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Tom AckerAssociate Professor

Mechanical Engineering

The WRAP Tribal Renewables Reportand

The WRAP Tribal Efficiency Report

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Outline

NAU Team Chronology of tribal

reports Tribal Renewables

Report Tribal Efficiency

Report The Next Steps

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NAU Team:• Tom Acker, Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering

• Bill Auberle, Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering

• Earl Duque, Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering• John Eastwood, Lecturer, Economics

• William Jeffery, Environmental Attorney

• David LaRoche, Program Director, Center for Sustainable Environments,

also, U.S. EPA – Clean Air Act in Indian country

• Virgil Masayesva, Director, Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals

• Amanda Ormond, Principal, The Ormond Group

• Dean Smith, Assoc Professor, Economics and Applied Indigenous Studies

Oversight: WRAP AP2 ForumTribal Interests Working

Group

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The Tribal Reports: Chronology

Tribal Renewables Report– December 2000 Initiated– May 2001: Draft– April 2002: Final Draft (Under

Review) Tribal Efficiency Report

– September 2001 Initiated– June 2002 Preliminary Draft– August 2002 Draft

ICF Modeling of Impacts– IPM, REMI; ICF visit November 2001

Overall Summary Report– AP2 State & Tribal: Tellus; July 2002

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Tribal Renewables Report Motivation for

Renewable Energy (RE) development

Recommendations to tribal leaders

Resource for tribal staff

Wind, Solar, Geothermal, Biomass, Low-impact Hydro

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Assessment of Tribal Energy Issues– ITEP Assessment: 14 tribes– NAREEP Survey: 27 tribes

Extensive Literature Survey– Tribal economic development,

energy, opportunities, barriers Formulation of Potential

Actions & Recommendations Draft Report

– Policy and program recommendations

– Public review; 17 solicited reviews

Yurok Tribe, CA

Off-grid PV installation

Study Methodology

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Important Findings Lack of energy infrastructure

– Organizational– Physical

Great interest in RE and Energy Efficiency (EE)

RE development Economic development New electrification Energy independence, tribal sovereignty Cultural preservation State Actions less applicable

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Two Classifications of Recommendations

Options for Individual Tribal Implementation

Options for Collaborative Implementation

RE Recommendations

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Develop a tribal energy policy Establish an energy authority Establish an independent tribal

Economic Development Corporation

Initiate energy training and education programs

Expedite the permitting process for RE

Develop a TIP that includes RE Develop RE resources to

improve electric service and for economic development

Options for Individual Tribal Implementation

Navajo-Hopi Solar Photovoltaic

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Develop inter-tribal energy collaborations

Create partnerships with independent power producers

Require federal facilities on tribal lands use some RE

Request funding of existing statutes Expand federal “Buy Indian” program Support federal RPS and tax credits Equivalent “tax credits” Tribal SO2 emissions credits Explore state-tribal agreements

Options for Collaborative Implementation

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WRAP/RHR Background Baseline Information

– What counts as RE– RE info in a TIP

Tribal Energy Issues and Perspectives– RE Projects on NA Lands– Tribal Energy

Perspectives– Analysis of Tribal RE

Development

Potential and Recommended Actions

Appendices– RHR Fact Sheet– RE Systems and

Resources– RE Resource Maps– Information Sources– WRAP Tribes

Report Content

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Abundance of Wind – 60 reservations Class

5ICF modeling highest

penetration of RE is wind

Solar – most tribes with a developable resource

Biomass – majority of tribes with a developable resource

Geothermal – about 20 reservations with a resource

Resource Tables

Opportunities for RE

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The Tribal Efficiency Report

Motivation for Energy Efficiency (EE)

Recommendations to tribal leaders

Resource for tribal staff EE – maximizing the efficient

utilization of energy while minimizing the costs Flathead Reservation, MT

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Build on Tribal RE research

EE literature survey Case Studies:

- Pasqua Yaqui in So. Arizona

- Yurok tribe in No. California

- Confederated Salish and Kootenai tribes in Montana

Formulation of Potential Actions & Recommendations

Draft Report

Yurok Tribe, CA

Off-grid PV installation

Study Methodology

Ke’pel Headstart facility on the Yurok reservation

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Important Findings Lack of energy infrastructure

– Needed to implement EE program Great opportunity for EE

– Numerous older buildings– Significant growth in electrical load expected

EE can free significant financial resources for other uses

State EE measures many are applicable

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Three Classifications of Recommendations

Tribal Sponsored Programs

Collaborative Program Improvements in Tribal Energy Conservation

Tribal Leadership Beyond Tribal Lands

Recommendations

Mission Valley Power on the Flathead Reservation

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Adopt a Tribal Energy Plan Establish a Tribal Energy

Authority Hire an Energy Manager

Adopt Energy Efficient Building Codes

Initiate education programs Create a TIP that includes EE

Tribal Sponsored Programs

NAU Students Tehachapi, CA

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Collaborative Programs- Inter-tribal collaborations- Require federal facilities

employ EE- Participate in federal

programs Weatherization Assistance

Program DOE Rebuild America

Tribal Leadership- Support Demand Side

Management (DSM) progrmas- Support national EE standards

Recommendations - continued

1997 Residential Electric Consumption by End-Use

Space Heating14%

Water Heating11%

Air Conditioning

6%

Appliances (including

refrigetators and lighting)

69%

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WRAP/RHR Background Baseline Information

– What is EE?– Benefits and economic

analysis– Implementation of EE

Case Study Results Potential EE programs Recommended Actions Appendices

Report ContentAlaska 0.344Arizona 1.524California 0.000Colorado 4.352Idaho 0.000Montana 1.080New Mexico 3.438North Dakota 9.866Oregon 0.494South Dakota 4.358Utah 1.522Washington 1.246Wyoming 3.896

Mean 2.471Standard Deviation 2.748

Sulfur Dioxide (lbs/MWh)

End- Present Valueof- of Cash Flow

Year Cash Flow at 5% RoR Comment0 -$1,000 -$1,000 Initial investment1 $250 $238 $250 annual cost savings2 $250 $2273 $250 $2164 $250 $2065 $250 $196

$82 = NPV = Sum of present values

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Easily obtainable:- 10% savings in

electricity costs Possibly obtainable:

- 50% savings in electricity costs

Opportunity for EE

1997 data on energy consumption and expenditure for major energy sources in Indian households (EIA 2000)

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The Next Steps… Seek funding for tribal energy staff Establish/develop tribal energy

programs RE and EE training programs RE and EE Workshops and conferences

with focus on tribal issues Tribal participation in federal and state

legislative or regulatory processes pertaining to RE and EE

Others…

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Questions?

From 2002 Wind Powering America Calendar

Photo Credit: Lloyd Herziger, Enron Wind/PIX10653 NREL Photo Library

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NREL Resource Maps-Created for each WRAP State

-Tribal Boundaries, Transmission Lines

-Wind,Biomass, Solar PV, Concentrating Solar, Geothermal

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Resource Tables

- Developed from resource maps

- One table for each state in the WRAP region

Tribe Wind Class Solar PV Solar Conc Biomass Geothermal TransmissionAcoma 0,2 5.0-7.0 6.0-8.5 40,000+ 0 0Alamo Navajo 2 6.0-7.0 6.0-7.0 0-5,000 0 0Cochiti 2,3 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 345,115kVCononcito 0 5.0-7.0 6.0-8.5 40,000+ 0 115kVIsleta 0 5.0-7.0 7.0-8.5 40,000+ 1 345,115kVJemez 0,2,6 5.0-7.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 1 115kVJicaarillia Apache 0,6 5.0-6.0 6-8.5 0-5,000 0 345,115kVLaguna 0,2 5.0-7.0 6.0-8.5 40,000+ 0 230,115kVMescalero 6 5.0-7.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 115kVNambe 6 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 0Navajo 0,2,5 5.0-7.0 6-8.5 5-40,000 0 500,345,230kVPicuris 2 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 0-5,000 0 0Pojoaque 3 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 0Ramah Navajo 2 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 0-5,000 0 0San Felipe 0,2 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 345,115kVSan Ildefonso 3 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 0San Juan 2 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 0-5,000 0 115kVSandia 0 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 40,000+ 0 230,115kVSanta Ana 0,2 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 0Santa Clara 6 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 115kVSanto Domingo 3,6 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 345,115kVTaos 2,6 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 0-5,000 0 345,115kVTesuque 6 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 0Ute Mt. 0 5.0-6.0 5-6.0 5-40,000 0 345,230kVZia 0 5.0-7.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 345,115kVZuni 0,2 5.0-6.0 6.0-7.0 5-40,000 0 345kV

New Mexico tribal lands and renewable energy resources

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Specific EE MeasuresSector Measure Cost Maintenance Ease of

Implementation Energy saving

potential Residential Lighting retrofit with CFL bulbs Low Low Easy Low New Construction CFL Fixtures (Indoors &

Outdoors) Low Low Moderate Low

Heating and Cooling – New and Replacement Evaporative Cooling

Moderate Moderate Easy High

Heating and Cooling-Duct Testing and Sealing High Low Difficult High Heating and Cooling Service and repair Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Purchase energy star equipment (clothes

washers, etc.) Low Low Easy Moderate

Purchase efficient equipment (high SEER CAC, heat pumps and AC window units)

Moderate Low Easy Moderate

Retire old refrigerators Moderate Low Easy Moderate Weatherization-style program High Low Difficult High Shading and Landscaping Low Moderate Moderate Low Commercial/ Institutional Purchasing high efficiency gas boilers space

heat Moderate Moderate Easy Moderate

Gas boiler fuel switching High Moderate Moderate Low Install LED exit signs Low Low Easy Low Install LED traffic signals Low Low Easy Low Fluorescent lighting Moderate Low Easy High Heating and cooling, low cost measures Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Heating and cooling, high cost measures High Moderate Moderate Moderate

Ground-source heat pump High Moderate Difficult High

Sectors: residential, commercial/institutional, industrial, policy Developed from programs recommended for states.

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WRAP Region

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WRAP MembershipTribal*Pueblo of AcomaCampo Band of Kumeyaay IndiansCortina Indian RancheriaHopi TribeHualapai Nation of the

Grand CanyonNez Perce TribeNorthern Cheyenne TribeConfederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes Pueblo of San FelipeShoshone-Bannock Tribes of Fort Hall

StateAlaskaArizonaCaliforniaColoradoIdahoMontanaNew MexicoNorth DakotaOregonSouth DakotaUtahWashingtonWyoming

FederalU.S. Dept. of AgricultureU.S. Dept. of InteriorU.S. EPA

Staffed by:Western Governor’s

AssociationNational Tribal Environmental Council

* There are 237 Tribes in the WRAP region