10 major minerals

8/6/2019 10 Major Minerals

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Major minerals are required in the diet &present in the body in large amountscompared to trace minerals

Trace minerals are minerals required in thediet & present in the body in very smallamount (less than 100mg)

Animal foods contain more reliable sourceof minerals than plant are.

Drinking water can sometimes be asignificant source of sodium, magnesium &fluoride.


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Sodium

Potassium

Chloride

Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Sulfur


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Functions

Major caption in extracellular fluid & critical

electrolytes in regulation of body fluids Maintain proper body H2O distribution and

blood pressure

Nerve & muscle transmission

Control the body acidity

Aids the absorption of glucose


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RDA

No RDA for sodium

Min 500mg/day (1 tea spoon of table salt or2 teaspoon of baking soda)

Severe diarrhea electrolytes solution is thebest source of sodium replacement


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Source of sodium

Table salt & soy sauce are high in sodium

Salty or smoked meals and fish, salted snackfoods

Kidney retain the sodium the body need &excrete the excess sodium in urine.

Taking too much sodium & not enough H2O dehydration

Taking salt tablets before or water exercise isunnecessary & harmful.


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Hypoatremia

Low blood sodium as a result of severe

diarrhea, vomiting or intense prolongedsweating.

Treatment replacement of fluid andmineral through liquids & food or intravenous

solution. Not treated headache, confusion, seizure

or coma.


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Hyperatremia

Abnormally high [sodium] in blood due to

rapid intake of large amounts of sodium (e.g., drinking sea water)

Result edema (swelling) and raise in BP

Usually seen in patients with congestive heart

failure or kidney disease.

Contribute to hypertension, osteoporosis

increase calcium loss in urine)


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Functions

Important component of muscle contraction

Transmission of nerve impulses Help regulate BP


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RDA

Min requirement 2000-3000mg/day

Source Major - Fresh vegetables & fruits e.g.,

potatoes, spinach, melons & banana.

Fresh meat, milk, coffee & tea


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Hypokalemia

Low blood potassium cause by vomiting,

diarrhea or diuretic. Symptoms muscle weakness, loss of

appetite, confusion

Severe disrupt heart rhythms (fatal)

High risk people with poor diet, alcoholics,anorexia or bulimia nervosa.


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Hyperkalemia

High [potassium] in blood

Excess potassium due to kidney malfunctionto remove excess potassium.

Severe stop the heart


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Functions

Maintain body fluid balance

Combine with H+ to form hydrochloric acid(HCI) in the stomach help kills manydisease causing bacteria & help prepareprotein for enzymatic digestion.

WBC use chloride ions to form a powerfulchemical to kill invading bacteria.


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RDA

3400mg/day

Consumption of excess sodium & chloridemay aggravate hypertension

Source

Natural source fruit & vegetables

salt


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Hypochloremia

Chloride deficiency due to vomiting.

Risk anorexia & bulimia. Can cause dehydration and metabolic

alkalosis (high blood pH)

Treatment oral or intravenous fluids


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Regulation of blood calcium Vitamin Dx Increase calcium absorption

Parathyroid hormonex When plasma calcium levels are too low, the

parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone(PTH).

PTH activate bone-resorbing osteoclasts that

break down bone & release calcium into theblood

PTH increase kidney re-absorption of calcium &stimulate calcitriol production enhancecalcium absorption.


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Enhancer of Ca Absorption

Stomach acid

Vitamin D Lactose

Growth Hormone


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RDA

AI 1000mg/day adults (19-50 years)

Adolescents need more calcium tomaximize peak bone mass. AI 1300mg/day(9-18 years)

AI older adults (above 51 years) 1200mg/day


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Source

Non fat milk, yogurt, ice cream, cheese,

spinach, tofu, Hypocalcemia

Low calcium in blood

Causes kidney failure, vitamin D deficiency

Hypercalcemia Cause by cancer & overproduction of PTH

Symptom fatigue, confusion, loss ofappetite, and constipation.


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Common in many crucial metabolic systems

Used to activate & deactivate enzymes, &essential component of ATP, the energy sourceof the cell

About 85% of phosphorus found in bone

Milk & meat are major sources of dietaryphosphorus

RDA for adults is 700mg / day

Increasing 1,250mg / day for teens

Diets high in phosphorus & low in calcium cancontribute to bone loss


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Functions

Participates in enzyme mediated reaction

(e.g., DNA & protein synthesis). Essential for ATP production via the ETC &

glycolysis

Participate in muscle contraction

Blood clotting.


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RDA

Adults (19-30 years) is 400mg/day (men);

310mg (women) Adults (31-70 years) is 420mg/day (men); 320

(women)

Source

Spinach, potatoes, legumes, tofu, & sometype of sea food.


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Hypomagnesemia

Magnesium deficiency occurs with variety of

diseases kidney disease, alcoholism &diuretic drugs.

Risks prolonged diarrhea, alcoholic.

Hypermagnesemia

Abnormal high [magnesium] in blood.

Symptom nausea & general weakness.

UL not more than 350mg/day


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Is a component of the amino acids

methionine & cystine, as well as of the

vitamins biotin & thiamin Important in drug detoxication & in

maintaining acid-base balance

A diet sufficient in protein containsadequate sulfur


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Hypertension

High sodium intake, low intake of potassium,

calcium, magnesium, excess weight,alcoholism can contribute to thedevelopment of hypertension.

Eating a diet with lots of fresh foods &

avoiding processed food reduce the risk


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Osteoporosis

Primarily affect post-menopausal women.

Adequate calcium intake early in life helpsmaximize peak bone mass.

10 major minerals

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