1 vitamins and minerals. 2 the nature of vitamins vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds needed for...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Vitamins and Minerals
2
The Nature of Vitamins
Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance.
Vitamins are cofactors, they don’t do anything by themselves.
They are not a source of calories.
Vitamin Requirements Daily Values (DV): standard nutrient intake values
developed by FDA– Disease prevention– Best met through a consumption of a wide
variety of foods
Dietary Supplements $6 Billion Market
They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements” They are not foods, and not drugs.*
Supplements are “Product intended to supplement the diet and contains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and their extracts.”
NOT consumed as a food replacement Loosely regulated, “not evaluated by FDA”
By definition a “drug” is used to “prevent, treat or cure” disease. These terms cannot be used with supplements.
Use of some supplements is backed by scientific data.
5
Fat Soluble Vitamins
A – orange, helps vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant
D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes rickets, in milk, regulates Calcium:Potassium ratios
E – antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant
K – contributes to blood clotting factor
6
Vitamin A
Antioxidant Stored in liver Important for sight
– Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide
Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A can prevent night blindness
Carrotenosis: more vitamin A than needed, orange cast to skin
7
Vitamin D
Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption
Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels
It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make- in the presence of sunlight
Can be made from cholesterol
8
Vitamin D
Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enough sunlight
We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal Toxicity is very dangerous
– Occurs only from excess supplementation– Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart
and blood vessels
9
Vitamin D
Rickets can be caused by lack of sunlight, but also from insufficient
calcium. Vitamin D linked to calcium absorption.
(Rickets reported in NYC.)
10
Vitamin E
A family of eight naturally occurring compounds
Deficiencies are not well understood
Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune response
Americans spend $300 million per year on vitamin E supplements
11
Vitamin K
Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors
Can be reactivated to continue biological action
Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins
12
Water Soluble Vitamins
Relatively cheap to add to food
Only Vitamin C is used for its functionality
13
Water Soluble Vitamins
B1, thiamine B2, riboflavin B6, pyridoxamine B12
Biotin Panothenic acid Niacin Folacin Vitamin C
Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B1
– Thiamine– Involved in carbohydrate metabolism– Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central
nervous system– Deficiency causes Beri beri
B2- riboflavin– Energy metabolism
15
Water Soluble Vitamins
B6 - Pyridoxamine– Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100
reactions
B12 – – Development of red blood cells– Lack of it makes one anemic– Hard for vegans to get (found in meat)
16
Water Soluble Vitamins
Biotin – – Involved in fatty acid synthesis– Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss
Panthothenic acid– Found in many foods– Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates,
protein, alcohol and fat
17
Water Soluble Vitamins
Choline– A major component of cell
membranes– Folacin = Folate = Folic
acid– Deficiency causes neural
tube defects – in mother’s uterus
– Took Rutgers Professor 20 years to for FDA approval as enrichment Why?
18
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing
tool. Antioxidant Deficiency leads to bleeding gums,
hemorrhages High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)
19
Vitamin C - Scurvy
20
Niacin (B3)
Energy metabolism Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s
– Dermatitis– Diarrhea– Dementia– Death
21
Minerals
Issues– Absorption– Bioavailability
22
Minerals
Percent of Body weight– Calcium
2%– Phosphorus 1%– Potassium 0.3%– Sulfur 0.2%– Sodium 0.1%– Chloride
0.1%– Magnesium 0.05%– Iron 0.04%
23
Minerals
Calcium– 99% is structural– ~25% absorption– Vitamin D aids absorption– 75% is obtained from 75% is obtained from
dairy productsdairy products– Many products are
fortified with it– Built in youth, lost in
maturity Very hard for vegans to get enough calcium
24
Calcium
Osteoporosis – a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences
National Osteoporosis Foundation www.nof.org
25
Calcium
26
Minerals
Phosphorus – Easily absorbed by the body– Enhanced by Vitamin D– Deficiency are rare– Soda, phosphoric acid
Potassium– A primary electrolyte in blood– Associated with lower blood pressure– Athletes
27
Minerals
Sodium and Chloride– Added during processing– Enhances flavor– Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension
High blood pressureSalt sensitivity – genetics and race
28
Minerals
Sulfur– Necessary for collagen formation
Magnesium– Abundant in plants
Minerals Iron
– Most common and easily preventable deficiency– oxygen absorption– Poor absorption from plant sources– anemia, especially in menstruating women
Toxicity6 – 12 vitamins with 100% iron content will kill a
small child
(The dose makes the poison.)
Fortification vs Enrichment Fortification - restores lost nutrients due to processing
Enrichment – adds nutritional value to meet a specific standard
Old London Restaurant Style Croutons. Seasoned Sourdough.
Enriched Bread, [Enriched Flour (Flour, Niacin, Ferrous Sulfate, Thiamin Mononitrate, Riboflavin, Folic Acid),Water,Yeast,Sugar,Salt,Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil ,Vinegar,Ascorbic Acid] Bean Oil with BHT added as a Dextrin
“Enriched UraniumEnriched Uranium
Your Work!
Look up one of your favorite foods online. Find a nutrition label or the nutrition facts for that food. Answer the following questions about that food:
– What vitamins and minerals are listed on the labels?– When a label lists vitamins and minerals, does this mean the food is good for
you?– Can you tell if the vitamins and minerals listed on the label are naturally in the
food or if they have been added?– What does it mean when a food has been “fortified?”– Why are some foods fortified?
32