1 training session on energy equipment monitoring equipment presentation from the “energy...

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Training Session on Energy Training Session on Energy EquipmentEquipment

Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring Equipment

Presentation from the

“Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia”

www.energyefficiencyasia.org

©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Training Agenda: Monitoring Training Agenda: Monitoring EquipmentEquipment

Electrical measuring instruments

Combustion analyzer

Manometers

Thermometers

Water flow meters

Speed measurement

Leak detectors

Lux meters

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Monitoring Equipment: Monitoring Equipment: IntroductionIntroduction

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• Have you used any before?

• Why do we need them?

• Can we do without them?

• How accurate should they be?

• What properties should they posses?

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Electrical Measuring InstrumentsElectrical Measuring Instruments

What Do They Do?Moni tor ing E

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• Measure electrical parameters: KVA, kW, power factor, Hertz, KVAr, Amps and Volts, harmonics

• Hand-held meters: instant measurements

• Advanced facilitates: cumulative readings with printouts at specified intervals

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What do they do?Moni tor ing E

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• The HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitestermeasures:

-Voltage

-Current

-Voltage/current peak

-Effective / reactive / apparent power (single-phase or 3-phase)

-Power factor

-Reactivity

-Phase angle

-Frequency,

-Phase detection(3-phase)

-Voltage/current harmonic levels (up to 20th)

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• These instruments are applied on-line to measure various electrical parameters

Where are they used?

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HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power

hitester

www.hioki.co.jp

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• Three leads with crocodile clips: red, yellow and black (RYB)

• Used to measure voltage

• Need naked wires

How to use them?Moni tor ing E

quipment

www.electricfence-online.co.uk/ishop/1047/shopscr91.html

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• Clamp that can open and close

• Used to measure current

• Need insulated wire

How to use them?

HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitesterwww.hioki.co.jp

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• Only the combination of clamp and crocodile clips give other measurements

• Power

• Power factor

• Frequency

• Etc.

How to use them?

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• Measurements are taken at the junction or distribution box

• Electricity distribution to different equipment

• Live and neutral wires visible

• Insulated and naked wires available

How to use them?

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Current measurement

Live wire

Neutral wire

Clamp sensor

Display

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Voltage measurement

Live wire

Neutral wire

Display

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Measurement of all electrical parameters on 3-phase, 4-wire circuit

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• Never attach the clamp to a circuit operating > maximum rated voltage, or over bare conductors

• Connect clamp on probe to the secondary side of a breaker/fuse

• Use rubber hand gloves, boots, and safety helmet to avoid electrical shocks

• Consult the operation manual before using the equipment

PrecautionsMoni tor ing E

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Combustion analyzer

Manometers

Thermometers

Water flow meters

Speed measurement

Leak detectors

Lux meters

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quipment

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Combustion AnalyzerCombustion Analyzer

• Measures the products of combustion:

• CO

• CO2

• NOx

• SOx

• O2

• Fly ash, soot, others…

What does it do?Moni tor ing E

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• Measures the composition of flue gases after combustion in percentage

• Measure % oxygen or % CO2 in the flue gases. If one is measured, the other can most often be calculated

• Combustion efficiency can be calculated with an inbuilt programme


quipment

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Fuel Efficiency MonitorMoni tor ing E

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www.fuelefficiencyllc.com/ feinc1.jpg

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FyriteMoni tor ing E

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omnicontrols.com/ lists/gifs/Bach5.gif

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Gas Analyzer Bacharach Fyrite® Pro Combustion Gas Analyzer www.apexinst.com/ assetsnew/Fyrite-pro.gif

http://www.apexinst.com/assetsnew/pdfs/fyrite%20pro.pdf

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• Any equipment where combustion takes place: boilers, furnaces

• Measurements are taken in the duct

• Measurements are used to identify efficiency, leakages

Where is it used?Moni tor ing E

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How to use them: Gas Analyzer

Probe

Displayscreen

www.apexinst.com/ assetsnew/Fyrite-pro.gif

http://www.apexinst.com/assetsnew/pdfs/fyrite%20pro.pdf

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• Always calibrate the instrument in open fresh air before taking measurements

• Check for clogging of the air filters

• Ensure that the rubber tubing carrying the gases to the instrument is not bended

• Plug the open space of monitoring hole with cotton rags

• Use gloves, goggles and safety helmet

• Consult the operating manual before use


quipment

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Combustion analyzer

Manometers

Thermometers

Water flow meters

Speed measurement

Leak detectors

Lux meters

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

ManometersManometers

• Measure the differential pressure across two points

•Positive pressure

•Negative pressure (vacuum)

• The liquid-column manometer is the oldest type: a U-shaped tube half-full of liquid

• Liquid: oil, water, mercury

• A barometer is a manometer!!


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What does it do - PrinciplesMoni tor ing E

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Source: Dwyer Instruments, www.dwyer-inst.com

a b c a b c

h h

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• To measure pressure differential in air pipes, water pipes, gas pipes

• Of various equipment, mainly compressors, pumps, and draft systems

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Where is it used?

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1) Single-limb Liquid-column Manometer

2) Flexible Membrane Manometer

3) Coiled Tube Manometer

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How to operate them – main types of manometers

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Flexible Membrane Manometer

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How to use a manometer: air pipes and ducts

Manometer

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Dwyer Series 477 – Handheld Digital Manometer, www.dwyer.co.kr

Probes

Display screen

• Turn on

• Select measurement unit

• Measured value appears on screen

http://dwyer.co.kr/product_detail.asp?p_no=20

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• Bournoulli equation to calculate velocity:

• Differential pressure = v2/2g, where

• Differential pressure: measured

• v = velocity

• g = gravity

• Velocity – air flow – efficiency fans/blowers etc

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How to use a manometer: water pipes

10 m

Water pipeline

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• Differential pressure = f Lv2/2gD, where

• Differential pressure: measured

• f = friction factor of pipe

• L = distance between two tappings

• V = velocity

• D = pipe diameter

• g = gravity

• Velocity – flow rate – efficiency of pump

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How to use a manometer: water pipes

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Precautions

• Do not expose the manometer to very high pressures

• Always consult the operating manual before use

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Combustion analyzer

Manometers

Thermometers

Water flow meters

Speed measurement

Leak detectors

Lux meters

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quipment

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

ThermometersThermometers

• Measures temperatures of any

• Fluid

• Surface

• Gas

• Two types:

• Contact: clinical and thermocouple

• Non-contact or infrared

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What a thermometer does

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


Measure the temperature of for example:

• Ambient air

• Refrigeration plant incl. compressors and cooling towers: e.g. chilled water, air

• Boilers: surface, flue gases, steam pipes, feed water, condensate water

• Furnaces: surface, flue gas, cooling water

• Waste heat recovery: gas, water

Where thermometers are usedMoni tor ing E

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• Measuring temperature of air, liquids and gases

• Generally not used for surfaces

Where a Thermocouple is usedMoni tor ing E

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Type: AZ RS232, K, J, T thermometer

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• Turn on

• Insert probe

• Read temperature on display

• Wait 2 min for stable reading

How to operate a ThermocoupleMoni tor ing E

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Type: AZ RS232, K, J, T thermometer

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• Any equipment where combustion takes place: boilers, furnaces

• Measurements are taken in the duct

• Measurements are used to identify efficiency, leakages

Where is it used?Moni tor ing E

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• Measure temperature of surfaces only

• Used for:

• Moving objects

• Contamination, voltage, electromagnetic field, vacuum

• Large distances/heights

• Too high temperatures for thermocouples

Where a non-contact / infrared thermometer is used

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• Turn on

• Point to surface

• Read on panel

How to operate a non-contact / infrared thermometer

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Hioki Non-contact Temperature Hi Tester, model 3415-01www.tequipment.net

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Thermocouple:

• Immere probe in fluid/gas and only read measure after 1-2 minutes

• Note temperature range before you start

• Do not touch naked flame with the probe

Infrared:

• Set the emissivity for the surface where temperature is measured

Always consult the operating manual before use


quipment

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006



Combustion analyzer

Manometers

Thermometers

Water flow meters

Speed measurement

Leak detectors

Lux meters

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quipment

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Water Flow MetersWater Flow Meters

• Water meter: measures flow rate of a liquid or a gas

• Time of fill method: tank volume is divided by time to fill the tank

• Float method: distance ping pong ball traveled divided by travel time

How water flow is measuredMoni tor ing E

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• Water flow rate is measured to determine the efficiency of

• Pumps

• Cooling towers

• Refrigeration / AC plant

• Heat exchangers

• Condensers

Where a water flow is usedMoni tor ing E

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Water flow meters used to measure water flow in open channels:

• Turbine flow meters

• Parallel wheels

• Positive displacement flow meters

How to operate water flow metersMoni tor ing E

quipment

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Water flow meters that are permanently installed on water pipelines:

• Rotameter

• Spring and piston flow meter

• Vortex meters


quipment

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006


• Ultrasonic flow meters


quipment

Water flow metersthat not permanently installed on water pipelines

www.rshydro.co.uk

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Combustion analyzer

Manometers

Thermometers

Water flow meters

Speed measurement

Leak detectors

Lux meters

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quipment

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Speed Measurement: Tachometers Speed Measurement: Tachometers and Stroboscopesand Stroboscopes

• Measure speed of a rotating object in revolutions per minute (RPM)

• Used for motors, fans, pulleys

• Tachometers: direct contact

• Stroboscopes: direct contact not possible or not safe

What tachometers and stroboscopes do and where they are used

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Speed Measurement: Tachometers Speed Measurement: Tachometers and Stroboscopesand Stroboscopes

• Turn on

• Bring wheel in contact with rotating body

• Read RPM on display panel

How to operatea tachometer

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Extech Contact/Laser Photo Tachometer, model 461995-NIST. www.mytoolstore.com/extech/tachndx.html

wheel

displaypanel

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Speed MeasurementSpeed Measurement

How to operatea stroboscope

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Source: Reliability Direct, Inc.

• Mark line on rotating object

• Point stroboscope at object

• Change flashing light until marked line stops moving

• Read RPM on display panel

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Speed MeasurementSpeed Measurement

• Be careful when bringing the wheel of the tachometer in contact with the rotating body

• Do not wear loose clothes while taking measurements with a tachometers

• Avoid taking measurements alone

• Always consult the operating manual before use


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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006



Combustion analyzer

Manometers

Thermometers

Water flow meters

Speed measurement

Leak detectors

Lux meters

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quipment

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Leak DetectorsLeak Detectors

• Detects the location of leaks

• Detects almost any leak because

• Short distance/access not needed

• High pressure not needed

• Sensitive to sound

• Filters background noises

• Does not measure the size of the leak

What does a leak detector doMoni tor ing E

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For measuring

• Compressed air leaks

• Refrigerant leaks

But no leak detector will find every leak!!

Where is a leak detector usedMoni tor ing E

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• Turn on and put on headphones

• Move probe along pipeline

• Mark locations where hissing sound is heard

How to operate a leak detectorMoni tor ing E

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Type: Accutrack Ultrasonic Leak Detector, model VPE

headphones

probe

monitoringdevice

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• Dust or smoke should not come out of the pipe

• Avoid measurement at places with high sound levels

• Always consult operating manual

Precautions

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Combustion analyzer

Manometers

Thermometers

Water flow meters

Speed measurement

Leak detectors

Lux meters

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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006

Lux MetersLux Meters

• Measures illumination (light) levels at

• Offices

• Industrial plants

• Streets

• All other (work) places

What do Lux meters do and where are they used

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• Consist of a body, a photo cell and a readout/display panel

• Lux meters readings vary for different light sources

How to operatelux meters

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Photo cell

Displaypanel

Body

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• Turn on the lux meter

• Place sensor where the light intensity is to be measured

• Read illumination levels on the display panel

Where & How It’s Used?Moni tor ing E

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• Place sensor properly on the workstation

• Store the sensor safely due its high sensitivity

• Always consult the operating manual


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Training Session on Energy Training Session on Energy EquipmentEquipment

Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring Equipment

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTIONFOR YOUR ATTENTION

©© UNEP GERIAP UNEP GERIAP

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© UNEP 2006© UNEP 2006

Disclaimer and ReferencesDisclaimer and References

• This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. © UNEP, 2006.

• The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)

• Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org

1 training session on energy equipment monitoring equipment presentation from the “energy...

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