10 American 10 American HistoryHistory

US Political HistoryUS Political History

Industrial Age PresidentsIndustrial Age Presidents

“The Gilded Age”“The Gilded Age”

Vocabulary for the Word Vocabulary for the Word WallWall

Politics and PoliticalPolitics and Political defined as "the art and science of government."defined as "the art and science of government." Although the term is generally applied to behavior Although the term is generally applied to behavior

within governments, politics is observed in all within governments, politics is observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. Politics is also academic, and religious institutions. Politics is also observed, to varying degrees, in certain Mammal observed, to varying degrees, in certain Mammal species.species.

PolicowPolicow- - Bovine Guide to Political TheoryBovine Guide to Political Theory FeudalismFeudalism- - You have two cows. Your You have two cows. Your

lord takes some of the milk.lord takes some of the milk. FascismFascism- - You have two cows. The You have two cows. The

government takes both, hires you to take government takes both, hires you to take care of them and sells you the milk. care of them and sells you the milk. You join the underground and start a You join the underground and start a campaign of sabotagecampaign of sabotage

Pure SocialismPure Socialism- - You have two cows. You have two cows. The government takes them and puts The government takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else’s them in a barn with everyone else’s cows. You have to take care of all the cows. You have to take care of all the cows and the government gives you all cows and the government gives you all the milk you need..the milk you need..

Pure CommunismPure Communism- - You have two You have two cows. Your neighbors help you take cows. Your neighbors help you take care of them and you all share the milk..care of them and you all share the milk..

Pure democracy-Pure democracy- You have two cows. You have two cows. Your neighbors decide who gets the Your neighbors decide who gets the milk.milk.

Bureaucratic SocialismBureaucratic Socialism- - You have two You have two cows. The government takes them and cows. The government takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else’s puts them in a barn with everyone else’s cows. They are cared for by ex-chicken cows. They are cared for by ex-chicken farmers. You have to take care of the farmers. You have to take care of the chickens the government took from the chickens the government took from the chicken farmers. The government gives chicken farmers. The government gives you as much milk and as many eggs as the you as much milk and as many eggs as the regulations say you need.regulations say you need.

Representative democracy-Representative democracy- You have You have two cows. Your neighbors pick someone two cows. Your neighbors pick someone to tell you who gets the milk.to tell you who gets the milk.

CapitalismCapitalism- - You have two cows. You sell You have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull.one and buy a bull.

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism- - You have two cows. You have two cows. The government takes both, and denies The government takes both, and denies they ever existed. Milk is banned.they ever existed. Milk is banned.

PolicowPolicow- - Bovine Guide to Political TheoryBovine Guide to Political Theory AnarchismAnarchism- - You have two cows. Either you You have two cows. Either you

sell the milk at a fair price or your neighbors try sell the milk at a fair price or your neighbors try to kill you and take the cows.to kill you and take the cows.

DictatorshipDictatorship- - You have two cows. The You have two cows. The government takes them both and shoots you.government takes them both and shoots you.

A RepublicanA Republican- - You have two cows. Your You have two cows. Your neighbor has none. So what?neighbor has none. So what?

A DemocratA Democrat- - You have two cows. Your You have two cows. Your neighbor has none. You feel guilty about being neighbor has none. You feel guilty about being successful. You vote people into office who tax successful. You vote people into office who tax your cows, forcing you to sell one to raise your cows, forcing you to sell one to raise money to pay the tax. The people you voted for money to pay the tax. The people you voted for then take the tax money and buy a cow and give then take the tax money and buy a cow and give it to your neighbor. You feel righteous.it to your neighbor. You feel righteous.

Democracy, American styleDemocracy, American style- - You have two You have two cows. The government taxes you to the point cows. The government taxes you to the point you have to sell both cows to support a man in a you have to sell both cows to support a man in a foreign country who has only one cow, which foreign country who has only one cow, which was a gift from your government.was a gift from your government.

American Corporation-American Corporation- You have two cows. You have two cows. You sell one, and force the other to produce the You sell one, and force the other to produce the milk of four cows. You are surprised when it milk of four cows. You are surprised when it drops dead..drops dead..

Japanese corporation-Japanese corporation- You have two cows. You have two cows. You redesign them so they are eleventh the size You redesign them so they are eleventh the size of an ordinary cow and produce twenty times the of an ordinary cow and produce twenty times the milk. Most are top of the class at cow schoolmilk. Most are top of the class at cow school

German CorporationGerman Corporation- You have two cows. - You have two cows. You reengineer them so they live for 100 years, You reengineer them so they live for 100 years, eat once a month and milk themselves.eat once a month and milk themselves.

Indian CorporationIndian Corporation- You have two cows. You - You have two cows. You worship them.worship them.

Taliban corporation-Taliban corporation- You have two cows. You You have two cows. You load them with explosives and herd them onto load them with explosives and herd them onto your neighbors property where they blow up. your neighbors property where they blow up. Your neighbor dies and you starve to death.Your neighbor dies and you starve to death.

Iraqi corporation Iraqi corporation You have two cows. They go You have two cows. They go into hiding. They send radio tapes of their into hiding. They send radio tapes of their mooing.mooing.

Enron Venture CapitalismEnron Venture Capitalism You have two cows. You have two cows. You sell all three of them to your publicly listed You sell all three of them to your publicly listed company, using letters of credit opened by your company, using letters of credit opened by your brother-in-law at the bank, and then execute a brother-in-law at the bank, and then execute a debt/equity swap with an associated general offer debt/equity swap with an associated general offer so that you get all four cows back, with a tax so that you get all four cows back, with a tax exemption for five cows. The milk rights of the exemption for five cows. The milk rights of the six cows are transferred via an intermediary to a six cows are transferred via an intermediary to a Cayman Island company secretly owned by the Cayman Island company secretly owned by the majority stockholder who sells the rights to all majority stockholder who sells the rights to all seven cows back to your listed company. The seven cows back to your listed company. The annual report says the company owns eight annual report says the company owns eight cows, with an option on one more.cows, with an option on one more.

Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)

1877-1881- 19th President1877-1881- 19th President Great Railway StrikeGreat Railway Strike Money- Inflation, Greenback Money- Inflation, Greenback

and Free Silverand Free Silver Spoils system- StalwartsSpoils system- Stalwarts Civil Service ReformCivil Service Reform

James A. Garfield (Republican)James A. Garfield (Republican)

1881- 20th President1881- 20th President Election of 1880- opponent- James G. Blaine “Plumed Knight” and Election of 1880- opponent- James G. Blaine “Plumed Knight” and

a half breed republicans.a half breed republicans. AssassinationAssassination

Charles Guiteau - crazed lawyer and disgruntled party loyalist Charles Guiteau - crazed lawyer and disgruntled party loyalist who failed to get a government job. who failed to get a government job.

Death of GarfieldDeath of Garfield It is commonly believed that Guiteau's outrage was responsible for the Garfield's assassination. In actuality, it only played a It is commonly believed that Guiteau's outrage was responsible for the Garfield's assassination. In actuality, it only played a

small role. small role. Guiteau was a deeply religious man and believed that God had ordered him to kill the President. One bullet grazed his arm Guiteau was a deeply religious man and believed that God had ordered him to kill the President. One bullet grazed his arm

but the other one had lodged itself somewhere inside the President's body. but the other one had lodged itself somewhere inside the President's body. Garfield was rushed to the White House, having never lost consciousness. For the next eighty days, sixteen doctors were Garfield was rushed to the White House, having never lost consciousness. For the next eighty days, sixteen doctors were

consulted regarding the President's condition. At least 3 surgeons probed the wound with unwashed fingers and non sterile consulted regarding the President's condition. At least 3 surgeons probed the wound with unwashed fingers and non sterile probes and could not find the bullet. A naval surgeon actually punctured the liver while probing and caused the damage probes and could not find the bullet. A naval surgeon actually punctured the liver while probing and caused the damage the bullet did not. But, Garfield didn't die the next day. the bullet did not. But, Garfield didn't die the next day.

His fever rose and he was put on a diet of milk spiked with brandy. And the surgeons continued to probe with unwashed His fever rose and he was put on a diet of milk spiked with brandy. And the surgeons continued to probe with unwashed fingers.fingers.

Alexander Graham Bell rigged up a crude metal detector to help find the bullet. With Garfield's condition growing steadily Alexander Graham Bell rigged up a crude metal detector to help find the bullet. With Garfield's condition growing steadily worse, doctors decided to cut him open to remove the slug. It was not found. What Bell had actually located so deep in the worse, doctors decided to cut him open to remove the slug. It was not found. What Bell had actually located so deep in the body was the metal spring under the mattress! No wonder they couldn't find the bullet. body was the metal spring under the mattress! No wonder they couldn't find the bullet.

In the end, they managed to take a 3 inch wound and turn it into a twenty inch canal that was heavily infected and oozed In the end, they managed to take a 3 inch wound and turn it into a twenty inch canal that was heavily infected and oozed more and more pus with each passing day.more and more pus with each passing day. The deep wound with its massive infection, coupled with possible blood The deep wound with its massive infection, coupled with possible blood poisoning from the bullet, caused the President's heart to weaken. Garfield had a massive heart attack several days later, poisoning from the bullet, caused the President's heart to weaken. Garfield had a massive heart attack several days later, but these well trained physicians botched this diagnosis also. They attributed it to the rupturing of a blood vessel in his but these well trained physicians botched this diagnosis also. They attributed it to the rupturing of a blood vessel in his stomach! stomach!

At the autopsy, examiners determined that the bullet had lodged itself some four inches from the spine in a protective cyst. At the autopsy, examiners determined that the bullet had lodged itself some four inches from the spine in a protective cyst. Their conclusion -Garfield would have survived if the doctors had left him alone.Their conclusion -Garfield would have survived if the doctors had left him alone.

The physicians had the nerve to submit a bill for their services of $85,000 to the Senate. The federal government paid The physicians had the nerve to submit a bill for their services of $85,000 to the Senate. The federal government paid $10,000 (a ripoff) and good old Doctor Bliss was forced to make a public apology. $10,000 (a ripoff) and good old Doctor Bliss was forced to make a public apology.

Chester A. Arthur (Republican)Chester A. Arthur (Republican)

1881- 1885 21th President 1881- 1885 21th President Civil Service Reform- Civil Service Reform-

Pendelton Pendelton Civil Service Civil Service Act.Act.

Pork Barrel, tariff reform Pork Barrel, tariff reform and modern navy.and modern navy.

Chapter 18 Section 2Chapter 18 Section 2

Grover Cleveland (Democrat) Grover Cleveland (Democrat) 1885-1889 22nd President1885-1889 22nd President Election of 1884- Blaine v. ClevelandElection of 1884- Blaine v. Cleveland MugwumpsMugwumps Interstate Commerce Act 1887Interstate Commerce Act 1887

1) Banned rebates and favors1) Banned rebates and favors 2) Rates proportional to distance.2) Rates proportional to distance. 3) Rates public and open to inspection.3) Rates public and open to inspection.

Wanted to reduce tariffsWanted to reduce tariffs

Benjamin Harrison (Republican)Benjamin Harrison (Republican)

1889-1893 23nd President1889-1893 23nd President Election of 1888Election of 1888

Issue- Tarriff- the only issueIssue- Tarriff- the only issue Harrison conducted a “Front Porch Harrison conducted a “Front Porch

Campaign”Campaign” Most corrupt of all time - Republicans Most corrupt of all time - Republicans

bought votes.bought votes. McKinley Tariff- raised duties on almost McKinley Tariff- raised duties on almost

everythingeverything Sherman Anti-Trust Act- 1890Sherman Anti-Trust Act- 1890

Grover Cleveland (Democrat)Grover Cleveland (Democrat)

1893-1897 24nd President1893-1897 24nd President Granger LawsGranger Laws Populist PartyPopulist Party Election of 1892- Free Silver, Election of 1892- Free Silver,

Inflation and Labor Strife.Inflation and Labor Strife. Labor discontent- Sherman Anti-Trust Labor discontent- Sherman Anti-Trust

Act used against strikersAct used against strikers Elected to be President twice- won, Elected to be President twice- won,

lost and then won.lost and then won.

William McKinley (Republican)William McKinley (Republican)

1897-1901 25nd President1897-1901 25nd President Election of 1896Election of 1896

Free Silver- Major issueFree Silver- Major issue Democratic-Populist Candidate- William Jennings Democratic-Populist Candidate- William Jennings

Bryant v. McKinley (Republican)Bryant v. McKinley (Republican) William Jennings BryantWilliam Jennings Bryant

Single issue- Free SilverSingle issue- Free Silver Excellent orator- “Cross of Gold Speech”Excellent orator- “Cross of Gold Speech” Appealed to Westerns but not labor or city peopleAppealed to Westerns but not labor or city people Would run for President twice more- never wins.Would run for President twice more- never wins.

McKinleyMcKinley Very few Speeches- in favor of “Sound Money”Very few Speeches- in favor of “Sound Money” Carried the Urban-Industrial statesCarried the Urban-Industrial states Would be assassinated.Would be assassinated.

Leon Czolgosz - AssassinLeon Czolgosz - Assassin

•Leon Czolgosz, Leon Czolgosz, (pronounced SHOLGUS),the son of the son of Polish-Russian immigrants, was born in immigrants, was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1873Detroit, Michigan, in 1873

•In 1901, Czolgosz moved to Buffalo, New York, site of the Pan American Exposition. There, In 1901, Czolgosz moved to Buffalo, New York, site of the Pan American Exposition. There, in a receiving line on September 6, he shot President McKinley two times. Although in a receiving line on September 6, he shot President McKinley two times. Although surrounded by fifty bodyguards, Czolgosz was able to walk up to McKinley and fire two shots surrounded by fifty bodyguards, Czolgosz was able to walk up to McKinley and fire two shots at him. Hit in the chest and abdomen, McKinley shouted out "Be easy with him, boys" as at him. Hit in the chest and abdomen, McKinley shouted out "Be easy with him, boys" as secret service agents beat Czolgosz with fists and pistol butts. secret service agents beat Czolgosz with fists and pistol butts.

•Czolgosz--who gave his name to police as Fred Nieman, or Fred Nobody--later stated in Czolgosz--who gave his name to police as Fred Nieman, or Fred Nobody--later stated in reference to his decision to assassinate McKinley, "I didn't believe one man should have so reference to his decision to assassinate McKinley, "I didn't believe one man should have so much service, and another man have none." After a brief trial, Czolgosz was convicted. He much service, and another man have none." After a brief trial, Czolgosz was convicted. He was executed on October 29, 1901. Before being executed on 20th October, 1901, Czolgosz was executed on October 29, 1901. Before being executed on 20th October, 1901, Czolgosz remarked that: "I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people - the good remarked that: "I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people - the good working people. I am not sorry for my crime."working people. I am not sorry for my crime."

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

1901-1909- 26th President1901-1909- 26th President (Republican)(Republican)

McKinley’s DeathMcKinley’s Death Rough Riders and San Juan HillRough Riders and San Juan Hill Square DealSquare Deal Food and Drug Act 1906Food and Drug Act 1906 Newlands Reclamation Act Newlands Reclamation Act

19021902

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

1909-1913- 27th President (Republican)1909-1913- 27th President (Republican) Election of 1912Election of 1912

Taft- 45 indictments against trusts; civil Taft- 45 indictments against trusts; civil service jobs; million acres to national service jobs; million acres to national reserves; protected mineral rights; postal reserves; protected mineral rights; postal saving banks, 2 new states, 16th amendment saving banks, 2 new states, 16th amendment (income tax); Dept. of Commerce and Dept. (income tax); Dept. of Commerce and Dept. of Labor.of Labor.

Roosevelt- Good and bad trusts, Issues, Roosevelt- Good and bad trusts, Issues, Progressives (Bull Moose) and New Progressives (Bull Moose) and New NationalismNationalism

Wilson- Issues and New FreedomWilson- Issues and New Freedom Debs- SocialistDebs- Socialist Outcome of ElectionOutcome of Election

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson 1913-1921- 28th 1913-1921- 28th

President President (Democrat)(Democrat)

LeadershipLeadership Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Act

19131913 Clayton Anti-Trust Clayton Anti-Trust

Act 1914Act 1914 Federal Trade Federal Trade

Commission Act Commission Act 19141914

World War IWorld War I

President Warren G. HardingPresident Warren G. Harding 29th President 1921-1923 - Republican29th President 1921-1923 - Republican Post WW I Fears and Headaches- bombs, Post WW I Fears and Headaches- bombs,

Bolsheviks (Red Scare), riots and labor strikes.Bolsheviks (Red Scare), riots and labor strikes. Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

No League of NationsNo League of Nations Washington Conference- Five Power Treaty, Washington Conference- Five Power Treaty,

Nine-Power Treaty, and Four Power Treaty- Nine-Power Treaty, and Four Power Treaty- DisarmamentDisarmament

Domestic Affairs- Return to NormalcyDomestic Affairs- Return to Normalcy Harding Scandals - The “Ohio Gang”Harding Scandals - The “Ohio Gang”

Charles Forbes- Head of Veterans BureauCharles Forbes- Head of Veterans Bureau Jesse Smith- Aide in Justice DepartmentJesse Smith- Aide in Justice Department Thomas Miller- Alien Property CustodianThomas Miller- Alien Property Custodian Albert Fall- Sec. of the Interior and “Teapot Albert Fall- Sec. of the Interior and “Teapot

Dome”Dome” Death of Harding- sudden death while still presidentDeath of Harding- sudden death while still president

Return to “Normalcy”

President Calvin CoolidgePresident Calvin Coolidge 30th President - 1923-1929 30th President - 1923-1929

RepublicanRepublican

Government and Business- Government and Business- Freedom of Freedom of business from governmental rules and business from governmental rules and regulationsregulations. “Laissez-faire”.. “Laissez-faire”. Large Large businesses were allowed to be created. businesses were allowed to be created. Country prospered and the Supreme Court Country prospered and the Supreme Court favored business over labor.favored business over labor.

““The man who builds a factory, builds a The man who builds a factory, builds a temple and the man who works there, temple and the man who works there, worships there.”worships there.”

Farm Problem- Farm Problem- “Farmers have never “Farmers have never made money,” he said,”I don’t believe made money,” he said,”I don’t believe we can do much about it.”we can do much about it.”

“Silent Cal” “The business of America is business”

President Herbert HooverPresident Herbert Hoover$ 31st President 1929-1933- Republican31st President 1929-1933- Republican$ Who was Hoover? IowanWho was Hoover? Iowan$ Hoover’s actions in the “Great Crash”Hoover’s actions in the “Great Crash”

$ Traditional approach- Darwin Traditional approach- Darwin theory.theory.

$ Cut taxes and government Cut taxes and government spending.spending.

$ Cities, states and all private Cities, states and all private charities called on.charities called on.

$ Aid to farmers + increase tariffs to Aid to farmers + increase tariffs to help businesshelp business

$ Public works programs to get Public works programs to get people back to workpeople back to work

$ Money to help save businesses and Money to help save businesses and help with mortgages-help with mortgages-

$ Too Little and Too Late.Too Little and Too Late.

Great Crash and DepressionGreat Crash and Depression

President Franklin Delano President Franklin Delano RooseveltRoosevelt

32st President 1933-1945 32st President 1933-1945 DemocratDemocrat Who was he?Who was he?

First 100 Days - The New DealFirst 100 Days - The New Deal ““The only thing you have to fear The only thing you have to fear

is fear itself”is fear itself”

Alphabet soup legislationAlphabet soup legislation

Social Security ActSocial Security Act

World War IIWorld War II

What happens to FDR?What happens to FDR?

Day of InfamyDay of Infamy

President Harry S. TrumanPresident Harry S. Truman

33rd President 1945-1953 33rd President 1945-1953 DemocratDemocrat

United NationsUnited Nations

Decision to Drop the Bomb on Hiroshima Decision to Drop the Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Controlling the Atom- and Nagasaki and Controlling the Atom- Atomic Energy ActAtomic Energy Act

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

European Recovery Plan- (Marshall Plan)European Recovery Plan- (Marshall Plan)

Point Four ProgramPoint Four Program

Korean WarKorean War

Demoblization and the G.I. BillDemoblization and the G.I. Bill

What was the Fair Deal?What was the Fair Deal?

President Dwight D. EisenhowerPresident Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President 1953-34th President 1953-

1961 Republican1961 Republican Important Foreign IssuesImportant Foreign Issues

¤ Korean WarKorean War¤ French-Indochina WarFrench-Indochina War¤ Sputnik; National Defense Sputnik; National Defense

Education Act 1958; Education Act 1958; N.A.S.A.N.A.S.A.

¤ Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine¤ Francis Gary Powers and Francis Gary Powers and

U-2 spy plane shot down U-2 spy plane shot down over Russia- May 5, 1960over Russia- May 5, 1960

¤ Castro and CubaCastro and Cuba¤ ““Military-Industrial Military-Industrial

Complex”Complex”

President John F. President John F. KennedyKennedy

35th President - 1961-1963 35th President - 1961-1963 DemocratDemocrat

Who was John F. Kennedy?- Who was John F. Kennedy?- War War Hero, Irish Catholic, Famous Political Hero, Irish Catholic, Famous Political Father, Writer, Congressman and Senator . Father, Writer, Congressman and Senator . Youngest President Youngest President

Election of 1960Election of 1960 Republican- NixonRepublican- Nixon Democrat- KennedyDemocrat- Kennedy

““New Frontier”New Frontier” ““The Great Debates” a series of The Great Debates” a series of

four one-hour debates on four one-hour debates on TelevisionTelevision

Large audience- the whole nationLarge audience- the whole nation Kennedy looks goodKennedy looks good

Outcome- Kennedy win Outcome- Kennedy win cliffhangercliffhanger

Kennedy AdministrationKennedy Administration

Inaugural speechInaugural speech- - “Ask not “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”what you can do for your country.”

Cabinet- Cabinet- Dean Rusk, Robert Dean Rusk, Robert S. McNamara, Robert Kennedy.S. McNamara, Robert Kennedy.

Important Action during the Important Action during the Kennedy Administration.Kennedy Administration. Bay of PigsBay of Pigs Berlin and the Berlin Wall- Berlin and the Berlin Wall-

"Ich bin ein Berliner." Peace CorpsPeace Corps Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis Space RaceSpace Race

Ask not what your country can do for Ask not what your country can do for youyou

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

Assassination of a Assassination of a PresidentPresident

Dallas, Texas - Nov. Dallas, Texas - Nov. 22, 196322, 1963 Dealey PlazaDealey Plaza Lee Harvey OswaldLee Harvey Oswald Jack RubyJack Ruby

Warren CommissionWarren Commission Conspiracy TheoriesConspiracy Theories Appraisal of the Appraisal of the

Kennedy years.Kennedy years.

President Lyndon B. President Lyndon B. JohnsonJohnson

36th President- 1963-1969 – 36th President- 1963-1969 – DemocratDemocrat

Great Society- Great Society- abundance and liberty for all; end to poverty and racial injustice; every child can find knowledge; renew contact with nature; a challenge constantly renewed

VietnamVietnam Domino TheoryDomino Theory Tonkin Gulf Incident and ResolutionTonkin Gulf Incident and Resolution Escalation + BombingEscalation + Bombing Credibility GapCredibility Gap Peace MovementPeace Movement Tet OffensiveTet Offensive My Lai MassacreMy Lai Massacre

President Richard M. President Richard M. NixonNixon

37th President - 1969-1974 – 37th President - 1969-1974 – RepublicanRepublican

Key ActionsKey Actions Space- Moon landingSpace- Moon landing Winding down of the Vietnam WarWinding down of the Vietnam War

Cambodian IncursianCambodian Incursian Kent StateKent State

DétenteDétente Visit to China and Ping Pong Visit to China and Ping Pong

DiplomacyDiplomacy Visit to Russia + S.A.L.TVisit to Russia + S.A.L.T

WatergateWatergate

President Gerald R. FordPresident Gerald R. Ford 38th President - 1974-1977 - 38th President - 1974-1977 -

Republican - Republican - "Ford, not a Lincoln". Nixon PardonNixon Pardon Clemency Program for Vietnam deserters Clemency Program for Vietnam deserters

and draft evaders.and draft evaders. Freedom of Information and Privacy Act Freedom of Information and Privacy Act

19741974 Federal Campaign-funding Reform Act Federal Campaign-funding Reform Act

19741974 War Powers Act 1973War Powers Act 1973 1973 inflation- increased from 8.5% to 12 %1973 inflation- increased from 8.5% to 12 %

Oil Price- major factor in inflation.Oil Price- major factor in inflation. Yom Kippur WarYom Kippur War Libya and O.P.E.C.Libya and O.P.E.C.

President Jimmy CarterPresident Jimmy Carter 39th President- 1977-1981 -39th President- 1977-1981 - Foreign Problems Foreign Problems

Human RightsHuman Rights Russians + SALT IIRussians + SALT II Panama Canal Treaties (2)Panama Canal Treaties (2) Camp David Accords - Peace Treaty Camp David Accords - Peace Treaty

19761976 Hostages in IranHostages in Iran Soviets Invade Afghanistan and the Soviets Invade Afghanistan and the

Olympic Boycott.Olympic Boycott. Domestic ProblemsDomestic Problems

Failed to work closely with Dem. Failed to work closely with Dem. Congress Social Security- paying out Congress Social Security- paying out more than taking in. Taxes were more than taking in. Taxes were raised.raised.

Special InterestsSpecial Interests InflationInflation Energy Problems - Energy CrisisEnergy Problems - Energy Crisis

President Ronald ReaganPresident Ronald Reagan 40th President- 1981 - 40th President- 1981 -

1989- Rep.1989- Rep. Teflon PresidentTeflon President Domestic ProgramDomestic Program

Cut spending, except defense. Cut spending, except defense. (Trickle down)(Trickle down)

Supply-side economics Supply-side economics (Reagonomics)(Reagonomics)

Space Shuttle program and Space Shuttle program and Challenger DisasterChallenger Disaster

Foreign ProgramForeign Program Central America- Iran-Contra Central America- Iran-Contra

AffairAffair Argentina and Great Britain- the Argentina and Great Britain- the

Falkland IslandsFalkland Islands Grenada- Operation Urgent FuryGrenada- Operation Urgent Fury Star Wars TechnologyStar Wars Technology

President George H. W. BushPresident George H. W. Bush 41st President- 1989-1993- Republican41st President- 1989-1993- Republican Inauguration SpeechInauguration Speech

““Read my lips. No new taxes.”Read my lips. No new taxes.”

““Thousand points of light” volunteersThousand points of light” volunteers

Campaign against drugs.Campaign against drugs.

Domestic Problems facedDomestic Problems faced Savings and Loan collapse- $500 Billion from Savings and Loan collapse- $500 Billion from

taxpayers to cover losses.taxpayers to cover losses. Energy department cleanup of nuclear waste- Energy department cleanup of nuclear waste-

$200 billion$200 billion Exxon Valdez oil spillExxon Valdez oil spill

Foreign Affairs and ProblemsForeign Affairs and Problems End of Cold War and changes in Europe.End of Cold War and changes in Europe. Tianamen Square in ChinaTianamen Square in China Berlin Wall fallsBerlin Wall falls Invasion of Panama- “Operation Just Cause”Invasion of Panama- “Operation Just Cause” Persian Gulf War- “Operation Desert Storm”- 38 Persian Gulf War- “Operation Desert Storm”- 38

days and 100 hours on the ground.days and 100 hours on the ground. Lifts sanctions against South AfricaLifts sanctions against South Africa Aid package to former Soviet Union.Aid package to former Soviet Union.

President William J. ClintonPresident William J. Clinton 42nd President- 1993 - 2001 Democrat42nd President- 1993 - 2001 Democrat Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs

Health Care reform failedHealth Care reform failed Welfare reform and crime preventionWelfare reform and crime prevention Brady Bill- waiting period for hand guns.Brady Bill- waiting period for hand guns. ““Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy toward gays in the Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy toward gays in the

military.military. Balanced the budgetBalanced the budget World Trade Center BombedWorld Trade Center Bombed ““Whitewater real estate controversy”- failed business Whitewater real estate controversy”- failed business

dealings in Arkansasdealings in Arkansas 2nd President to be impeached. Found not guilty on 2nd President to be impeached. Found not guilty on

two articles of impeachmenttwo articles of impeachment Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

NAFTANAFTA- NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement- NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement GATTGATT- Global Agreement on Tariffs and Trade- Global Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Ethnic cleansing in BosniaEthnic cleansing in Bosnia Peace in Ireland and Middle EastPeace in Ireland and Middle East Pulls troops out of SomaliaPulls troops out of Somalia Signs START ISigns START I Grants diplomatic recognition with Vietnam.Grants diplomatic recognition with Vietnam. Israeli-Palestinian Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles- Arafat Declaration of Principles- Arafat

and Rabinand Rabin

Election of 2000Election of 2000 Election of 2000Election of 2000

CandidatesCandidates:: Republican- George BushRepublican- George Bush Democrat- Al GoreDemocrat- Al Gore

CampaignCampaign issues issues abortionabortion campaign financing reformcampaign financing reform defensedefense economy/energyeconomy/energy educationeducation gun controlgun control environmentenvironment Health careHealth care taxestaxes

OutcomeOutcome- Closest in American History. - Closest in American History. Between Nov. 8 and Dec. 13 after the Between Nov. 8 and Dec. 13 after the Supreme ordered no further recounts, Supreme ordered no further recounts, there were various recounts. there were various recounts. 50,996,000 to 50,456,000 votes. 271-50,996,000 to 50,456,000 votes. 271-266 electoral.266 electoral.

President George BushPresident George Bush 43rd President- 2001- 2005 - Republican43rd President- 2001- 2005 - Republican

Domestic PoliciesDomestic Policies $1.6 Trillion tax cut- primarily to help wealthy.$1.6 Trillion tax cut- primarily to help wealthy. Sept. 11 Terrorist attack on World Trade Center and the Sept. 11 Terrorist attack on World Trade Center and the

Pentagon have push emphasis on foreign affairs.Pentagon have push emphasis on foreign affairs. Office of Homeland SecurityOffice of Homeland Security Slow response to financial scandals- EnronSlow response to financial scandals- Enron 2003- cut taxes by $670 billion over 10 years. Over 1/2 2003- cut taxes by $670 billion over 10 years. Over 1/2

benefits go to 10% richest Americans. benefits go to 10% richest Americans.

Foreign PoliciesForeign Policies International TerrorismInternational Terrorism

Taliban in AfghanistanTaliban in Afghanistan Osama bin Laden and al-QaedaOsama bin Laden and al-Qaeda Axis of Evil- Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.Axis of Evil- Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. Operation Iraqi Freedom- March 19, 2003 and the capture Operation Iraqi Freedom- March 19, 2003 and the capture

of Saddam.of Saddam.

President George BushPresident George Bush Foreign PoliciesForeign Policies

International TerrorismInternational Terrorism Taliban in AfghanistanTaliban in Afghanistan Osama bin Laden and Osama bin Laden and

al-Qaedaal-Qaeda Axis of Evil- Iraq, Iran, Axis of Evil- Iraq, Iran,

and North Korea.and North Korea. Operation Iraqi Operation Iraqi

Freedom- March 19, Freedom- March 19, 2003 and the capture 2003 and the capture of Saddam.of Saddam.

High Tariffs on steel.High Tariffs on steel. Alienated many allies.Alienated many allies.

Election 2004 Bush v. Election 2004 Bush v. KerryKerry

The Two Sides- Civil RightsThe Two Sides- Civil Rights Republicans- Bush - CheneyRepublicans- Bush - Cheney

Has both opposed and supported affirmative action Has both opposed and supported affirmative action

Backs constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage Backs constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage

Supports "don't ask, don't tell" policy Supports "don't ask, don't tell" policy

Opposes gay adoptions Opposes gay adoptions

Opposes expanding federal law to cover sexual orientation Opposes expanding federal law to cover sexual orientation

Democrats - Kerry - EdwardsDemocrats - Kerry - Edwards Supports affirmative action policies Supports affirmative action policies

Against gay marriage, backs benefits, rights for gay couples Against gay marriage, backs benefits, rights for gay couples

Favors allowing gay men and women to serve openly in Favors allowing gay men and women to serve openly in military military

Supports adoption by gay men and lesbians Supports adoption by gay men and lesbians

Expand federal hate crimes legislation, assure equal Expand federal hate crimes legislation, assure equal

Election 2004 Bush v. Election 2004 Bush v. KerryKerry

The Two Sides- International The Two Sides- International PolicyPolicy Republicans- Bush - CheneyRepublicans- Bush - Cheney

Authorized war to oust Saddam Hussein regime Authorized war to oust Saddam Hussein regime

Initially opposed U.N. involvement; now warming to idea Initially opposed U.N. involvement; now warming to idea

Announced new policy of pre-emption in June 2002 Announced new policy of pre-emption in June 2002

More than $1 billion proposed for reconstruction More than $1 billion proposed for reconstruction

Co-sponsored "Road map" plan for peace process Co-sponsored "Road map" plan for peace process

Democrats - Kerry - EdwardsDemocrats - Kerry - Edwards Supported the war; later said Bush misled nation Supported the war; later said Bush misled nation

Involve other nations more in Iraqi rebuilding, security Involve other nations more in Iraqi rebuilding, security

Denounces threat of pre-emption; would seek global consensus Denounces threat of pre-emption; would seek global consensus

Boost international efforts to secure peace, beat al Qaeda Boost international efforts to secure peace, beat al Qaeda

Improve social, economic, political conditions in regionImprove social, economic, political conditions in region

Election 2004 Bush v. Election 2004 Bush v. KerryKerry

The Two Sides- The Two Sides- Taxes and Taxes and SpendingSpending Republicans- Bush - CheneyRepublicans- Bush - Cheney

Supports investing some Social Security taxes in stocks Supports investing some Social Security taxes in stocks

Allocated funds to help states pay increased security costs Allocated funds to help states pay increased security costs

Signed two tax cut bills so far; more tax cuts unlikely Signed two tax cut bills so far; more tax cuts unlikely

Reduce deficit by holding spending increases to 4 percent Reduce deficit by holding spending increases to 4 percent

Says 2001, 2003 tax cuts have helped keep economy going Says 2001, 2003 tax cuts have helped keep economy going

Democrats - Kerry - EdwardsDemocrats - Kerry - Edwards Opposes privatizing Social Security Opposes privatizing Social Security

Give priority to giving states fiscal aid to resolve crises Give priority to giving states fiscal aid to resolve crises

Repeal tax cuts for wealthy; increase child tax credit Repeal tax cuts for wealthy; increase child tax credit

Undo deficit trend with eye on corporate loopholes, spending Undo deficit trend with eye on corporate loopholes, spending

Assist small businesses; train workers; infrastructure jobsAssist small businesses; train workers; infrastructure jobs

Election 2004 Bush v. Election 2004 Bush v. KerryKerry

The Two Sides- Social IssuesThe Two Sides- Social Issues Republicans- Bush - CheneyRepublicans- Bush - Cheney

Opposes except cases of rape, incest or to save woman's life Opposes except cases of rape, incest or to save woman's life

Supports death penalty Supports death penalty

Reduce illegal drug usage by 10 percent over two years Reduce illegal drug usage by 10 percent over two years

Protect gunmakers from lawsuits Protect gunmakers from lawsuits

Signed NCLB; federal budget has not fully funded legislation Signed NCLB; federal budget has not fully funded legislation

Has cited Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia as model justices Has cited Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia as model justices

Democrats - Kerry - EdwardsDemocrats - Kerry - Edwards Supports a woman's right to an abortion; planning resources Supports a woman's right to an abortion; planning resources

Opposes death penalty Opposes death penalty

More police; aggressively target traffickers; fund treatment More police; aggressively target traffickers; fund treatment

Close gun show loophole; require child safety locks Close gun show loophole; require child safety locks

Bar vouchers; fully fund NCLB, special ed., school building Bar vouchers; fully fund NCLB, special ed., school building

Appoint judges committed to law, civil and abortion rightsAppoint judges committed to law, civil and abortion rights

Election 2004 Bush v. Election 2004 Bush v. KerryKerry

The Two Sides- Health CareThe Two Sides- Health Care Republicans- Bush - CheneyRepublicans- Bush - Cheney

Supports reducing drug costs for low-income patients Supports reducing drug costs for low-income patients Introduce private sector competition to reduce costs Introduce private sector competition to reduce costs Supports adding drug benefit to Medicare Supports adding drug benefit to Medicare Favors improving current system over government-Favors improving current system over government-

based system based system Would place limits on patient lawsuits against HMOs Would place limits on patient lawsuits against HMOs

Democrats - Kerry - EdwardsDemocrats - Kerry - Edwards Close loopholes; financial incentives to lower drug costs Close loopholes; financial incentives to lower drug costs Fund all health care by rescinding tax cuts, cutting Fund all health care by rescinding tax cuts, cutting

waste waste Tighten rules on drug companies; focus on seniors, vets Tighten rules on drug companies; focus on seniors, vets Let people buy into govt. system, fund by reversing Tax Let people buy into govt. system, fund by reversing Tax

cuts cuts Allow patients to sue HMOs, collect money for damagesAllow patients to sue HMOs, collect money for damages

Election 2004 Bush v. KerryElection 2004 Bush v. Kerry The Two Sides-The Two Sides-Energy and Energy and

EnvironmentEnvironment Republicans- Bush - CheneyRepublicans- Bush - Cheney

Favors opening refuge for gas and oil exploration, Favors opening refuge for gas and oil exploration, drilling drilling

Proposed $1.7 billion to develop hydrogen-powered Proposed $1.7 billion to develop hydrogen-powered fuel cells fuel cells

Supports market-based solution to improve air quality Supports market-based solution to improve air quality

Supports 1.5 mpg increase for SUVs, light trucks by Supports 1.5 mpg increase for SUVs, light trucks by 20072007

Democrats - Kerry - EdwardsDemocrats - Kerry - Edwards Opposes oil exploration in Arctic refuge Opposes oil exploration in Arctic refuge

Promotes clean, renewable fuel sources, especially Promotes clean, renewable fuel sources, especially ethanol ethanol

Set goals, incentives to reduce dependence on fossil Set goals, incentives to reduce dependence on fossil fuels fuels

Push new gas requirements, hybrid cars, hydrogen Push new gas requirements, hybrid cars, hydrogen fuelfuel