1 transportation vehicles & society. 2 overview pre-1600 –primitive transport 1600-1800...
TRANSCRIPT
2
Overview
• Pre-1600– Primitive transport
• 1600-1800– Rise of the horse
• 1800-1900– Rail, steam, electricity
• 1900-1950– Rise of the automobile
• 1950-present– Freeways, containers &
air
• Major themes– Time– Economics– Accessibility
3
Pre-1600: Primitive Transport• Primary modes of transport
– Foot– Cart– Horse
• Pre-industrial cities– Few open spaces– Inverse class segregation from today
5
1600 – 1800: Rise of the Horse
• Additional transport modes:– Carriage– Wagon
• Major issues– More mobility– More safety issues– More pollution
6
Major Events1603 Wooden rails used in coal mines1605 Hackney carriage introduced in England
1670 Tempered steel springs for coaches
1690 Rim brakes for coaches
1699 Parkway introduced in Virginia
1625 First street paving in North America
1712 First steam engine
1767 First iron rails in use
1769 Iron hoop tire developed
1800 Canada requires convicted drunks to work on roads
8
Intracity Transport
• Horse power dominates• Charging for rides
– Hackney coaches (hacks)– Cabriolet (cab) and hansom carriages– Omnibus (1820s)– Expensive: $0.25/mile
9Frank La Roche Photograph Collection
UW Digital Collections
Omnibus on North Beach Peninsula, WA (ca. 1892)
11
1600 – 1800: State of Transport
Commuting Speed 30-Min. Commute
Accessible Land
Walk 2 mph 1 miles 4 sq. miles
Carriage 4 mph 2 miles 12 sq. miles
Travel/Freight Speed 1-Day Travel Comments
Walk 2 mph 24 miles A necessity
Wagon 4 mph 48 miles
Sailing ship 10 mph 250 miles Relies on wind
12
1800 – 1900: Rail, Steam & Electricity
• Additional transport modes:– Steam powered vehicles– Cable cars– Electric trolley
• Major issues– Steam power– Safety (higher speeds, steam power)– Suburbanization
13
Major Events1804 Elliptical springs invented1807 First horse-drawn passenger railway
1815 First steerable bicycle
1839 Goodyear vulcanizes rubber
1852 First trolley with flush rails
1814 First steam powered ferry
1862 First practical IC powered vehicle
1879 Electric trolley invented
1888 Pneumatic tire
1872 Cable car system invented
1891 First IC truck1896 First car accident in the U.S.
1825 First steam railway for passengers
14
The “Pull” of RailSurface Type Pull-to-Weight
Ratio
Sand, deep and loose 1/7
Dry earth, gravel on earth 1/15
Macadam, badly worn or little used 1/20
Broken stone on earth, cobblestones 1/35
Solid rubber wheels on reasonable surfaces 1/45
Broken stone on paved foundation, asphalt, wood
1/50
Pneumatic tire on reasonable surfaces 1/60
Well-made pavement, dry macadam 1/70
Brick 1/90
Best pavement 1/180
Steel plate or stone trackway 1/250
From M.G. Lay, Ways of the World (1992)
21 Asahel Curtis Photo Company Collection, UW Digital Collections
Plank RoadFront St., Port Angeles (1914)
22From the City of Sydney's Sydney Streets exhibition (www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/SydneyStreets)
Woodblock PavingMacquarie St., Sydney, Australia (1925)
23 Seattle Photograph Collection, UW Digital Collections
Brick RoadJames St. from 4th Ave., Seattle (ca. 1922)
24From the City of Sydney's Sydney Streets exhibition (www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/SydneyStreets)
Woodblock Paving Overlaid with Hot Mix AsphaltPark St., Sydney, Australia (1929)
25 Industries and Occupations Photographs, UW Digital Collections
Warrenite PavementBothell Rd. (1912)
26 Industries and Occupations Photographs, UW Digital Collections
Warrenite PavementBothell Rd. (1912)
28
Asphalt
Brick/Concrete
Granite Block
WoodMacadam/GravelCobblestone
Other
Unpaved
%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Year
Per
cen
tag
eTypes of Pavement in Major U.S. Cities
From Clay McShane, Down the Asphalt Path, the Automobile and the American City (1994)
30
Steam Vehicles
• First tried on vehicles in 1830s– Many cities prohibited due to high speeds
and boiler explosion fears• Relegated to separate ROW for safety
– Gave rise to Elevated (“Els”) in 1860s• Steam vehicles associated with rail in
U.S.• Commuter rail (1830s – 1900s)
– Creates “suburbs” around rail lines– Grooved rail
Horse Drawn Trolley 1st Ave. and James St. (1884)
Seattle Photograph CollectionUW Digital Collections
35
Focus: the Trouble with Horses
• Lots of horses– 1 per 23 people (in large cities)– Teamsters 328% (1870 – 1900)
• Filthy– NYC sanitation removed 15,000 carcasses
annually in the 1880s– Each horse dropped 10 – 20 lbs of manure
daily– NYC manure 800,000 to 1,300,000 lbs daily
(150,000 tons annually)– NYC Central Park stable had a 30,000 ft3 pile of
manure next to it
36
Focus: the Trouble with Horses
• Unhealthy– Tuberculosis (TB) leading cause of death in the
1890s– TB death rate as number of autos
(probable correlation with horse filth/dust)• Expensive
– $1,200 for a tandem in 1850– Freight costs:
• Chicago to NYC = $7.50/ton (railroads)• NYC local delivery = $5.00/ton (horse power)
• Dangerous– Traffic fatalities were higher for wagons and
carriages than for streetcars
37From the City of Sydney's Sydney Streets exhibition (www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/SydneyStreets)
Block Boys and Horse ManurePitt St., Sydney, Australia (n.d.)
Asahel Curtis Photo Company CollectionUW Digital Collections
Cable Car on Viaduct in front of Power HouseNear Yesler Wy. (ca. 1910)
Electric TrolleySeattle Consolidated Street Railway Co., Green Lake Line (1891)
Seattle Photograph CollectionUW Digital Collections
43
1800-1900: State of TransportCommuting Speed 30-Min.
CommuteAccessible Land
Walk 2 mph 1 miles 4 sq. miles
Omnibus 4 mph 2 miles 12 sq. miles
Horse Car 6 mph 3 miles 28 sq. miles
Cable Car 10 mph 5 miles 78 sq. miles
Electric Trolley
12 mph 6 miles 113 sq. miles
Travel/Freight Speed 1-Day Travel Comments
Walk 2 mph 24 miles Still a necessity
Wagon 4 mph 48 miles Being phased out
Steam ship 15 mph 300 miles 5-day Atlantic crossing
Railroad 20 mph 300 miles Principal long-distance
44
1900 – 1950: Rise of the Automobile
• Additional transport modes:– Internal combustion automobile
• Major issues– Affordability– Independence
45
Major Events1902 First mass-produced car (Oldsmobile)
1906 First gas station opened
1912 Fist pneumatic truck tire
1929 Autobahn construction begins (Germany)
1921 Autostrada construction begins (Italy)
1908 Model T Ford begins production
1932 First drive-in movie
1911 Electric starters begin common use
1922 Pneumatic tire begins common use
1944 Interstate highway system first recommended
1920 Motor vehicles = horse-drawn vehicles in U.S.
1914 Fist scheduled air transport (St. Petersburg-Tampa)
1903 First flight
46
Major Issues Shaping the Auto
• Low population densities• Pavements• Prejudice against fast vehicles wanes• Unresponsiveness & monopolistic trolleys• Influence of the bicycle• Social demand
– New middle class status symbol– Allows for suburban living
• Pollution
47
Development of the American Car
Year
Event Registered Cars
Adults/Car
1900
Forward engine, steering wheel 8,000 -
1905
Shocks, acetylene headlights 77,000 -
1908
Model T Ford, steering wheel on left
194,000 -
1911
Electric starters 619,000 44
1912
Windshields common 944,000 -
1915
1st all-steel body 2,332,000 10
1922
Pneumatic tires 10,448,000 3
1925
Bumpers are standard 17,481,000 1.6
1926
Heating, safety glass - 1.5
1930
- 22,800,000 1.3
48
Cost (Model T)
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
1908 1910 1912 1914 1916Year
Mo
del
T P
rice
Price
Sales
400,000
100,000
200,000
300,000
Mo
del
T’s
So
ld p
er Y
ear
49
Values Associated with Autos
• Independence• Freedom• Status• Liberation• Strength• Reliability• Conquest• Romance
56
1900-1950: State of TransportCommuting Speed 30-Min.
CommuteAccessible Land
Walk 2 mph 1 miles 4 sq. miles
Omnibus 4 mph 2 miles 12 sq. miles
Horse Car 6 mph 3 miles 28 sq. miles
Cable Car 10 mph 5 miles 78 sq. miles
Electric Trolley
12 mph 6 miles 113 sq. miles
Automobile 30 mph 15 miles 706 sq. miles
Travel/Freight Speed 1-Day Travel Comments
Walk 2 mph 24 miles Still necessary
Wagon 4 mph 48 miles Phasing out
Steam Ship 15 mph 300 miles Overseas transport
Railroad 60 mph 1000 miles Passenger & freight
Automobile 40 mph 350 miles Some highways
Airplane 200 mph
4000 miles Still expensive
57
1950+: Freeways, Containers & Air
• Additional transport modes:– Freight trucking– Container shipping– Air
• Major issues– Mobility– Speed– Cost– Environmental justice
58
Major Events
1973 Federal Express opens for business
1975 Original design year for Interstates
1955 Shipping containers first used
1978 Airline deregulation
1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act
1993 Interstate Highway system finished (I-105, Century Freeway in LA)
1958 Boeing 707-120 enters service for Pan Am (1st commercial jet liner)
62
Intercity Travel
• Intercity Travel– Initial impetus for limited access
highways– Jobs program (Autobahn, Interstate)– Connect major urban areas and states– Defense
• Intracity travel– Not an original reason for Interstates– 20% of Interstate mileage in urban areas– Still somewhat uniquely American
72
Trucking
40.0%
74.3% ($6.2 trillion)
67.2% (7.8 billion)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Value
Tons
Ton-Miles
Cat
ego
ry
Percent
Truck
Rail
Water
Air
Pipeline
Multiple modes
Other and unknown modes
Freight Movement in the U.S.
73 From the U.S. DOT Comprehensive Truck Size and Weight Study (2000)
Truck Flow on the National Highway System
75
Container Freight
• 95% of world cargo volume moves by ship
• 1955: Modern container invented • Containers
– 1972: 6.3 million TEU– 1997: 163 million TEU– 2003: 220 million TEU
• Cost of shipping: 1% of total cost of goods
77
Air Travel
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
En
pla
nem
ents
(m
illio
ns)
78
1950+: State of TransportCommuting Speed 30-Min.
CommuteAccessible Land
Walk 2 mph 1 miles 4 sq. miles
Omnibus 4 mph 2 miles 12 sq. miles
Horse Car 6 mph 3 miles 28 sq. miles
Cable Car 10 mph 5 miles 78 sq. miles
Electric Trolley
12 mph 6 miles 113 sq. miles
Automobile 60 mph 30 miles 2800 sq. miles
Travel/Freight Speed 1-Day Travel Comments
Walk 2 mph 24 miles Reclassified “exercise”
Wagon 4 mph 48 miles Not Available
Gas Turb. Ship 15 mph 300 miles Cruise ships
Railroad 60 mph 1000 miles Principally freight
Automobile 70 mph 500 miles Freeways
Airplane 500 mph
10000 miles Affordable