1 universität mannheim valildation plan education – esec association

1Universität Mannheim

Valildation PlanEducation – ESEC Association


Data source: European Social Survey

DE Germany

GB United Kingdom

SE Sweden

IT Italy

NL Netherlands

HU Hungary

ES Spain


Measures of independent and dependent variables

Independent variables: Measures of education

(1) Years of education

(2) CASMIN-classification

(3) ISCED-classification

(4) National level of education

Dependent variable: ISEI

• Prestige of job according to the ISEI


CASMIN educational categories

1a Inadequately completed elementary education

1b Completed (compulsory) elementary education

1c (Compulsory) elementary education and basic vocational qualification

2a Secondary, intermediate vocational qualification or intermediate general qualification and vocational training

2b Secondary, intermediate general qualification

2c_gen Full general maturity qualification

2c_voc Full vocational maturity certificate or general maturity certificate and vocational qualification

3a Lower tertiary education

3b Higher tertiary education


ISCED International Standard Classification of Education

0 Pre-primary 1 Primary

A Prepare for direct access to 3A or 3B --> leading to 5A or 5B

Mainly general

B Prepare for access to 3C Work related; min 25% voc

2 Lower Secondary

C Prepare for direct access to LM LM-relevant voc / occ qualification

A Prepare for direct access to 5A Mainly general B Prepare for access to 5B Work related; min 25% voc

3 Upper Secondary

C Prepare for access to LM or for ISCED 4, but not for ISCED 5A or 5B

LM-relevant voc / occ qualification

A Prepare for direct access to 5A Mainly general B Prepare for direct access to 5B Work related; min 25% voc

4 Post-second Non-tertiary (students have completed 3)

C Prepare for direct access to LM or other ISCED 4, but not for ISCED 5A or 5B

LM-relevant voc / occ qualification

A Theoretically based, prepares for research or professions

Medium Long Very Long 3-<5 5-6 >6

5 First Stage of Tertiary

B Practically oriented / occupationally specific; no direct access to 6

Short M L VL 2-<3 3-<5 5-6 >6

6 Sec. Stage Tertiary Doctoral Research Programmes


Occupational Status (ISEI)* of male respondents by country** and different variables of education

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

DE GB SE IT NL HU ES

EDUYRS CASMIN ISCED NATIONAL

•* Adjusted R-squared

•** The National Educational Classification of Germany is not available for the

• ESS, Edition 5


Highest level of education, Italy

Freq. Percent CASMIN ISCED

1 senza titolo 3 0.5 1a 0

2 licenza elementare 81 12.2 1b 1

3 licenza media / avviamento professional 235 35.5 2b ?? 2a ??

2

4 diploma scuola media superiore 262 39.6 2c_gen ?2c_voc ??

3

5 diploma universitario 14 2.1 3a 4

6 laurea 55 8.3 3b 5

7 specializzazione post-laurea 12 1.8 6


Highest level of education, United Kingdom


0 no qualifications 243 21.3 1b 1

1 gcse/o-level/cse/nvq1/nvq2 or equiv 303 26.5 2a ??2b ??

2

2 a-level/nvq3 or equiv 143 12.5 2c_gen ?2c_voc ?

3

3 nvq4/nvq5 or equiv 139 12.2 2c_voc ?3a

4

4 degree/hnc/teacher training/nursing or equiv 303 26.5 3a?3b?

5

5 phd/dphil or equiv 12 1.1 3b 6


Highest level of education, Netherlands

Freq. Percent CASMIN ISCED1 not completed primary school 5 0.4 1a 02 primary school or first stage of basic education 47 3.2 1b 13 lower secondary school, technical training (lbo) 268 18.3 1c 24 lower secondary school, theoretical training (mulo, mavo) 185 12.6 2b 25 short upper secondary professional education (kmbo, vhbo) 26 1.8 2a 36 upper secondary professional education (mbo) 315 21.5 2c_voc 37 post secondary, non-tertiary education 105 7.2 48 higher secondary school (mms, havo) 60 4.1 2c_gen 39 pre-scientific secondary school (hbs, vwo) 50 3.4 310 tertiary professional education (hbo) 288 19.7 3a 511 tertiary scientific education, university 93 6.4 3b 512 tertiary post-scientific education (teachers, doctors) 16 1.1 513 Second stage of tertiary education, Ph.D. education 6 0.4 6


Highest level of education, Spain


0 no studies/illiterate 21 2.8 1a 0

1 not completed primary education 52 6.9

2 primary education 116 15.4 1b 1

3 degree of primary education 171 22.7 2

4 vocational education, first cycle 63 8.3 1c 3

5 secondary education 89 11.8 2c_gen

6 vocational education, second cycle 80 10.6 2a 4

7 2 or 3 years higher education (not leading to university degree)

6 0.8 3a

8 polytechnical studies, short cycle: technical architect … 44 5.8 5

9 other short cycle university degree (3 years) 15 2

10 polytechnical studies, long cycle: architect, engineer (5 years) 8 1 3b

11 other long cycle university degree (5 years) 79 10.5

12 postgraduate degree 4 0.5

13 doctoral degree 7 0.9 6


Steps to validate ESEC using measures of education

1) Although related, ESEC as measure of socio-economic position measures something different to educational performance -> discriminant validity

2) Strong positive association between measures of education and ESEC in all countries

3) Strength of associations between education and ESEC should differ by country


Step 1: Discriminant validity

Association among measures of educational performance must be stronger than association between educational performance and ESEC:

national classification

CASMIN ISCED ESEC


CASMIN ++ISCED ++ ++ESEC + + +


Step 1: Discriminant validity (cont.)

Potential issues at this step:

appropriate measure of association

ESEC nominal, education nominal/ordinal

proposed: log-multiplicative models (RC II)


Step 2: Strong and positive association between measures of education and ESEC

All analyses concerning Step 2 are included in previous step


Step 3: Strength of association between education and ESEC differ by country

Differing strength of association between education and ESEC should resemble well-established findings in the literature:

• Association high in Germany compared to other Western industrialised countries

• Association relatively low in Great Britain

• Sweden should take a position in between

• Former communist countries should have very strong association

Measure: uniform difference models


Exemplifying validation steps using European Social Survey (1)

Step 1+2: Calculating association among measures of educational performance and ESEC for each country:

e.g. Netherlands:


CASMIN ISCED ESEC


CASMIN 205

ISCED 157 200

ESEC 36 10 35

Numbers show association parameters from log-multiplicative row and column effect model (RC II)

Problem in general: structural zeros, problem in current data: small N


Exemplifying validation steps using European Social Survey (2)

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4


UNIDIFF parameter

UNIDIFF parameters for the association between education (CASMIN) and class position (EGP)


Highest level of education, Germany



Highest level of education, Sweden


1 not finished elementary school 2 0.2 1a 0

2 elementary school, old 84 7.4 1b 1

3 elementary school 100 8.8

4 lower secondary and elementary school, old 39 3.4 2b 2

5 vocational school 1963-1970 34 3 1c

6 2 year high school 220 19.3 2b

7 3-4 year high school prior 1995 167 14.7 2c_gen 3

8 vocational high school after 1992 36 3.2 2a

9 theoretical high school after 1992 15 1.3 2c_gen

10 university, no exam 117 10.3 5

11 university, exam less than 3 years 91 8 3a

12 university, exam more than 3 years 234 20.5 3b 6


Highest level of education, Hungary


1 never attented school 2 0.2 1a 0

2 1-4 form in primary school 7 0.7

3 5-7 form in primary school 16 1.6

4 completed primary school 195 19.4 1b 1

5 trade school 322 31.9 1c 2

6 not completed secondary school 27 2.7 2b

7 completed secondary school 263 26.1 2c_gen 3

9 college 98 9.7 3a ? 5

10 university 65 6.5 3b 6

11 postgraduate studies 8 0.8

12 degree/phd 5 0.5


Occupational Status (ISEI)* of male and female respondents by country** and different variables of education

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60


EDUYRS CASMIN ISCED NATIONAL

•* Adjusted R-squared

•** The National Educational Classification of Germany is not available for the

• ESS, Edition 5

1 universität mannheim valildation plan education – esec association

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