10-14-14 review: theories of composition ch 5 & 6, taw responding to writing agenda:
TRANSCRIPT
10-14-14
•Review: Theories of Composition
•Ch 5 & 6, TAW
•Responding to Writing
Agenda:
Subject
Text
Writer
CONTEXT
Reader
Expressiv
is
t Formalist
Constructivist
Writing and Choice: from TAW, chapter 5
Many of our students have lost sight of the real value that comes from writing well. Like reading, students often see writing as just another painful obstacle they must overcome to earn a diploma. (90)
One reason students don’t write well is that they do not care what they are writing about. (90)
A student who cares about her paper is much more likely to closely revise; a student who does not care about her paper will treat the revision process lightly, if at all. (91)
Generally speaking, … people do not work hard on tasks they hate doing. (93)
Reading: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gokm9RUr4ME
Breaking Down the Aversion to Writing
What they know:
*Find the Fib (to elicit narratives)
*Writing Territories (for description or “how to” papers)
*Funneling a Territory (“seeing the subject through a 1” frame”)
*Topic Blast (again, to focus on something small)
*The Myth of the Boring Topic (to sell kids on writing)
*What Bugs Me (to help find a personal voice)
*Good Ideas/Bad Ideas (another invention technique)
*Explorations (to learn how to ask useful questions)
*I Remember (to engage personal expertise)
*Pass the Portrait (using images to elicit writing)
Gallagher’s “Limited Choice” Assignments
“Introduce Yourself” Notebook – various kinds of personal writing
“Capture Your Community” – using images to elicit writing
“Writing Fountain” – generating stories related to a topic
“Words of Wisdom” – response to a novel
“Half-and-Half Paper” – includes student-generated question
“Four-Sided Argument” – to understand different perspectives
These assignments give students a degree of competence and confidence to help them move on to traditional academic kinds of writing…
Purpose & Audience: Why Writers Write
Getting “a Range of Purposes” into the Classroom
Writer’s Notebook: rehearse the “purpose of the month”
“Article of the Week”: identify the purpose (& audience)
Revise the Purpose: rewrite a piece with a different purpose
Purpose Packet: identify the purpose of each article
Purpose Hunt: find an article with each assigned purpose
Identify the Purpose in Core Works: make it a habit
“Exploration Cubes”: explore first, then identify purpose
And since purpose generally implies an audience…
Getting Real Audiences (inside & outside the classroom)
Author’s Chair: author reads aloud to the whole class
RAGtime: read-around groups
Golden Lines: particularly strong lines from student drafts
Targeted Bulletin Board: samples of specific kinds of writing
Classroom Anthologies: student work
Write Outside: to public figures & public forums
Other Eyes: swap papers with other teachers
Campus Displays: bulletin boards, display cases
Writing Contests: NCTE, TeenInk, Scholastic, etc
Public Readings: invite family and friends
Writing an assignment is a writing task.
You are the writer.
Your students are readers.
What do you want them to do?
What might interfere with their understanding of what you want?
How might you reduce the interference?
Teacher Comments on Successful and Unsuccessful Assignments…
Traits of Successful Assignments Students have a degree of choiceStudents are interested in the workStudents have a personal connection Work is relevant to student goalsAssignment is concrete & specific:
*clear instructions*clear expectations
Teacher provides tools (scaffolding)and feedback along the way
Models of successful & unsuccessfulwork are provided
Includes low stakes elements beforehigh stakes performance
Is appropriate for students’ ability leveland confidence level
Traits of Unsuccessful Assignments High stakes without adequate practiceTask is artificial (i.e., meaningless) Format is unclearSome terms are undefinedWork has no clear value to students Work is beyond students’ capabilitiesWork is outside students’ comfort zoneWork is outside students’ trust zoneWork is overwhelming
Task:What do I want students to do?What will students learn from completing this task?If I am trying to assess something, what am I trying to assess?What will I learn from reading the student work? (What will the work show me?) Sequencing:Can the task be broken into sub-tasks, or steps?Must students complete the steps in a specific order? Have I taught the skills and content necessary for each step?Might it be helpful to break the assignment into smaller, one-step assignments? Writing Processes:How do I want students to complete the work – alone/pairs/groups? home/school?Will they practice any parts of the assignment in class?Have I provided information about length, format, use of sources, and other key elements?Have I provided written instructions, along with grading criteria?
Heuristic for Creating Effective Writing Assignments(adapted from Edward White, Assigning, Responding, Evaluating, 4th ed.)
Audience:Who is the intended audience – me (as teacher) or an imagined audience?Could I expand the audience beyond only the teacher?Has the class adequately discussed how to write for this particular audience? Schedule:When will students work on the assignment?How much time will they need inside and outside class?Do I need to build in deadlines for stages of the project?How does this assignment fit with what comes before and after it in the course? Assessment:How will I evaluate the work?What constitutes a successful response to the assignment?Have I discussed the criteria with the students?Have I completed the assignment myself? If so, what problems did I encounter?How can the assignment be clarified or otherwise improved?
Heuristic for Creating Effective Writing Assignments(adapted from Edward White, Assigning, Responding, Evaluating, 4th ed.)
Explain key terms:List – name one by one, with comments as appropriate
Enumerate – list in a meaningful sequence
Outline – give a plan for proceeding in a logical order
Design – create a more elaborate plan than an outline, with drawings, charts, sketches, or other visuals
Summarize – state the main points in a concise way
Review – give a quick survey of several positions
Interpret – Explain in detail what something means
Define – Present in detail the essential traits of something, and show how if differs from similar things
Prove – Provide evidence to show that something is true
Demonstrate – Add to proof examples of applications of whatever has been shown to be true
(from Edward White, Assigning, Responding, Evaluating, 4th ed.)
Activities that happen before you put something
on page or screen
Act of putting something on page
or screen
Activities that happen after you put something
on page or screen
PREWRITE DRAFTREWRITE
&PUBLISH
observing,collecting,listening,thinking,reading,talking,
researching,doodling, drawing,
freewriting,etc.
writing,typing,texting,drawing,speaking,
etc
adding, deleting,reading, listening, moving, fixing,
tweaking,changing,
conforming,organizing, polishing, letting go
Have you taught all the parts?Do students know all the parts?Can students do all the parts?
Putting Theory into Practice
Select a “hot topic” in education – an issue about which there is currently discussion and disagreement – and write a paper of 800-1200 words in which you explain the topic and the different views, cite at least four published articles (or editorials or book chapters) relevant to the discussion, and state and support your position on the issue. Use MLA format for citations, and include a Works Cited page.
This is an actual assignment given to high school seniors in a dual-credit Education 100 class. How would you help them read and understand the assignment?
Select a “hot topic” in education – an issue about which there is currently discussion and disagreement – and write a paper of 800-1200 words in which you explain the topic and the different views, cite at least four published articles (or editorials or book chapters) relevant to the discussion, and state and support your position on the issue. Use MLA format for citations, and include a Works Cited page. What do students need to be able to do to complete this assignment successfully?
What constitutes a “hot topic”?Is it OK to have 795 words? Do the words in the Works Cited count toward the total?What does it mean to “explain the topic”? (Is that the thesis?)How many “different views” must be included?Does an website count as a “published article”?Must I “state [my] position” in the opening paragraph?How much support is required?How do I cite a website? an interview?Must the paper have a running header?Are footnotes OK?
Once students write, they expect you to respond…
ProofreaderFixes errors (and assumes responsibility for finding errors)
EditorPolishes the text; tells writers what to do to improve (and assumes some responsibility for the quality of the revised draft)
CriticEvaluates quality; points out positives and negatives (and assumes responsibility for “correctness” of evaluations)
Roles Readers Can Play When Responding
CheerleaderPraises the “good stuff” (and, like the critic, assumes responsibility for “correctness” of evaluations)
FacilitatorHelps writers make their own decisions; points out potential problem areas and suggests options (and makes the writer responsible for his or her decisions)
Roles Readers Can Play When Responding
AllyTries to help authors get by the gatekeeper (and shares some responsibility with the writer, at least for offering good advice)
GatekeeperStops sub-standard material from passing (and is responsible to the institution for “quality control”)
Roles Readers Can Play When Responding
Quality of ideas
Appropriateness of the material
Accuracy of content presented
Organization of ideas
Depth/development of ideas
Likely audience reactions
Stylistic issues
Grammar/mechanics issues
Aspects on Which to Comment:
From Straub & Lunsford, 12 Readers Reading
Ways to Respond:
From Straub & Lunsford, 12 Readers Reading
More Options for Responding
No Responding: Sharing
Sometimes it’s enough simply to let the writer read aloud
Descriptive Responding
•Sayback – Tell the reader what the text says to you
•Pointing – Point to, or identify, key words or phrases
•What’s Almost Said – Identify what the writing implies
•Structure / Voice / Point of View / Level of Abstraction / Attitude toward Reader / Language / Diction / Syntax – Identify these aspects for the writer
•Metaphorical Description – Describe the shape or some other feature of the text
From Elbow & Belanoff, Sharing & Responding
More Options for Responding
Analytical Responding
•Skeleton feedback – Identify reasons & support, assumptions, and the implied audience
•Believing – Accept everything & offer additional ideas to help build the case
•Doubting – Challenge everything & offer counter arguments that are not addressed
•Descriptive outline – Explain what the text says and does
Reader-Based Responding: Movies of the Reader’s Mind
Criteria-Based Responding: Compare Text to a Rubric
From Elbow & Belanoff, Sharing & Responding
Putting Theory into Practice
Read the student paper written in response to the prompt discussed earlier. Spending about 10-15 minutes on the paper, respond to the student and assign a grade to the paper.
Which aspects of the textdid you respond to?
Quality of ideas
Appropriateness of the material
Accuracy of content presented
Organization of ideas
Depth/development of ideas
Likely audience reactions
Stylistic issues
Grammar/mechanics issues
How did you phrase your comments?
Make a correction Give a command Make a judgment Offer a suggestion Request a change Request additional informationAsk a questionReact subjectively Give a related assignment Acknowledge effortOffer encouragement
Now imagine that you are the student. Write your reaction/response to the teacher’s comments on your paper.
Teacher Comments on Effective and Ineffective Responses…
Traits of Effective Responses Specific goals/questions/tasksFocused/targetedPositive (i.e., praise)Evaluations included suggestionsNot too numerous: just a few comments per paperMaybe combine with a short conference to be sure students understand commentsTrain students how to read our particular comments
Traits of Ineffective Responses Generic (“nice,””good,””awk”)Not fully explainedToo many comments per paperIncomplete thoughtsIllegible
For next week, read and respond to TAW, Ch. 7-end.