1 what is ecology? copyright cmassengale. 2 3 4
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What is Ecology?What is
Ecology?
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Organisms and Their Environme
nt
Organisms and Their Environme
nt
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What is Ecology??What is Ecology??
• The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.
• It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in.
• The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.
• It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in. copyright cmassengale
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Habitat & NicheHabitat & Niche• Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives
• Niche is an organism’s total way of life
• Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives
• Niche is an organism’s total way of life
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The Nonliving EnvironmentThe Nonliving Environment
• Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.
• Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.
• Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life.
• Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.
• Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.
• Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life.
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The Living EnvironmentThe Living Environment
• Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.
• All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.
• Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.
• All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
Bioticcopyright cmassengale
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
Abioticcopyright cmassengale
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
Abioticcopyright cmassengale
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
Bioticcopyright cmassengale
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Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
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What are the Simplest Levels?
What are the Simplest Levels?
• Atom• Molecule• Organelle• Cell• Tissue• Organ• System
• Atom• Molecule• Organelle• Cell• Tissue• Organ• System
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization• Ecologists have organized
the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity.
• Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity.
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1st Level of Organization1st Level of Organization• Organism:
An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops
• Organism:An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops
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2nd Level of Organization2nd Level of Organization• Population:
A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.
• Population:A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.
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3rd Level of Organization3rd Level of Organization• Biological Community:All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.
• Biological Community:All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.
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4th Level of Organization4th Level of Organization• Ecosystem:
Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic)
• Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic)
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5th Level of Organization5th Level of Organization
• Biosphere:The portion of Earth that supports life.
• Biosphere:The portion of Earth that supports life.
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The BiosphereThe Biosphere
• Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water.
• The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things.
• Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water.
• The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things.
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What level of organization?What level of organization?
Organism
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What level of Organization?What level of Organization?
Communitycopyright cmassengale
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What level of Organization?What level of Organization?
Populationcopyright cmassengale
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ECOLOGY The study of living organisms in the natural environmentHow they interact with one another How the interact with their nonliving environment
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Ecosystem Community + Abiotic environment, interacting
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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CommunityAll the populations of the different species living and inter-acting in the same ecosystem
7-spotted lady bird
(Adephagia septempunctata)
Bean aphids
(Aphis fabae)
Red ant (Myrmica rubra)
and
Broom plant
(Cytisus scoparius)
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Species A group of organisms that can breed to produce fully fertile offspring
Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Population A group of organism of the same species which live in the same habitat at the same time where they can freely interbreed
The black-veined white butterfly(Aporia crataegi) mating
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Biodiversity The total number of different species in an ecosystem and their relative abundance
Worcester City Museums© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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HabitatThe characteristics of the type of environment where an organism normally lives. (e.g. a stoney stream, a deciduous temperate woodland, Bavarian beer mats)
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Energy and organismsAutotrophs
Organisms which can synthesise their own complex, energy rich, organic molecules from simple inorganic molecules (e.g. green plants synthesis sugars from CO2 and H2O)
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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HeterotrophsOrganisms who must obtain complex, energy rich, organic compounds form the bodies of other organisms (dead or alive)
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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DetritivoresHeterotrophic organisms who ingest dead organic matter. (e.g. earthworms, woodlice, millipedes)
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
Earth worm(Lumbricus terrestris)
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SaprotrophsHeterotrophic organisms who secrete digestive enzymes onto dead organism matter and absorb the digested material. (e.g. fungi, bacteria)
Chanterelle
(Cantherellus cibarius)
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Feeding relationships Predators & prey Herbivory Parasite & host Mutualism Competition
Large blue butterfly
(Maculinea arion)
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The place of an organism in its environmentNiche
An organism’s habitat + role + tolerance limits to all limiting factors
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THE COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLEG.F. Gause (1934) If two species, with the same niche, coexist in the same ecosystem, then one will be excluded from the community due to intense competition
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NicheThe niche of a species consists of: Its role in the ecosystem (herbivore,
carnivore, producer etc) Its tolerance limits (e.g. soil pH, humidity) Its requirements for shelter, nesting sites
etc etc, all varying through time
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS