important details and to clearly understand exactly what it is you are looking at. Sometimes this requires you to reread the same thing multiple times. If you are taking a test, you will need to read a passage at least two times in order to answer specific questions. Click on the link below to see how well you closely read things.

Parallel Structure• Link go here for practice.• To improve the clarity of your writing, it is important to remember the

balance of your sentence structure. Here are 3 rules: • 1. Parallel Structure should be used when elements are joined by

coordinating conjunctions: • Incorrect: I am allergic to the dog’s hair and how it smells. • Correct: I am allergic to the dog’s hair and its smell. • 2. Parallel Structure should be used when writing elements in the form

of a list or a series: • Incorrect: The class valued respect, honesty, and being on time in a teacher. • Correct: The class valued respect, honesty, and promptness in a teacher. • 3. Parallel Structure should be used when comparing or contrasting

elements • (A is better than B – X is less than Y): • Incorrect: James enjoys reading more than to write. • Correct: James enjoys reading more than writing

Word connotation• Denotation is a word’s dictionary definition. Connotation is the feelings and associations surrounding a

word. These could be based on history, or social feelings. There are positive, neutral, and negative connotations.

• *Positive connotation: Being on the track team has made Alan slender and

• lean. (attractively thin) *Neutral connotation: Being on the track team has made

Alan thin. *Negative connotation: Being on the track team has made

Alan skinny and• scrawny. (unattractively thin)• Excellent worksheet practice link

allusion• An allusion is a reference, within a literary work, to another work

of fiction, a film, a piece of art, or even a real event. An allusion serves as a kind of shorthand, drawing on this outside work to provide greater context or meaning to the situation being written about.

• Common places allusions are pulled from:• The Bible, Greek and Roman Mythology, Shakespeare, historical

events

• examples: It has rained so long, it seems as though it has rained for 40 days and nights. (This is reference to Noah's Arc which is a well-known event.)(Bible)

• Harriet Tubman was called the Moses of her time. (Bible)• The girls love of sweets was her Achilles Heel. (Greek mythology)

Tone• There are many tones a writer can take.  For example:  serious,

humorous, romantic, silly, tragic, ironic, lyrical (melodic and poetic), earnest, sentimental, pompous, mocking, apologetic, and many more.

• • Practice 1: • "Freedom," John Ruskin

You will send your child, will you, into a room where the table is loadedwith sweet wine and fruit-some poisoned, some not?-you will say to him,"Choose freely, my little child! It is so good for you to have freedom ofchoice; it forms your character-your individuality! If you take the wrong cup or the wrong berry, you will die before the day is over, but you will have acquired the dignity of a free child."

What is Ruskin’s tone in this passage (consider his apparent feelings about young children having freedom)?A)  sincere/honest      B)  sarcastic/mocking   C)  joyful/rejoicing

Tone• There are many tones a writer can take.  For example:  serious,

humorous, romantic, silly, tragic, ironic, lyrical (melodic and poetic), earnest, sentimental, pompous, mocking, apologetic, and many more.

• • Practice 2: • The Way Things Work, David Macaulay

The kind of nuclear reaction that happens inside a nuclear reactor iscalled nuclear fission. The fuel is uranium or plutonium, two very heavyelements which have many protons and neutrons in their nuclei. Fissionstarts when a fast-moving neutron strikes a nucleus. The nucleus cannottake in the extra neutron, and the whole nucleus breaks apart into twosmaller nuclei.

What is Macaulay’s tone in this passage?A)  uncertain/confused  B)  scared/apprehensive C)  factual/unbiased

Tone• There are many tones a writer can take.  For example:  serious,

humorous, romantic, silly, tragic, ironic, lyrical (melodic and poetic), earnest, sentimental, pompous, mocking, apologetic, and many more.

• Practice 3: Frankenstein, Mary Shelley"I am not mad," [the monster] cried energetically, "the sun and theheavens, who have viewed my operations, can bear witness of my truth. I amthe assassin of those most innocent victims; they died by my machinations.A thousand times would I have shed my own blood, drop by drop, to havesaved their lives; but I could not, my father, indeed I could not sacrificethe whole human race."

The speaker in this passage is the monster. What is the speaker’s tone?

• A)  sorry/remorseful    B)  angry/vindictive    C)  humorous/happy

Informational text classifications• Autobiography• Memoir• Speech• Journal

• Informational text is:• ◆ text whose primary purpose is to convey• information about the natural and social• world.• ◆ text that comes in many different formats,• including books, magazines, handouts,• brochures, CD-ROMs, and the Internet.• Informational text is not:• • For more information: LINK

Poems: Stanzas• Link for additional help• A stanza is a group of lines forming the

basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse. It really means STOPPING PLACE.

Beseech• To REQUEST something urgently.

Dismal• MISERABLE

Idiomsis an expression that means something

other than the literal meanings of its individual words.

Example: “To kick the bucket.”“Its raining cats and dogs.”

Link to tons of idioms

Subject-Verb Agreement

Exercise 1Exercise 2

Directions: In the blank, use the correct present tense form of the infinitive given at the beginning of each sentence.1. to have: The cracked windshield, in addition to the torn upholstery and rusted body, __________ made Ruth’s old car difficult to sell.

2. to be: This week's National Inquisitor claims that there __________ photographs of the Loch Ness Monster eating Elvis.

3. to work: At Tito’s Taco Palace __________ friends who will stuff double meat into our burritos for free.

4. to crawl: On the tables in the library __________ the many germs that have escaped in the hot breath of hardworking students.

5. to be: None of this breakfast that Lilly Mae cooked __________ fit to eat.

Run On SentencesIf you put two sentences (or independent clauses)

together without a sufficient amount of signals (commas, semicolons, or connecting words), you have created a run-on.

Exercise 1: Determine run on or fragment online interactive quiz.

Run on FULL CLASS review

Lesson Help

Run On Sentences• How do you fix run-ons?• There are four common ways to fix a run-on.  Each method is explained

below.• Method #1• Write the two independent clauses as separate sentences using periods.• Method #2• Use a semicolon to separate the two independent clauses.  If you would

like to learn more about semicolons, click here.• Method #3• Use a comma and any one of the following connecting words:• for*      and      nor          butor          yet         

so***when for means because  Method#4• Use a semicolon and one of the following words:• therefore,   thus,   however,  consequently,furthermore,   also,  

nevertheless,  

Documentation style• Documentation is the way in which you give credit to

the sources that you use, and the guidelines that show you how your paper should look. MLA is used in English, APA is used in Psychology, and Chicago used in Social Science.

• MLA video• APA • Chicago

• For more information: LINK