CEEGIS1- Geographical Information System

GIS terminology

• Geographical Information System• Geographical Information Science• Geoinformatics• Geomatics• Spatial information system• Geospatial systems• Geospatial information engineering• Land information system

InformationSystem

InformationSystem

Non-spatialInformationSystems

SpatialInformationSystems

SpatialInformationSystems

ManagementInformationSystems

GeographicInformationSystems

GeographicInformationSystems

OtherTypes

(CAD/CAM)

GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION SYSTEMS

What is the specialty of GIS?

Facilitates faster process of operations �Provides solution for many real world �

problemsDecision making tool with the support of �

organized data Integrating technology Dynamic map display and interactive query�

Technologies that support GIS

• Remote Sensing�• Photogrammetry�• Cartography (Manual/Automated)�• Positioning technology�• CAD/CADD�• Geodesy/Surveying/Mapping�

UNIT-I : INTRODUCTION

Definition Historical backgroundConcepts Development Qualification and Requirements Elements of GIS Cartography - Map and Map analysis - Co-ordinate Systems

Defining GIS

• A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world (Burrough, 1986)

• A system for capturing, storing checking, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth (Dept. of Environment, 1987)

• An information technology which stores, analyses, and displays both spatial and non-spatial data (Parker, 1988)

Some other Definitions

Definitions, continued…

• A database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database (Smith et al., 1987).

• A decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem solving environment (Cowen, 1988).

• A computerised system that provides advanced capabilities for the processing and interpretation of spatial information from the real world.

• An organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate,analyse, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.

Definitions, continued…

Historical Background

• The traditional method of presenting geographical information in two dimensions is in the form of maps.

• First developed in North America, particularly the U.S. and Canada in the mid-1960s

• Previously been used in natural resources and environmental research

Future developments

Trend of GIS

1960 1980 2012

Technological trend Data

o Multi-spectral – Hyper spectralo Low – High spatial resolutiono Mono – stereo imaging

Hardwareo Workstation based - PC – Mobile level

Software o Desktop – WebGIS – Mobile GIS

Interneto Low Bandwidth – Broadband basedo Web services (Google Earth/World Wind etc.)

Spatial Multimedia

Web GIS

3D and Virtual GIS• To represent the real world better• Better visual impact• Simulate and scenario Development• Real time analysis• Animation