1 we’re racing! start section start show section start main menu we’re racing!

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We’re racing!Start SectionStart show

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We’re racing!

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We’re racing!

Let’s assume we’ve started.We’re getting close to another boat.

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Wind

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Let’s assume we’ve started.We’re getting close to another boat.If one of us doesn’t do something, we’ll collide.

Wind

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We’re racing!


Let’s invent a rule: “Every boat shall avoid contact with every other boat”.


Wind

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We’re racing!

Wind

Kerrunch!



Let’s invent a rule: “Every boat shall avoid contact with every other boat”.

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We’re racing!

Wind

Kerrunch!



Let’s invent a rule: “Every boat shall avoid contact with every other boat”.Perhaps that’s not going to work…so we need some better rules.

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Safety when two boats meet

• One of them must keep clear

• The other has right of way, but her freedom to manoeuvre is restricted

• But if the keep-clear boat does not avoid contact, the right-of-way boat must try to do so

• Applies to both

• the Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS) and …

• the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (IRPCAS)

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When boats meet – it has to be easy for both to know which one must keep clear. Just three criteria:

1. Which tack is each boat on?

2. Are they on the same tack or on opposite tacks?

3. Are they overlapped?

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Italics mean

a defined

word or term

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How do you decide which tack a boat is on?

Tack is a defined term

Tack, Starboard or Port A boat is on the tack, starboard or port, corresponding to her windward side.

Leeward and Windward A boat’s leeward side is the side that is or, when she is head to wind, was away from the wind. However, when sailing by the lee or directly downwind, her leeward side is the side on which her mainsail lies. The other side is her windward side…


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W - windward

L - leeward

Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat?

We’re racing!Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port

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W

L

W - windward

L - leeward


And so which tack is she on?


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W

LPort

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

LPort

W - windward

L - leeward



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W

W

L

L

Port

W - windward

L - leeward




Head to wind but still on same tack

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W

W

L

L

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

L

L

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward



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W

W

W

L

L

L

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward



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W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward



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W

W

W

W

WL

L

L

L

LPort

Port

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward




By the lee, but still on

the same tack

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W

W

W

W

WL

L

L

L

LPort

Port

Port

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

WL

L

L

L

LPort

Port

Port

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward



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W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

W - windward

L - leeward



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W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

L

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

StarboardL

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

StarboardL

W - windward

L - leeward



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W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

StarboardL

W - windward

L - leeward





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W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

Starboard

Starboard

L

W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

Starboard

Starboard

L


W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

Starboard

Starboard

L


the same tack


W - windward

L - leeward




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W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

Port

Port

Port

Port

Port

Starboard

Starboard

Starboard

L


the same tack



W - windward

L - leeward




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When boats meet – it has to be easy for both to know which one must keep clear. Just three criteria:1. Which tack is each boat on?

2. Are they on the same tack or on opposite tacks?

3. Are they overlapped?

Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap

One boat is clear astern of another when her hull and equipment in normal position are behind a line abeam from the aftermost point of the other boat’s hull and equipment in normal position. The other boat is clear ahead. They overlap when neither is clear astern. However, they also overlap when a boat between them overlaps both. These terms always apply to boats on the same tack. They do not apply to boats on opposite tacks unlesss rule 18 applies or both boats are sailing more than ninety degrees from the true wind.


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Is one of these same-tack boats clear astern of the other?

Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap

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Clearahead

Clearastern

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YES – All of Blue is behind Yellow’s ‘transom line.So they are not overlapped


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Clearahead

Clearastern

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Is one of these same-tack boats still clear astern of the other?


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Clearahead

Clearastern

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No, some of Blue is ahead of Yellow’s ‘transom line’.

So they are overlapped.


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Clearahead

Clearastern

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No, some of Blue is ahead of Yellow’s ‘transom line’.

So they are overlapped.

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Technically, a line abeam from the

aftermost point of hull AND equipment, which would include a transom-mounted

rudder.

We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap

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Clearahead

Clearastern

Overlapped

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Clearahead

Clearastern

Overlapped

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No, some of Yellow is ahead of Blue’s ‘transom line’.

So they are still overlapped.


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Clearahead

Clearastern

Overlapped Overlapped

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Clearahead

Clearastern

Clearastern

Clearahead




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Clearahead

Clearastern

Clearastern

Clearahead



Yes, all of Yellow is now clear astern of Blue’s ‘transom line’.

The overlap has ended.


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Clearahead

Clearastern


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Clearahead

Clearastern

Overlapped

Overlapped


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Clearahead

Clearastern




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Clearahead

Clearastern

Clearastern

Clearahead




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One boat is clear astern of another when her hull and equipment in normal position are behind a line abeam from the aftermost point of the other boat’s hull and equipment in normal position. The other boat is clear ahead.

Equipment that is NOT in its normal position cannot create an overlap. For example:• a spinnaker allowed to fly forwards by freeing its halyard• a retractable ‘sprit’ that is extended when there is no immediate intention of setting a gennaker

If a boat astern with such equipment in an abnormal position is catching the boat ahead, then:• No overlap until the first piece of hull, or equipment in normal position (such as the spinnaker pole) crosses the transom line• and so ( in the case of the spinnaker) the overlap will happen later than if the equipment had been in its normal position

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One boat is clear astern of another when her hull and equipment in normal position are behind a line abeam from the aftermost point of the other boat’s hull and equipment in normal position. The other boat is clear ahead.

Equipment that is NOT in its normal position cannot create an overlap. For example:• a spinnaker allowed to fly forwards by freeing its halyard• a retractable ‘sprit’ that is extended when there is no immediate intention of setting a gennaker

Similarly:• a ‘spinnaker-only’ overlap will end if the spinnaker halyard is eased to make the sail fly forwards• a ‘sprit-only’ overlap will end if the gennaker is removed but the sprit is left extended if that is not its normal position at that time

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Is any part of Yellow behind Blue’s ‘transom line’?

Is any part of Blue behind Yellow’s ‘transom line?’


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Is any part of Blue behind Yellow’s ‘transom line’?

No – so neither is clear astern, so they are overlapped


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Is any part of Blue behind Yellow’s transom line?


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Each pair is on the same tack, and the term overlap ‘always applies to boats on the same tack.’ (Definition Overlap)

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Are Yellow and Blue overlapped?

No. The term does not apply to opposite tack boats sailing to windward and away from marks


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Technically YES, because the definition Overlap says that the term applies to boats sailing more than ninety degrees from the wind.

However, in open water, this fact has no further significance in the rules. BLUE on port must keep clear of YELLOW on starboard.


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Yes, even though they are on opposite tacks, both because rule 18, Mark-Room, applies, and also because they are both sailing more than ninety degrees from the true wind.

In this case, BLUE on port still has to keep clear of YELLOW on starboard, but rule 18 puts a limitation on YELLOW, which will have to give mark-room.

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Is Blue clear ahead of Yellow?

IS Yellow clear astern of Blue?

The terms Clear Astern and Clear Ahead do not apply to boats on opposite tacks away from marks and obstructions.

This situation is resolved by rule 10 that deals with opposite-tack boats, and not by rule 12 that deals with same-tack boats where one is clear astern of the other.


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Is Blue clear ahead of Yellow?

IS Yellow clear astern of Blue?

YES. The terms Clear Astern and Clear Ahead apply to opposite-tack boats when rule 18 applies, or when both boats are sailing more than ninety degrees from the wind.

Both of these criteria make this a clear-ahead / clear-astern situation. As we will see, BLUE on port still has to keep clear of YELLOW on starboard, but rule 18 requires clear-astern YELLOW to give mark-room to clear-ahead BLUE


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Three Main Rules

When boats are on opposite tacks, a port-tack boat shall keep clear of a starboard-tack boat. (Rule 10)

When boats are on the same tack and overlapped, a windward boat shall keep clear of a leeward boat. (Rule 11)

When boats are on the same tack, and NOT overlapped, a boat clear astern shall keep clear of a boat clear ahead. (Rule 12)

Keep Clear

One boat keeps clear of another if the other can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action and, when the boats are overlapped on the same tack, if the leeward boat can change course in both directions without immediately making contact with the windward boat.


Italics mean a defined word or

term

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Is RED keeping clear of GREEN?

What is the test for rule 10?

When boats are on opposite tacks, the test is whether GREEN, the starboard-tack right-of-way boat, ‘can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action’.

Can you make that judgement from this diagram?

Start SectionStart showStart show We’re racing!Definition, Keep Clear

FACTORS• Wind and weather• Size and manoeuvrability of the boats• Speed of boats, and are speeds different?• Eye contact between helms• Hail from RED that she will duck – and a duck!

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Start SectionStart showStart show We’re racing!Definition, Keep Clear

FACTORS• Wind and weather• Size and manoeuvrability of the boats• Speed of boats, and are speeds different?

Is RED keeping clear of GREEN?


When boats are on opposite tacks, the test is whether GREEN, the starboard-tack right-of-way boat, ‘can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action’.


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Is BLUE keeping clear of YELLOW?


When boats are on the same tack but not overlapped, the test is still whether YELLOW, the right-of-way boat, can ‘sail her course with no need to take avoiding action.’


FACTORS •Wind and weather•Size and manoeuvrability of the boats• Is BLUE closing on YELLOW?

Start show We’re racing!Definition, Keep Clear

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In all these cases – opposite tacks, or same tack, not overlapped - the test is whether the right-of-way boat, can ‘sail her course with no need to take avoiding action’.

So it’s not just a question of what the keep-clear boat is doing.

Rather, it’s the effect of the keep-clear boat’s actions on the right-of-way boat.


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The test is first whether YELLOW, the right-of-way boat, can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action.

If their courses are parallel, even if BLUE is close, YELLOW can sail her course.


What is the test?

Is BLUE keepingclear?

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The test is first whether YELLOW, the right-of-way boat, can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action.

If their courses are parallel, even if BLUE is close, YELLOW can sail her course.

But as they are overlapped on the same tack, the test is secondly whether the leeward boat can change course (hypothetically) in BOTH directions without immediate contact.


What is the test?


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…the test is secondly whether the leeward boat can change course (hypothetically) in BOTH directions without immediate contact.

If YELLOW were to luff, there may be contact, but probably not immediately. So BLUE passed that part of the test.


What is the test?


Suppose a luffby YELLOW

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…the test is secondly whether the leeward boat can change course (hypothetically) in BOTH directions without immediate contact.

If YELLOW were to luff, there may be contact, but probably not immediately. So BLUE passed that part of the test.

But if YELLOW were to bear away, and there would be contact, it is more likely to be immediate. If that’s what a protest committee thinks, then BLUE was not initially keeping clear.


What is the test?


Suppose a luffby YELLOW

Suppose a bear-away by YELLOW

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Rule 10 - On Opposite Tacks

When boats are on opposite tacks, a port-tack boat shall keep clear of a starboard tack boat.

Which boat would you prefer to be?


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We’re racing!

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We’re racing!

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We’re racing!

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We’re racing!

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Rule 11 - On the Same Tack, Overlapped

When boats are on the same tack and overlapped, a windward boat shall keep clear of a leeward boat.


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SPOT THE DIFFERENCE


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Rule 12 - On the Same Tack, Not Overlapped

When boats are on the same tack, and NOT overlapped, a boat clear astern shall keep clear of a boat clear ahead.

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Rule 13 - While Tacking

After a boat passes head to wind, she shall keep clear of other boats until she is on a close-hauled course. During that time rules 10, 11 and 12 do not apply. If two boats are subject to this rule at the same time, the one on the other’s port side or the one astern shall keep clear.

‘Tacking’ is not a defined. The word in the rule title is used in its general sense of going from one tack to the other.

However, the words of the rule itself apply to only a part of this action, from when a boat passes head to wind until she is on a close-hauled course. Her sails need not be full at that moment.

During that time, a boat shall keep clear of other boats. The previous three rules (10, 11, 12) don’t apply at that time.

A tacking boat is always on one tack or the other. The tack changes when passing head to wind.


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So Rule 13 suspends the three main rules when a boat has passed head to wind but is not yet on a close-hauled course


YELLOW has right of way under rule 10(port and starboard)

BLUE must keep clear

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YELLOW still has right of way under rule 10(port and starboard)



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YELLOW has passed head to wind andmust now keep clear of BLUE

BLUE temporarily hasright of way



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YELLOW has passed head to wind andmust now keep clear of BLUE

YELLOW has reached a close-hauledcourse and so has regained right ofway, under rule 11, (windward and

leeward)BLUE must keep clear

BLUE temporarily hasright of way



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Two boats that have passed head to wind but are neither yet close-hauled

YELLOWhas right

of wayunder

rule 10

BLUEmust keep

clearunder rule

10


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YELLOWhas right

of wayunder

rule 10

BLUEmust keep

clearunder rule

10


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YELLOWhas right

of wayunder

rule 10

YELLOWmust keep

clearunder rule

13

BLUEmust keep

clearunder rule

10

BLUEhas right

of wayunder

rule 13


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Rule 14 - Avoiding ContactA boat shall avoid contact with another boat if reasonably possible. However, a right-of-way boat or one entitled to room or mark-room

(a) need not act to avoid contact until it is clear that the other boat is not keeping clear or giving room or mark-room, and

(b) shall not be penalized under this rule unless there is contact that causes damage or injury.

Keeping clear is more than just avoiding contact. So this rule does not add to the requirements of a keep-clear boatDespite the first line of the rule, it’s safer and fairer for a right-of-way boat to ‘stand on’ until it is clear that the keep-clear boat isn’t doing so

Even if a right-of-way or room-entitled boat wrongfully allows a collision to happen, she will be penalized only when damage or injury results

So a right-of-way boat or one entitled to room or mark-room can break the first line of this rule - at her own risk


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Rule 15 - Acquiring Right of Way

When a boat acquires right-of-way, she shall initially give the other boat room to keep clear….


1

Keep clear,clear astern 1

Right of way,clear ahead

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1



2






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1



2



3

Keep clear,windward

3 Right of way,leeward




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1



2



3

Keep clear,windward


4

Right of way

4

Keep clear,beyond head

to wind




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1



2



3

Keep clear,windward


5

Keep clear,port tack

5

Right of way,starboard

4

Right of way

4


to wind




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1

Keep clear,clear astern1




When a boat acquires right-of-way, she shall initially give the other boat room to keep clear… unless she acquires right of way because of the other boat’s actions.

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2



1






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3

Keep clear,windward

3Right of way,leeward

2



1






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4

Right of way

4


to wind

3

Keep clear,windward

3Right of way,leeward

2



1






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We’re racing!

Rule 16 - Changing Course

16.1 When a right-of-way boat changes course, she shall give the other boat room to keep clear.


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• So the rate of any change of course by the right-of-way boat is limited by how close the other boat is, before and during the change of course

• If the give-way boat responds promptly, and in a seamanlike way in the prevailing conditions, yet is unable to keep clear, the right-of-way boat has not given her room to keep clear

• There is an exception when boats are rounding a mark, as we shall see later

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16.2 In addition, when after the starting signal a port-tack boat is keeping clear by sailing to pass astern of a starboard-tack boat, the starboard-tack boat shall not change course if as a result the port-tack boat would immediately need to change course to continue keeping clear.

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We’re racing!

Rule 16.2

Additional to rule 16.1

After the starting signal -

P is keeping clear -

by sailing to pass astern of S -


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We’re racing!

Rule 16.2

Additional to rule 16.1

After the starting signal -

P is keeping clear -

by sailing to pass astern of S -

which alters towards her -

and P now needs to change course immediately to keep clear

GREEN (S) will not break rule 16.1 if RED (P) has room as defined to duck or tack to keep clear

But GREEN breaks rule 16.2 if RED now needs to act immediately to keep clear


Rule 16.2 works in a narrow window – if GREEN changes course before it applies, GREEN breaks no rule

But if GREEN changes course after it applies, GREEN breaks rule 16.1

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We’re racing!

Rule 17

An overlap to leeward from clear astern and within two lengths

Not Rule 17

Rule 17


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We’re racing!

Rule 17


Rule 17 over

Rule 17


While they remain on the same tack and overlapped and…

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We’re racing!

L breaks rule 17

L's propercourse


Rule 17 stops applying to L

L's propercourse

Rule 17



are still within two of L’s lengths…

L must not sail above her proper course…

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We’re racing!

BLUE breaks rule 17

L's propercourse


Rule 17





BLUE still breaks rule 17even though she's not

near YELLOW

L's proper course

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We’re racing!

BLUE IS BREAKING RULE17...

L's propercourse

...unless she promptly sailsastern of yellow


Rule 17





Unless she sails astern

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We’re racing!

Rule 13 applies to

YELLOW

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

L's propercourse


Rule 17

…This rule does not apply if the overlap begins when the windward boat is required by rule 13 to keep clear.

BLUE becomes overlapped while YELLOW is between head to wind and close hauled

So here, rule 17 DOES NOT restrict BLUE. She can luff above a proper course at any time during this overlap

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We’re racing!

Rule 17

…This rule does not apply if the overlap begins while the windward boat is required by rule 13 to keep clear.

Here, that hasn’t happened. When rule 13 stopped applying to YELLOW at position 3, BLUE had not yet become overlapped. Only after that did the overlap begin.Rule 17 DOES apply, and BLUE must not luff above a proper course after position 4.

Rule 13 applies to

YELLOW

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

L's propercourse


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We’re racing!

Test your Knowledge

Start Section

Shortly before the starting signal, you in BLUE see YELLOW for the first time. YELLOW is head to wind. Which keeps clear of which?

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Test your Knowledge

It depends on which tack YELLOW is on. You need more information. YELLOW is on the tack on which she approached the line and stopped.

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It depends on which tack YELLOW is on. You need more information. YELLOW is on the tack on which she approached the line and

stopped.

If she came in on port tack, she is still on port.

Which keeps clear, and under which rule?

Test your Knowledge

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stopped.

If she came in on port tack, she is still on port.

YELLOW keeps clear, rule 10 (port & starboard)

Test your Knowledge

Next Section

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stopped.

If she came in on starboard tack, she is still on starboard.

Which keeps clear, and under which rule?

Test your Knowledge

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We’re racing!Start show


stopped.

If she came in on starboard tack, she is still on starboard.

Same tack, overlapped, windward (BLUE) keeps clear under rule 11

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For each YELLOW - BLUE pair, which keeps clear of which?

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PW

SL

PL

P

P S

SSW

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BLUE (11) BLUE (11) YELLOW (10) BLUE (10)

- are the keep clear boats

PW

SL

PL

P

P S

SSW

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GREEN’s case.

Simple port / starboard – and I was entitled to take advantage of the windshift.

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After start, RED will clear GREEN, then a windshift lifts GREEN and backs RED. There is a protest.

RED’s case:

GREEN broke rule 16.2 because I had to luff immediately after her course change.

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Both are wrong.

Not rule 16.2, as RED was passing ahead, not astern.

GREEN has to comply with rule 16.1, even when being lifted on a shift.

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When GREEN was lifted, RED now had to act to keep clear. Did RED have room to keep clear by tacking promptly in a seamanlike way in the prevailing conditions?

If so, GREEN did not break rule 16.1, and RED broke rule 10 (port and starboard) by making the wrong decision and bearing away.

If not, then GREEN altered too close to RED and broke rule 16.1

It will all depend on the conditions.

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Both are wrong.

Not rule 16.2, as RED was passing ahead, not astern.

GREEN has to comply with rule 16.1, even when being lifted on a shift.

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GOING BY THE RULES

STARTERS

What’s new for 2009 – quick guide

What’s new for 2009 – in detail

INGREDIENTS

Reading the signals

Major definitions in action

The Racing Rules of Sailing

The Definitions

What’s cooking?

THE MAIN COURSE

Basically and Fundamentally…

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