1. What’s happening in this picture?

2. Where are these events occurring?

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 5-5, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 5-5, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions

3. Which part of the empire was Gaul a part of?

4. Which part of the empire was Greece a part of?

5. What is the name of the area that Greece is located in?

6. What was the capital of the Eastern Empire?

7. Use the map on the next page. What name does this city become in the

Middle Ages?

8. See slide 16 to find out what is the city’s name today.

476: Germanic tribes conquered the old Roman Empire Territories

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 5-5, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions

9. What tribes are attacking Rome?

10. What tribes are attacking the Eastern half?

11. Which half of the Roman Empire is being attacked the most?

12. What will these attacks lead to?

By 395 AD, Diocletian had divided the Roman Empire

Byzantium = eastern empire

Rome = western empire

476, Germanic forces from the north conquered the Western Roman Empire

Byzantium survived for almost another 1000 years and carried on the Greco-Roman tradition.

Middle Ages = European history between the

fall of the Roman Empire (476) and the Modern

Era (1450)

Also called the Medieval Period (“Medium”

is Latin for Middle; “aevum” is Latin for age)

Early Middle Ages = 500 – 1000 C.E.

High Middle Ages = 1000 – 1300 C.E.

Late Middle Ages = 1300 – 1500 C.E.

13. When were the Middle Ages?

14. Define Middle Ages.

15. The Medieval Period is divided into what 3 parts?

pestilence, war, famine, & death

Some believed that

• Instability after Rome’s fall

• Lawlessness, corruption, political

assassinations, & starvation

• No national government; local

regional lords held the power

• Lords controlled estates through

feudalism

• Constant fear of plunderers and

robbers

• High inflation and low trade

500-1000 C.E.

16. Write a paragraph describing the political situation in

the Early Middle Ages.

• 4th Century: Emperor Constantine

established a capital at

Constantinople

• Carried on Greco-Roman traditions

in the East

• Strong Hellenistic culture

• Prosperous commercial center

• 2 emperors ruled Eastern/Western

halves of the Roman Empire

• Initially, official language was Latin

• 6th century: Greek became the

official language

Eastern ½ of the Roman

Empire = Byzantium

Becomes the Byzantine

Empire after Rome falls

Survives almost 1,000 years

after Rome’s collapse

At 1st, the Byzantines

controlled only a small area

around the eastern

Mediterranean

Justinian (527-565), expanded

& recovered much of the

territory of the old Roman

empire

Constantinople was the capital of Byzantium for

almost 1,000 years

Largest city in Medieval Europe

Major center of commerce

Constantinople is Istanbul today

17. Why

is the city

walled?

18. What

is this

building?

See slide

25

Glencoe Chapter Transparency 9, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

The

Golden

Horn =

inlet off of

the

Bosporus

that forms

a natural

harbor

19. Which 2 larger bodies of water are connected by the

Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles?

20. Why is Constantinople in an ideal location for protection

from attack?

21. Which rivers provided trading routes to inland areas of

Europe and Asia?

Use the map on slide 16 to answer the following questions on a

sheet of notebook paper.

The Golden Horn

Justinian = ruled as an autocrat

Autocrat – ruler who has complete authority

Justinian & Theodora created a huge Christian empire

The empire reached its greatest size under their rule

Queen Theodora

This map depicts the Empire at the death of Justinian I, who had reigned from 527 to 565 as sole Emperor, sometimes in concert, and sometimes in conflict, with his powerful wife Theodora.

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 9-4, Copyright by the McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Number the questions below 22-24 and answer them in your notes

= “The New Rome”

Wealthy

Produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine

Traded for spices, ivory and precious stones

Traders used the Silk Road and other trade routes

Traders traveled as far as China and India

22. What products did the Byzantines trade?

23. Where did the Silk Road begin in the east?

24. Name 3 deserts the Silk Road goes around.

25. What sea’s eastern shore does the Silk Road end on?

Sponsored a Rebuilding Program in Constantinople

Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom)

• Most buildings were

built by architects

• Justinian selected 2

Greek mathematicians

• Results = combines

Greek balance &

proportion with Roman

engineering skills

• Great central dome is

supported by 4 corners

The walls and ceiling are lined with golden mosaics and windows

Mosaics are pictures made of tiny pieces of cut glass and stone

The mosaics illustrate stories from the Old Testament and from local history

The Virgin and Child with Emperors Justinian (left) and Constantine (right)

26. What is Justinian holding?

27. What is Constantine holding?

28. What are the dome and walls lined with?

29. How does this affect the lighting in the building?

500-800: Catholic Church debated several issues

1. Was Jesus flesh, spirit or a combination of both?

2. Use of relics – bones/objects connected with saints

• The Eastern Church

disagreed with using

relics and images.

•They were iconoclasts

= image breakers

• Monks white-washed

images of Jesus & the

saints

3. Romans believed that

Rome should be the

head of the Church

because the apostle

Peter spent his last

years in Rome.

4. Byzantines didn’t accept

Rome’s leadership of

the Catholic Church

• Disagreements led to a split in the Catholic Church

• 1054 – Great Schism = separation

- Eastern Orthodox Church (Greek & Russian)

- Western Catholic Church (Roman)

• Patriarch = the head of the

Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church

• Pope = the head of the Roman

Catholic Church

•Rome doesn’t believe

priests should marry;

Eastern Orthodox do

• Roman Catholics don’t

accept divorce; Eastern

Orthodox allow

• Roman Catholics worship

in Latin

•Eastern Orthodox worship

in Greek

Jesus Christ giving Saint Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Catholic doctrine says that Jesus made

Saint Peter the first pope. This established a link between Jesus and the papacy. The pope is viewed as the

apostles’ heir. This doctrine gave the papacy tremendous power. The advantages taken by certain popes of

this and other doctrines was later criticized by many Christian reformers.

Fresco by Perugino Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York

30. What was the Great Schism of 1054?

31. Name 3 issues the Eastern Orthodox and

Roman Catholics disagreed on.

Rebuilt the

Hippodrome

Used for gladiator

fights and chariot races

Justinian I organized

the first written

compilation of Roman

law

Called The Justinian

Code

Influenced the

development of the civil

law system in many

countries

32. What is

happening in this

slide?

33. What are the

men doing?

34. Who are the

men?

Laws were fairer to women. They

could own property and raise their

own children after their husbands

died.

Children were allowed to choose

their own marriage partners.

Slavery was legal and slaves must

obey their masters.

Punishments were detailed and fit

the crime

Inspired the modern concept of

“justice.”

35. Why was the Justinian Code important?

36. Summarize 3 major achievements of

Justinian

Roman Law

Europe

Christianity

Missionaries

Eastern Europe

Christian Art

Europe Architecture

Middle East Conquests

East West

Constantinople

Trade

Asia Africa

Europe

Classical and Christian Learning

Byzantine

Empire

Europe

Islam spread throughout Africa, Asia, and

Europe

In the 7th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestine

where Jesus Christ had lived and preached

Muslims were tolerant

let Christians/Jews and keep their faiths

Christian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely

In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem

Persecuted Christian pilgrims

1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert;

Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help

Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the Muslim

“infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands

1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics

The

Crusades

The Crusades continued Between 1096-1212, there were 7 crusades

1000s responded and pinned crosses on their

tunics & marched to fight/die for God

1st Crusade: (1096-1099)

French, German, and Italian armies captured

Jerusalem

Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims &

Jews; stole/ransacked goods

Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding

territories vulnerable

Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa

2nd Crusade: (1147-1149)

2nd Crusade failed to win Edessa back

Additionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in

1187 for the Muslims

3rd Crusade: (1189-1192)

Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river

English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea

captured the coastal cities

unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem

Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast

King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here

Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

The Crusades continued

Saladin (1138-1193)

Muslim leader

Established the

Ayyubid Dynasty

Very devout

Legendary chivalry

Defeated

Europeans in the 2nd

& 3rd Crusades

Spared Jerusalem

Made Cairo a

vibrant medieval city

The Crusades continued

3rd Crusade (1202-1204)

Venetian leaders used the opportunity to weaken their largest

economic competitor

Diverted Crusaders to Constantinople; sacked the city and ruled it

until 1261

Byzantine army recaptured Constantinople in 1261

Byzantine Empire never regained their great power

Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453

3rd Crusade = 1204

Venetian merchants encouraged the Crusaders

Jealous of Constantinople’s economic competition

1261, Byzantines regained control of the city

Byzantine empire never regained its former glory

“Limped along” until conquered by the Ottomans in 1453

What was the main effect of the Crusades?

Italian port cities prospered economically

Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices,

coffee, tea, science, and knowledge

Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to

travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods

Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more

aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in

Asia, Africa, and the Americas

3rd Crusade sacked Constantinople;

weakened the Byzantine Empire

Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe

Broke down feudalism;

Paved the way for the development of European nation-states

Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust

& enmity between Muslims &Christians

Crusaders sacked Constantinople

Collapse of the Byzantine Empire

1453 – the Muslim

Ottoman Empire

surrounded and

conquered

Constantinople

Constantinople was

renamed Istanbul

Istanbul = the capital of

the Ottoman Empire.

Mehmet II

Constantine XI

37. What were the Crusades?

38. What caused the Crusades?

39. What were the results of the Crusades?

40. What was the result of the 3rd Crusade?

41. Who was Saladin?

42. Who conquered Constantinople?

43. When did Constantinople fall?

Economic Influences Religious Influences P

oli

tica

l In

flu

ence

s

Area – Geographic Influences

Socia

l Influ

ences

Intellectual Influences