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Part 10 Part 10 IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine R R adioactive adioactive Waste Waste

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  • 1.Part 10Part 10 IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine RRadioactiveadioactive WasteWaste

2. Part 10. Radioactive waste2Nuclear Medicine ObjectiveObjective To be aware of the general principles of the handling and the safety of radioactive waste. To be able to identify, store and dispose of the different types of waste generated in a nuclear medicine department 3. Part 10. Radioactive waste3Nuclear Medicine ContentContent Introduction Basic requirements & legal framework Waste collection, segregation and storage Waste treatment and disposal Examples of waste management in nuclear medicine. Loca . 4. Module 10.1 IntroductionModule 10.1 Introduction IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine Part 10Part 10 RRadioactiveadioactive WWasteaste 5. Part 10. Radioactive waste5Nuclear Medicine The use of unsealed sourcesThe use of unsealed sources inin diagnosis and therapy willdiagnosis and therapy will generate radioactive waste of different kinds during preparation,generate radioactive waste of different kinds during preparation, patient examination and carepatient examination and care Radioactive Waste inRadioactive Waste in NuclearNuclear MedicineMedicine 6. Part 10. Radioactive waste6Nuclear Medicine Sealed sources used for calibration and quality control of equipment, Point sources and anatomical markers, will end up as radioactive waste. Radioactive Waste inRadioactive Waste in NuclearNuclear MedicineMedicine 7. Part 10. Radioactive waste7Nuclear Medicine Solid waste.Solid waste. Cover papers, gloves, empty vials and syringes.Cover papers, gloves, empty vials and syringes. Radionuclide generators. Items used by hospitalized patientsRadionuclide generators. Items used by hospitalized patients after radionuclide therapy. Sealed sources used for calibrationafter radionuclide therapy. Sealed sources used for calibration of instruments. Animal carcasses and other biological waste.of instruments. Animal carcasses and other biological waste. Liquid wasteLiquid waste.. Residues of radionuclides. Patient excreta. Liquid scintil-Residues of radionuclides. Patient excreta. Liquid scintil- lation solutions.lation solutions. Gaseous wasteGaseous waste.. Exhausted gas from patients in nuclear medicineExhausted gas from patients in nuclear medicine Radioactive Waste inRadioactive Waste in NuclearNuclear MedicineMedicine 8. Module 10.2Module 10.2 Basic requirements and legal framework IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine Part 10Part 10 RRadioactiveadioactive WWasteaste 9. Part 10. Radioactive waste9Nuclear Medicine FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLESFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 1. Radioactive waste shall be managed in such a way as to secure an acceptable level of protection for human health. 2. Radioactive waste shall be managed in such a way as to provide an acceptable level of protection of the environment. 3. Radioactive waste shall be managed within an appropriate national legal framework including clear allocation of responsibilities and provision for independent regulatory functions. 4. Generation of radioactive waste shall be kept to minimum practicable. 10. Part 10. Radioactive waste10Nuclear Medicine Pre-treatment Treatment Conditioning Disposal Interim storage Transportation WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE MANAGEMENT DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS Radioactive material for reuse/recycle Exempted waste 11. Part 10. Radioactive waste11Nuclear Medicine Organization and responsibilities Waste inventory Waste management plan Waste minimization Safety assessments Facilities Transports Staff training Documentation and records Quality assurance Waste management frameworkWaste management framework 12. Part 10. Radioactive waste12Nuclear Medicine Quality assuranceQuality assurance Local rules Normal working conditions Accidents Waste identification and traceability Record system Process control Safe handling of radioactive sources Facilities Monitoring Quality of containers Arrangements for storage Documentation Audits 13. Module 10.3Module 10.3 Waste collection, segregation and storage IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine Part 10Part 10 RRadioactiveadioactive WWasteaste 14. Part 10. Radioactive waste14Nuclear Medicine III.8.Registrants and licensees shall: ensure that the activity and volume of any radioactive waste that result from the sources for which they are responsible be kept to the minimum practicable, and that the waste be managed, i.e. collected, handled, treated, conditioned, transported, stored and disposed of, in accordance with the requirements of the Standards, and any other applicable standard, and segregate, and treat separately if appropriate, different types of radioactive waste where warranted by differences in factors such as radionuclide content, half-life, concentration, volume and physical and chemical properties, taking into account the available options for waste disposal. Radioactive waste-BSSRadioactive waste-BSS 15. Part 10. Radioactive waste15Nuclear Medicine WASTE MINIMIZATIONWASTE MINIMIZATION A good planning of the nuclear medicine activity including selection of radionuclides and good working procedures will result in a reduced volume of radioactive waste. Selection of radionuclides should take into account half-life, type of radiation, activity etc. Working procedures should take into account the number of operations and material involved in the preparation, the risk of contamination etc. 16. Part 10. Radioactive waste16Nuclear Medicine Examples ofExamples of waste fromwaste from Nuclear MedicineNuclear Medicine Biological waste which may undergo decomposition. Infectious waste requiring sterilization prior to disposal. Broken glass-ware, syringes etc, requiring collection in separate containers to prevent personnel being injured. Radionuclide generators Bed linen and clothing from hospital wards. Liquid scintillation solutions Patient excreta ? 17. Part 10. Radioactive waste17Nuclear Medicine SegregationSegregation of waste fromof waste from Nuclear MedicineNuclear Medicine Some examples of the different types of waste generated in a hospital Liquid waste containing short-lived radionuclides capable of being stored for decay (radiopharmaceuticals). Solid waste containing short-lived radionuclides capable of being stored for decay (contaminated items). Liquid waste which after proper treatment and conditioning can be handled in the public waste treatment system (long-lived radiopharmaceuticals). Solid waste which after proper treatment and conditioning can be handled in the public waste treatment system (biological samples, anatomical markers). Sealed sources. (sources for calibration and QC) 18. Part 10. Radioactive waste18Nuclear Medicine Segregation/Waste containersSegregation/Waste containers Containers to allow segregation of different types of radioactive waste should be available in areas where the waste is generated. The containers must be suitable for purpose (volume, shielding, leak proof, etc.) Glassware with radionuclides (short half- life) Syringes and needles Gloves and paper Glassware with radionuclides (medium half-life) .. .. 19. Part 10. Radioactive waste19Nuclear Medicine A room for interim storage of radioactive waste should be available. The room should be locked, properly marked and ventilated. Each type of waste should be kept in separate containers properly labeled to supply information about the radionuclide, activity concentration etc. Flammable goods should be kept apart. Records should be kept where the origin of the waste can identified. Storage of radioactive wasteStorage of radioactive waste 20. Part 10. Radioactive waste20Nuclear Medicine Storage of radioactive wasteStorage of radioactive waste 21. Part 10. Radioactive waste21Nuclear Medicine Storage of radioactive wasteStorage of radioactive waste 22. Part 10. Radioactive waste22Nuclear Medicine Storage of radioactive wasteStorage of radioactive waste 23. Module 10.4Module 10.4 Waste treatment and disposal IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine Part 10Part 10 RRadioactiveadioactive WWasteaste 24. Part 10. Radioactive waste24Nuclear Medicine III.9. Registrants and licensees shall ensure that radioactive substances from authorized practices and sources not be discharged to the environment unless: either clearance has been granted for the radioactive substance or the discharge is within the discharge limits authorized by the Regulatory Authority; Radioactive waste-BSSRadioactive waste-BSS 25. Part 10. Radioactive waste25Nuclear Medicine The objective of the treatment process is to reduce the volume of solid waste, reduce or eliminate potential hazards associated with the waste and to produce waste packages suitable for destruction, storage or transportation to and disposal at a licensed repository. Treatment of solid waste (general principles) 26. Part 10. Radioactive waste26Nuclear Medicine Solid waste should be conditioned in order to produce a waste form suitable for storage and transportation governed by the properties of the waste, the transport regulations and the specific waste disposal acceptance requirements National plantPublic system Waste packages Conditioning of solid wasteConditioning of solid waste 27. Part 10. Radioactive waste27Nuclear Medicine Example of national regulations of disposal of waste from hospitals: Disposal via the public waste treatment system Maximum 10 ALImin /month and maximum 1 ALImin per package. The dose rate at the surface of each package should be 50 kBq. Each package should be properly labeled with a warning sign containing information on radionuclide and activity. The origin of the waste should also be given on the package. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEDISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE 28. Part 10. Radioactive waste28Nuclear Medicine LIQUID WASTELIQUID WASTE Effluent dischargesEffluent discharges Liquid waste can be transformed to solid waste by some treatment process such as evaporation. Liquid waste can be discharged to the environment if either clearance has been granted for the radioactive substance or the discharge is within the limits authorized by the Regulatory Authority. Liquid waste EffluentsSolid waste Treatment 29. Part 10. Radioactive waste29Nuclear Medicine