CHAPTER-16

THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

Factors for the formation of NAM or What strengthened NAM1) Reaction against cold war and military alliance such as NATO and

WARSAW PACT.2) An assertion of National Independence and struggle against imperialism.3) The poor Asian and African countries wanted moderation in relation to all

big powers.4) There was need for peace for real development.

Meaning: It means not to align with any of the power block and judge each issue on its merits.

Architects of NAM: Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Marshal Josip Tito of Yugoslavia, Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukrano of Indonesia.

Steps for the formation of NAM: 1) Asian Relations Conference was held in March, 1947 in India, Jawaharlal

Nehru convened it. He said we Asians will stand on our own legs. We will stand on our own legs. We will cooperate with those who are ready to cooperate with us.

2) Bandung Conference in 1955: India and China signed Panchsheel which became the bedrock of Bandung Conference.Panchsheel states;

* Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity. * Non Aggression * Non Interference * Equality and mutual benefit * Peaceful Co-existence 3) Belgrade Conference 1961: First Sumit of NAM was held in 1961 at Belgrade. It was attended by 25 Nations. 4) A Conference adopted 27 points declaration. It appealed the super powers to maintain Peace and security in the world.

Objectives of NAM : 1) Abolition of Imperialism and Colonialism 2) Maintenance of International Peace and Security 3) Disarmament 4) An end to Racism 5) To help United Nations 6) Protection of Environment 7) Enforcement of Human RightsNehru’s Role in NAM:

1) Asian Relation Conference: It was held in New Delhi in March 1947. It was convened by Pt. JawaharLal Nehru. He said that we Asians want to stand on our own legs. 2) He enunciated five Principles of Panchsheel. It became the basis of NAM. It was signed between Chinese Premier and Zhou Enlai3) The First NAM Sumit was held at Belgrade in 1961.Nehruji here stressed on danger of war and appealed for peace.4) He opposed power blocs and acts of aggression.5) India opposed North Korea aggression on South Korea.6) He opposed Anglo French action in Egypt on Suez Canal.7) Pakistan joined SEATO, then also he didn’t join it.

Relevance of NAM/Role of NAM in changing world1) To reform UN Security Council2) Issue like Terrorism, Violation of Human Rights, Disarmament still relevant

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UNO CH-14

Factors responsible for the formation of UNO: Fear of death and destruction due to two world wars. Many cities were

razed to the ground. The most terrifying nuclear weapons were used which meant mutual

destruction for all. The world leaders wanted a durable structure of peace and security in the

world. Failure of league of Nations to deal with the acts of aggression.

Composition of UN 51 nations as original members of UN. Poland became the 51 nation to

sign the charter. UN charter was signed on 24 Oct ,1945. Admission to UN is made by General Assembly on the recommendation of

the Security Council. Its headquarter is in New York . The official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and

Spanish.

Objectives: To save succeeding generation from the scourge of war. To maintain international peace and security in the world. To create faith in human rights and in the dignity of humans. To develop friendly relations among nations and to achieve international

cooperation in solving the economic,social and cultural problems. To establish conditions under which respect for international laws can be

maintained.UN Principles:

All states are sovereign The member states should settle their disputes peacefully

Organs of UN:

The General Assembly: It is known as the world Parliament.Composition;

All members of the UN are the Members of the General Assembly Each member can send 5 representatives in the General Assembly,

however each state has one vote. The assembly must meet once a year in September.

Functions:Electoral Functions:

The assembly elects the Non Permanent members of the security council They elects the members of Economic and Social Council. It appoints the Secretary General upon the recommendations of the

Security Council. The members of the International Court of Justice are elected by the

General Assembly and the Security Council.Amending the UN Charter:

The amendment is done by 2/3 of the members of the assembly. To be ratified by 2/3 of the member states including the 5 permanent

members of the Security Council.Financial Functions:

It approves the budget of the UNOther Functions:

It makes recommendations for the purpose of promoting international peace and security.

It regulates the working of other organs and agencies of the UN.

Security Council: Enforcement/Executive CouncilComposition:

It consists of 15 members. Five being permanent members i.e China, France, Russia, Britain and U.S.A and 10 are the non permanent members who are elected by General Assembly by 2/3 majority for 2 years term. A retiring member not eligible for immediate reelection.

Veto: A negative vote by a Permanent member is called veto. The council cannot pass a resolution incase a veto by any permanent member.

Functions: The Security Council may investigate any dispute that leads to

international friction. The Security Council will ask the parties to solve their disputes through

negotiation, mediation, arbitration and judicial settlements. When none of the peaceful means succeeds, the council may interrupt

the means of communication such as rail, sea, air and postal , break economic and diplomatic relations.

If above measures proves to be inadequate, it may resort to military action.

Electoral Functions: It elects the Judges of the International Court of Judges along with

General Assembly The UN Secretary General is appointed by General Assembly on the

recommendation of the Security Assembly. New members are appointed by 2/3 vote of General Assembly upon the

recommendation of Security Council.

International Court of Justice:Composition:

The Court consists of 15 Judges They are elected for 9 years No two judges can be of same nationality They elect their President and Vice President for 3 years They are eligible for re election

Functions: It has compulsory jurisdiction to interpret the international laws, makes

compensation for breach of international treaties It has voluntary jurisdiction to deal with the cases refers to it. The Court has power to give advise to General assembly, Security council and other organs of the UN It codifies the International laws The court suggest the peaceful method of settlement of disputes

CH-15 Major Agencies of UN

UNICEF ( United Nations International Children’s Fund)Emblem : Mother holding a childHeadquarter is in New York. Aim : To improve the quality of life of women and children in developing countries.Functions:

To provide assistance to children and pregnant mothers by providing protective food such as milk, meat, fish and fat to the children

To provide funds for the training of health and sanitation workers and Creche workers To provide assistant to children and women during natural disaster To supply paper to publish textbooks and literature related to children To help to suppress the traffic in women and children

WHO (World Health Organization) Emblem: Snake on stick Headquarter Geneva (Switzerland) It is celebrated every year on 7 April Aim; Fighting dieses, fostering development, Health promotion and health

developmentFunctions: It helps the government to provide safe drinking water It acts as a World clearing house for scientific and medical information.It

has built up a library at Geneva It sets international standards with respect to food, biological and

pharmaceutical products. It promotes and coordinate research in communicable diseases and

dieases like cancer, diabities ect

UNESCO ( United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization)Headquarter ParisFunction: Educational

It provides fellowships and study grants to teachers and scholars It organizes book fairs and festivals at international and national levels It promotes education among children as well as adults. It provides advise in construction of school ,preparation of course of text

Scientific

It promotes research in the field of geology, mathematics, physics and oceanography

It organizes world conferences to bring together scientists, technicians and technologist.

It provides information through bulletins, journals and exhibitions Cultural

It provides grants to writers and artists It helps the member states to protect their cultural heritage It provides the knowledge about human rights

Ch-12 Rise of Dictatorship

Fascism and Nazism

What is Fascism:

It is derived from the word fasces which in Italian means “a bundle of rods”. The axe symbolized state authority and the bundle of rods meant that unity lays in strength. Fascism signifies Unity, Strength and Authority.

What is Nazism:The Nazi Party is the short form of The National Socialistic Party. Nazism could be best defined as the Fascism plus racialism. The Nazi party depicted the Germans as the master race which is destined to dominate the world.

`Causes for the rise of Fascism and Nazism : Dissatisfaction with the peace treaty:

Italy joined the war on the side of the Allies. But when it came to the distribution of spoil of war ,Italy did not get anything

Treaty of Versailles was too severe for Germany. Germany was forced to cede her territory to France, Belgium, Polandand and Denmark.

Her overseas possessions and colonies were divided among allies.Economic Factors

There was war and budget deficit that caused eco difficulties. There was unemployment, industrial lock outs and agrarian.

Political instability and inefficient corrupt government: The post war democratic govt were weak. They were unable to control

the eco crisis in their countries.Class Conflict: The fascist and Nazi parties were being supported mainly by industrialists The eco crises were there and the workers were demanding for higher

wages.

Charismatic Leaders:

In Italy Mussolini was given the title of Duce . In Germany Hitler was given the title of Fuehrer. They could influence the people with the qualities.

Domestic policies of Hitler and Mussolini (Similarities)

To have faith in totalitarian rule/dictatorship Negation of democracy State is supreme and could suppress Fundamental Rights and Freedom of

People To uphold one party one leader They were anti communist, anti socialist They adopted racialism against jews and considered themselves as

superior race.Foreign Policy of Hitler:

H e adopted aggressive Nationalism and imperialism He preached the gospel of victorious sword. He said who cannot fight

does not have any right to live in the world. He broke the treaty of Versailles He gave Pan German unity slogan He conquered one country after another like Denmark, Norway,

Luxemberg and Belgium

Foreign Policy of Mussolini: Mussolini used to say Italy must expand or perish He captured Abyssinia/Ethiopia in 1936 He adopted the policy of aggressive Nationalism and imperialistic designs He regained the islands of Rhodes He turned Albania into protectorate State

How Mussolini rose to power? In march 1919 he formed the Fascist party, which attracted people from

all sections of society. They wore a black uniform and therefore came to be known as black

shirts.

In oct 1922,the fascist bands marched on Rome. The very next day the king ,Victor Emmanuel invited Mussolini to form the govt.

How Hitler rose to power? The party was found in 1919 . Its members wore brown shirts. President Hindenberg offered chancellorship to Hitler,who formed Nazi

party in 1933.Difference between Fascism and Nazism

Mussolini adopted corporate theory. Under this there were 22 National Corporation which had equal no of workers and employers. Mussolini was the head of the corporation.

Whereas in Germany big industrial houses were allowed to work but they were brought under state control.

Hitler adopted racialist policy against Jews and considered themselves as a master race.

Racialism was not part of Mussolini policy in the beginning. Later under Nazi influence Mussolini adopted racialism against jews.

The First World War (1914-1918)

Causes of the First World War

1) Intense Nationalism

* Intense or competitive patriotism means love for ones own country and hatred for others* Kaiser William II, new emperor of Germany went on proclaiming that Germany was going to be the world leader.* Germany defeated France in Franco-Prussian war and had taken Alsace and Lorraine. France wanted it back.* Italy also look discontented. It wanted Trentino and Trieste from Austria.

2) An Armament Race

There was arms race. It is a race if one country increases its armaments other countries are compelled to do the same.

Germany had acquired colonies in Africa .In order to protect its colonies, she began to built a powerful navy.

Germany dug the kiel canal deeper to give shelter to its battleship. The Krupps in Germany, Vicker Armstrong in England and Sachinder in

France owned high profit armament industries.

3) Division of Europe into two armed camps: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Germany, Austria Hungry and Italy had signed a Triple Alliance.They agreed to be together against enemy attack.

As opposed to Triple Alliance emerged the Triple Entente comprising England, France and Russia

4) Imperialism : race for colonies

Great Britain established many colonies in Africa, followed by France, Spain, Portugal and Belgium. When Germany entered the race for establishing colonies , Britain and France made a secret agreement.

Britain was to have a control over Egypt and France was to take control of Morocco.

The French control over Morocco was opposed by Germany.

Germany tried to force her opinion on France by sending a gun boat, Panther.

5) Immediate Cause:

Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the crown prince of Austria and his wife were assassinated at Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia by Gavrilo Princep.

Serbia was held responsible for Archduke’s assassination. Austria sent ultimatum to Serbia for handing over criminals to Austrian

govt. She sought a ban on all anti Austrian publications, anti Austrian schools and meetings.

The Serbian govt. refused to accept some demands since it took away its sovereignty.

Austria declared war on Serbia on 28 July, 1914.

How did America entry into the war tilt the balance in favour of Allies?Under sea U- boat of Germany sunk Britain fastest Atlantic ship Lusitania which was sailing from New York to Liverpool carrying American and European passengers. America was shocked and declared war on Germany. This placed at the disposal of the allies America’s huge resources both in men and money.

Result

Treaty of Versailles:1) War Indemnity:

Germany was held guilty of aggression. It had to pay war indemnity of 33 billion dollars

2) The Rhine Valley:

The rhine valley was demilitarized Germany was not allowed to construct fortification on either side Existing fortifications were destroyed. Rhine to be occupied by allied for 15 years

3) Agreement with France

France got Alsace and Lorraine back She was given coal mines of saar basin for 15 years

Togoland and Camroon were partitioned between England and France. Germany was to supply coal to them for 10 years

4) Agreement with Denmark

Schleswig’s northern part voted for Denmark and Central part voted for Germany

5) With Belgium

Eupen and Malmedy was given to Belgium The city of Memel went to Lithuiana

6) Poland got back the territories lost in the war. To provide Poland with port , Danzing port was internationalized.

7) Germany military strength was crippled

Army was restricted to 1 lakh only The navy was limited to 15000 men They were to have 36 ships Air force and submarines banned Germany was not allowed to purchase any tank or armoured car from

outside8) Poland , Czchoslovakia and Belgium were recognized as independent.

Territorial Rearrangement that changed Political map of the world:

Austria and Hungry was broken up and Hungry was recognized as a separate state.

Germany gave Alsace-Lorraine to France Industrial Towns of Silesia was given to Poland New State Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania were created. End of monarchy in Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungry She surrendered Eupen Malmedy to Belgium

Formation of League of Nation

It was established in 1920 with its headquarter at Geneva. It is based on 14 points of Wilson to guarantee independence and

territorial integrity of all the nations. The main objective was to maintain International peace and security and

not to resort to war. The states were prohibited from entering any secret agreement. The States were not to maintain huge armies, warship and destructive

armaments.

Why did League of Nations failed ?

The rise of dictatorship in Italy and Germany led to the weakening of League of Nations and failed in its object of maintaining peace in the world

Germany and Soviet Union were not allowed to be its members. U.S which played an important role in its formation ultimately decided not to join it.

League of Nations did not take any collective action against the aggressive act of Italy in Ethiopia and Japan in Manchuria and Germany act of aggression on Austria and ultimately on Poland.

Cold War:

The entire world was divided into two power blocs. Western bloc led by USA a capitalist bloc and the communist bloc led by Russia.

Cold war is a state of state of extreme political unfriendliness between two or more countries. There is a war of words the actual war does not take place

Consequences of the cold war:

There was a mad race for armaments. It led the formation of alliance such as NATO, SEATO and Warsaw pact The cold war led to Berlin Blockade, Crises over missile in Cuba and

military intervention in Czechoslovakia

Formation of United Nations:

Men looked for the happier world so it led to the formation of UN on 24Oct, 1945.

The UN charter lays down Peace, Security and Faith in Human Dignity as the major principles and objective of UN

To avoid future nuclear war To coordinate the actions of nations in order to bring International

cooperation in solving eco, social and cultural problems.

CH-13 Second World WarCauses :

Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles: Germany military strength was reduced to 10000 and Navy to 15000 men. Germany was to pay war indemnity of 33 billion dollars She had to supply coal to Belgium for 10 years

Rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany:

Italy spent a lot of many during the war but did not get anything from spoil of war.

Economic crises were there in both the countries. Fascist had imperialist and aggressive outlook. They acquired Addis

Germany discontinued treaty of Versailles and occupied Austria, Sudetland and Czechoslavia.

Policy of Appeasement towards Germany: England and French adopted towards Germany for two reasons. They thought that Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh. Secondly, they thought if the genuine grievance of Germany were

removed , she would be satisfied and would not disturb the world peace. They did nothing when Germany started rearming and acquired

Sudetland and Czechoslovakia. The Western powers wanted to check the rising tides of Communism and

the Russian power.

Policy of Appeasement towards Japan:

Japan invaded China and acquired Manchuria to increase its wealth. China appealed to the League of Nations to take actions against the

aggressors but they did not stop Japan. They thought that Japan could be used to weaken China.

Failure of the League of Nations :

When the weaker Nations appealed to the League to take action against the aggressors, the just imposed the economic sanctions.

They did not take action against aggression of Italy in Ethopia, Japan’s invasion on Manchuria and Germany acquiring Austria.

Immediate Cause:

Germany demanded Danzing Corridor from Poland for two reasons First City of Danzing was inhabited by Germans. Secondly It would connect Prussia with Germany. British and France pledged assistant to Poland against Germany.

On 1 September, 1939 Germans attacked Poland. On 3 September, Britain and France attacked Germany.

How US was involved in the 2nd World War: Japan attacked Peral Harbour in Hawaii which was US fleet base. Japan destroyed many battleships (188) and naval vessels It brought US into World War 2 U S declared war on Japan and other Axis power

Consequences/Results:Defeat of the Axis powers

The war resulted in the overthrow of the Fascist and Nazi dictatorshipJapanese, German and Italian dictatorial regimes surrendered to the allies.

The allies occupied Germany and it was partitioned it into 4 zones An international Tribunal was set up to punish serious offenders against

human Japan was brought under the control of the American General Mac

Arthur. The Japanese emperor acted as a Constitutional Monarch. Germany came under the influence of two ideologies. GDR emerged as a

Communist State and FRG had a liberal Democratic system