ISSN 00364

10 June 1983Volume 220, No. 4602

LETTERS Advertising Prescription Drugs: R. P. Charrow; Antiviral Agents:T. A. Krenitsky and L. Beauchamp; Improved Weather Prediction:A. I. Weinstein; Metric System in Britain: D. Moore; OrganometallicClusters: R. L. Burwell, Jr.. ............................................

EDITORIAL The Third Stage of Research: Auditing: J. S. Warner ..........................

ARTICLES Ferroelectric Polymers: A. J. Lovinger.......................................Federal R & D and Industrial Policy: G. A. Keyworth, IH.......................Splice Junctions: Association with Variation in Protein Structure: C. S. Craik,

W. J. Rutter, R. Fletterick ..............................................

NEWS ANM COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOK REVIEWS

The Murky World of Toxicity Testing ........................................Briefing: Clinch River Supporters Pin Hopes on Baker; The Reascendancy of

Edward Teller (contd.); House Appropriations Committee Axes NCAM;Argonne Puts in a Bid for Virginia s Accelerator; Clark of NSF to Be V.P. ofBowling Green; Stanford Appoints Panel to Review Mosher Case ...........

New Push for European Science Cooperation .................................

New Puzzles over Estrogen and Heart Disease................................New Signs of Long Valley Magma Intrusion ..................................Patterns of Extinction: Competition Is Important in Plant Extinctions:

K/T Asteroid Subducted to Oblivion?; Mountain Refuges in United StatesSouthwest; Studying Humans as Animals; Old and New Extinctions Seen inBird Data .............................................................

Neutrino Exploration of the Earth ...........................................

Politics and History in Band Societies, reviewed by R. Tonkinson; PoliticalAttitudes in America: D. R. Kiewiet; Iguanas of the World, J. A. Stamps;Mutagenicity, M. A. Bender; Neurotensin, Brain and GastrointestinalPeptide, J. B. Martin; Books Received...................................

11068

1113

1115

1122

1125

1130

11321134

1137

1138

1140

1142

1143

REPORTS Soot Carbon and Excess Fine Potassium: Long-Range Transport ofCombustion-Derived Aerosols: M. 0. Andreae ............................ 1148

An Ictidosaur, Fossil from North America: S. Chatterjee ...... ................. 1151

Early Tertiary Age of Pitchstone in the Northern Black Hills, South Dakota:J. A. Redden et al. .................................................... 1153

Climatic Anomalies in the Tropical Pacific Ocean and Corn Yields in theUnited States: P. Handler and E. Handler ................................ 155

Thermodiffusional Transport in Pelagic Clay: Implications for Nuclear WasteDisposal in Geological Media: E. C. Thornton and W. E. Seyfried, Jr. ...... 1156

The Tunguska Explosion of 1908: Discovery of Meteoritic Debris near theExplosion Site and at the South Pole: R. Ganapathy ....................... 1158

Acquisition of Digestive Enzymes by Siricid Woodwasps from Their FungalSymbiont: J. J. Kukor and M. M. Martin ................................. 1161

Is Thymosin Action Mediated by Prostaglandin Release?: C. R. Garaci et al. .... 1163Increased Chromosomal Mutation Rate After Hybridization Between Two

Subspecies of Grasshoppers: D. D. Shaw, P. Wilkinson, D. J. Coates ....... 1165

Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation Does Not Modulate Cross-Bridge CyclingRate in Mouse Skeletal Muscle: T. M. Butler et al. ...... ................. 1167

Selective Reduction of Forskolin-Stimulated Cyclic AMP Accumulation byInhibitors of Protein Synthesis: G. Brooker, C. Pedone, K. Barovsky ........ 1169

In vivo One-Dimensional Imaging of Phosphorus Metabolites by Phosphorus-31Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: J. C. Haselgrove et al. ...... ............... 1170

Hemoglobin Aggregation in Single Red Blood Cells of Sickle Cell Anemia:I. Nishio et al. ............... ......................................... 1173

Mutation Affecting the 12th Amino Acid of the c-Ha-ras Oncogene ProductOccurs Infrequently in Human Cancer: A. P. Feinberg et al. ..... .......... 1175

Hyaluronate in Vasculogenesis: R. N. Feinberg and D. C. Beebe ................ 1177

Somatic Mutations of Immunoglobulin Variable Genes Are Restricted to theRearranged V Gene: J. Gorski, P. Rollini, B. Mach ........................ 1179

Clot-Selective Coronary Thrombolysis with Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator:S. R. Bergmann et al.. ................................................. 1181

Genetically Obese Mice: Resistance to Metastasis of B16 Melanoma and EnhancedT-Lymphocyte Mitogenic Responses: C. 1. Thompson et al. ..... .......... 1183

Endogenous Opiates Mediate Radiogenic Behavioral Change: G. A. Mickley et al. 1185

Urinary Phenyl Acetate: A Diagnostic Test for Depression?: H. C. Sabelli et al. 1187

Serological Visualization of Interleukin 2: G. Steinmann et al. ...... ........... 1188

COVER

Morphology of the first ferroelectricpolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride), re-corded in the polarizing optical micro-scope at a mapnfication of about 105times. The polymer consists of poly-'crystalline aggregates (called "spherui-lites"), of which two types are ob-served in this micrograph. The-small,rounded spherulites contain crystals ofan electrically polar phase; their largepolygonal counterparts are of a nonpo-lar phase, which can, however, be elec-trically polarized at high fields. Seepage 1115. [A. J. Lovinger, Bell Labo-ratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey07974]

10 June 1983, Volume 220, Number 4602

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-SCI:ENCE:

Third Stage of Research: AuditingD of the three stages of federally funded research at universities workThese are the selection process and the actual performance of therch. The third, denionstration of financial accountability, has notd well in many cases. I think this disparity is the result of currentng procedures.oes not have to be this way. The Department of Defense, for example,go chose to place auditors full time on catnpuses for which it has auditnsibility. These individuals learn about the conduct of science as theythe spending that makes it possible. However, the approach of thetment of Health and Human Services, which audits roughly 95nt of the universities, has been to send in teams of auditors for an[escrutiny of the books every few years. This has frequently resultedy large set-asides or disallowances. The fact that settlements negotiat-er have been a fraction of the recommended disallowances has doneo ease the concern of some people in government that universities aremdling the money well.re are, however, some changes in the wind. Last fall DHHS awardedtracts to large universities to try out a new approach, with coordinat-lits to be carried out by public accounting firms and, where appropri-y university auditing staff working under approved guidelines. Thes of these experiments should be available this summer. The Office ofgement and Budget has created an interagency task force to seeer this approach makes sense for all agencies that audit federalch spending at universities.unknown is what kind of guidelines or requirements will result. TheS range from a brief summary of critical elements to supplementional auditing standards to a detailed manual of procedures spellingery move. Also unknown is how the various participants will respond.he university's managers and nonfederal accountants, the changei assuming greater responsibility for demonstrating financial account-. It also involves a cost previously borne by the federal agency. Forderal accountants there is the opportunity to conduct audits thata better understanding of the campus research environment than hasthe case with many federal audits over the past decade. The perspec-rought by these accountants to the audit assignment will be a keyle in the success of the new approach.role of federal financial and audit managers will remain crucial. Theytain responsibility for assuring Congress and the public that federalhave been spent in accordance with the cost principles outlined inCircular A-21 and other relevant regulations. But the coordinatedach entails ongoing consultation from the drafting of the audit plan tosuance of the audit report. My experience has been that differencesen the gbvernment and the universities arise less from cost principlesrom nonnegotiable interpretations of these principles by the federalagency. The new approach can lessen this problem. It can also includeit reviews (eliminating the need for extrapolation, which involves-financial stakes) and value prospective improvements over punitivewances.at can faculty do during this time of change? I think their most usefulbution would be to ensure that the problems and perspectives ofienced faculty researchers are understood by those planning andlcting the audits. The review of research expenditures has become tootant to be left solely to the accountants. Faculty have long been keyipants in the peer review process and in directing the research itself. Ittheyjoined in shaping the reviews of spending which have eroded thersity-government relationship in recent years. The next year or twohow whether all the participants make use of this opportunity.EPH S. WARNER, Director, Grant and Contract Administration, Yalersity, New Haven, Connecticut 06520