1

Week 9 - Systems Engineering

System Wide Requirements – The ‘Ilities’

Reliability

How bad can a “weakest link” problem be? This is the “Silver Bridge” at Point Pleasant, WV, which collapsed into the Ohio River during rush hour on Dec 15, 1967. The cause was the failure of a single eyebar in the suspension chain, due to a defect 0.1 inch deep.

Worst case reliability - Engineering disasters…

• AT&T Network Crash story (See http://users.csc.calpoly.edu/~jdalbey/SWE/Papers/att_collapse.html. )

• Kansas City Hotel story (See for example http://ethics.tamu.edu/Portals/3/Case%20Studies/HyattRegency.pdf. )

• Challenger (discussed here)

2

AT&T network map

3

The Ilities

• Quality• Reliability –

– Blanchard and Fabrycky, Systems Engineering and Analysis, 4th Ed. – Ch 12

– Wasson – Ch 50

• Interoperability• Usability• Maintainability• Serviceability• Producibility and Disposability

4

The Ilities-2

• All are System Wide in Scope.• All are desirable system outcomes.• Technical, engineering, mathematical

definitions behind each one.• Included as Technology and System-

Wide requirements when critical enough.

• How to measure and quantify ?

5

The Second ‘Ility’ - Reliability

• Our focus –1. Reliability Definitions.2. Series and Parallel Systems.3. Reliability Improvement Methods.4. Reliability Prediction and Testing.5. Risk (Ch. 19)

6

Definition of Reliability

• The reliability of an item is the probability that it will adequately perform its function for a specified period of time.

• ‘Time’ is involved – specify units – hrs, miles, etc.– specify time duration.

7

Reliability vs. Quality

• Reliability : includes passage of time.• Quality : a static descriptor.

– Or, may include Reliability as one component

• High reliability implies high quality – converse not true.

• Tire example – – Ones made in 1960 and 2000.– Both ‘high quality’ wrt current standards– New ones last longer – more reliable.

• Microsoft example –– Quality means three dimensions – Reliability, Feature Set, and

Schedule!

8

Reliability Example

• Space Shuttle Challenger accident on January 28, 1986.

• O-Rings sealed the joints in the solid rocket motors.

• Engineers used two O-rings – one for ‘backup’.

9

10

11

12

Launch Details

• During flight, the rocket casing ‘bulges’ which widens the gap between sections.

• Due to low temperature and bulging effect – both O-rings failed resulting in accident. (not independent systems).

• Launch ‘reliability’ calculated (after the accident) as 0.87 at 31 deg F. (but 0.98 at 60 deg F).

13

14

15

16

Three Aspects of Reliability

• Analysis – how to quantify, equations

• Testing – how to test

• Prediction – how do I know in advance

We’ll look at analysis first

17

Measures of Reliability (B&F 12.2, Wasson Ch 50)

• Reliability Function, R(t) – probability that system will be successful for some time period t.

• R(t) = 1 – F(t)

• F(t) is the failure distribution or ‘unreliability’ function.

• Like, what are the odds of the system staying “up” for a year?

• At t = 0, R(t) = 1.0. At t = ∞, F(t) = 1.0.

18

R(t) for Exponential distn.

• R(t) = 1 – F(t) =

• If ‘time to failure’ is (assumed to be) defined by Exponential Function (Constant Failure Rate) then –

f(t) =

t

dttf )(

)/(1

te

Integral from t to infinity is “the rest of the probability” beyond t, i.e., the probability it didn’t fail up to time t.

Like, if half fail in year 1, then half of the remaining ones will fail in year 2, etc.

19

Resulting R(t) function

•R(t) =

• Mean life () is average lifetime of all items considered.

• For exponential distribution, MTBF is

et / This is the accumulated value,

what you get doing the integration.

20

Failure rate and MTBF

• R(t) = =

is “instantaneous failure rate”• M or are MTBF.

MTBF

eMt /

et

21

Wasson MTTF

Light bulb failures

22

Wasson MTBF

• Wasson suggests

– MTBF = MTTF + MTTR

• Mean Time Between Failures• Mean Time To Failure• Mean Time To Repair

– Since MTTR is small, MTBF approx = MTTF

27

The Failure Rate

• Failure Rate is:

• Number of Failures/Total Operating Hrs

• Failure rate expressed as failures per hour, failures per million hours, etc.

28

Failure Rate Example• 10 Components tested for 600 hrs.

• So the other 5 lasted the full 600 hours.• Total of 4180 hours in the test, for all 10.• Failure Rate per hr, 5/4180 = 0.001196• MTBF= ?? (This is a prediction for all.)

Component Failure (hrs)1 752 1253 1304 3255 525

29

Reliability Nomograph - Fig 12.3

• For exponential distribution.

• Relationship between MTBF, , R(t).

• Example : MTBF is 200 hrs (0.005) and operating time is 2 hrs – then R(t) =0.99

30

et

R

MTBF

31

Failure Rates vs. Life

32

Wasson – Bathtub Curve

‘Burn-in’ of electronics devices

33

Wasson – Electronic Equip

34

Reliability of Component Relationships

• Engineers assemble systems from components and sub-systems.

• How to analyze the reliability of the ‘whole’ based on structure and component reliabilities.

• Two simple structures : series and parallel.

35

Series Networks

• Series components – all must function.• R = (RA ) (RB ) (RC) (multiply R’s)

• R = (add ’s)

A B C

etnBA )...(

36

Sample Problem – Series

• Series system of four components, expected to operate to 1000 hrs.

• MTBFs – – A (6000 hrs), B(4500), C(10500), D(3200)

• What is R for the series system ??– (Ans. 0.4507)

• What is MTBF for the series system ??

38

Parallel Networks• Parallel components – all must fail for

system to fail.

• R = RA + RB – (RARB)

• R = 1 – (1 – RA) (1 – RB) (1 – RC)… – (n components)

A

B

C

39

Reliability and Redundancy

40

Series and Parallel Networks

• Figure 12.10- Reduce parallel blocks to equivalent series element.

41

Sample Problems

• Figure 12.10 ‘a’ and ‘c’.

– RA = 0.99

– RB = 0.96

– RC = 0.98

– RD = 0.92

– RE = 0.8

– RF = 0.8

42

Related Figures of Merit (FOM)

• Mean Time Between Maintenance – MTBM– Scheduled– Unscheduled

• Availability – A– Probability that system when used under stated

conditions in ‘ideal/actual’ operational environment will operate satisfactorily.

• Wasson – RAM– Reliability– Availability – Maintenance

43

Figure 12.11• How to calculate

MTBF, MTBM ??

• MTBF – 58 failed ?• MTBM – 100 ‘failed’ ?

A Common Service Shop Finding – NTF, no trouble

found 43

44

Service Life Extension

45

Reliability and System Life Cycles – section 12.3

• What Reliability should the System have to accomplish mission, over life cycle, under expected environment.

• Requirements that affect reliability– System performance factors,– Mission profile,– Use conditions, duty cycle, etc.– Environment – temp, vibration, etc.

46

Review of Key Concepts

• ‘Ilities’ are System Wide Requirements.• Specify ‘Reliability’ as MTBF, MTBM,

R(t),..

• Flow down/allocate top level requirements to functional blocks (Fig 12.16,17)– We have functional architecture.– We have series/parallel tools to do this.

47

Reliability Flow Down

MTBFs have to get larger- See slide 33

Series : Add lambdas

Series : Add lambdas

58

Reliability Prediction

1. Predict based on similar equipment – easy but inaccurate.

2. Predict from Parts Count

3. Predict from Life/Stress Analysis

59

Example – Parts Count

where: n = Number of part categories Ni  = Quantity of ith part λ= Failure rate of ith part π= Quality Factor of ith part(handbook)

60

where: n = Number of part categories Ni  = Quantity of ith part λ= Failure rate of ith part π= Quality Factor of ith part(handbook)

MTBF

61

Reliability Testing - 12.6

• Part of test and qualification.• Assure that MTBF requirements are met.

• Testing :– Either accept, reject, continue test (Fig.

12.30)– Test under simulated mission profile (Fig

12.31)‘Run some tests’ – how confident are we in the results ??

62

Sequential Test Plan

63

Simulated Mission Profile

64

Reliability Testing-2• Establish criteria for accept, reject, and

risks of false decisions.

• Equations 12.29, 12.30. Determine regions for accept, reject, continue, with defined acceptance risks.

65

Example MIL-STD-781

Fig. 12.32

66

Actual Test Conditions – Fig. 12-33

• MTBF=400• Max time = 4000• Failures noted and fixed.• Accept at 3200 hrs.

67

Test Results