1 things to know (a)deduce from faraday’s experiments on electromagnetic induction or other...
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Things to know
(a)deduce from Faraday’s experiments on electromagnetic induction or other appropriate
experiments: (i) that a changing magnetic field can induce an e.m.f. in a circuit (ii) that the direction of the induced e.m.f. opposes the change producing it (iii) the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. (b) describe a simple form of a.c. generator (rotating
coil or rotating magnet) and the use of slip rings
(where needed)
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• (c) sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator • (d) describe the structure and principle of operation of a simple iron-cored transformer as used for voltage transformations • (e) recall and apply the equations VP / Vs = NP / Ns and VPIP = VsIs to new situations or to solve related problems (for an ideal transformer)• (f) describe the energy loss in cables and deduce the advantages of high voltage transmission
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Electromagnetic Induction
Definition:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of electricity using magnetism.
•Need to know: Describe an experiment which shows that a changing magnetic field can induce an e.m.f. in a circuit
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N S
In this experiment, no battery is connected to the coil. Hence no e.m.f. is found in the coil.
SensitiveGalvanometer
0-1-2 2
1
Hollow paper or plastic tube
A stationary magnet is near
the coil
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N S
motion
When the magnet is moving towards the coil, an electric current is induced simultaneously.
G
Induced I
0-1-2 2
1
Hollow paper or plastic tube
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Faster motion
When the magnet is moving faster, the induced current is more.
N S
G
Induced I more
0-1-2 2
1
Hollow paper or plastic tube
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Not moving
When the magnet is not moving, no current is induced even though the magnetic flux is linked with the coil closely.
N S
G
No current
0-1-2 2
1
Hollow paper or plastic tube
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Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
The magnitude (how strong) of the induced emf (or induced current) is directly proportional to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux linked with the coil
or the rate at which the magnetic flux and wire are cutting each other.
This means that when the magnetic field is not moving in relation to the coil, there will be NO
induced emf at all.
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Not moving
There is plenty of magnetic flux linkage with the coil, but there is no motion. Is there any induced current in the coil now? Answer: _________
N S
G
0-1-2 2
1
Self Test Question
Please draw the needle of the galvanometer.
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What law did you apply when you answer the question in the previous slide?
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G
0-1-2 2
1
Self Test Question
BE CD A
Moving constantly
N SBE CD A
Deflection of G or emf induced
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G
0-1-2 2
1
Self Test Question: Sketch the graph as the magnet moves from A to E
BE CD A
Constant speed moving
N S BE CD A
Deflection of G or emf induced
`
Playing back of the graph
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By now, you have learned that the size or strength of the induced current (or induced e.m.f.) is determined by the speed of change of the magnetic flux linkage with the coil.
There is still one more thing about electromagnetic induction you need to investigate. Look at the next slide.
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When a current is induced in a coil, it has to flow in the certain direction.
What factor determines the direction of the induced current?
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Lenz’s Law of electromagnetic induction: The direction of the induced current is such that its
own magnetic effect always opposes the change producing it.
This law is actually related to the Law of Conservation of Energy. The coil needs to oppose something in order to obtain energy from it. The coil itself cannot CREATE energy!
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Beware of a different way the coil can be wound:
The paper tube can be taken away to test you
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Can you spot the difference of winding?
Note: The dotted parts are at the back. The solid lines are at the front.
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N S
Motion
Please mark one arrow on the left end of the coil and one arrow through the bulb to show how the induced current should flow:
Induced CURRENT
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N S
Motion
Please mark + or – signs at the points X and Y to show the induced e.m.f. :
X Y+
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N S
Motion
Please mark + or – signs at the points X and Y to show the presence of induced e.m.f. :
X Y
This induced emf is still there as long as the magnet is moving, even though the circuit is broken and the induced current cannot flow.
Induced emf+
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N
S
Coil is stationary
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22G
N
S
Induced current
Coil is in motion, approaching the magnet
coil motion
N
Induced current
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G
N
S
coil motion
N
Coil is in motion, approaching the magnet
Induced current
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G
N
S
coil motion
N
Coil is approaching the magnet
Can you see the Right Hand Rule ?
This is also called the Dynamo Rule
Induced current
Existing flux Motion of wire
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G
N
S
Coil is stationary again
Existing flux
No more induced current here
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Fleming’s Right Hand Rule is also called the Dynamo Rule.
thuMb -- the Motion of the wire
seCond finger -- induced Current
First finger -- magnetic Flux (Field)
This is actually the result of Lenz’s Law
So, sometimes you use the right hand rule instead of Lenz’s Law.
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This straight wire is moving along the
magnetic field
No current is induced
Wire moving vertically to the
flux
Current is induced towards you
Wire stops moving
No current is induced at all
Straight wire moving vertically to magnetic field.Current is induced away from you
The straight wire stops moving.No current is induced at all.
This straight wire is not moving
No current is induced
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wire cutting flux obliquelywire cutting
flux vertically
wire moving alongside flux
wire moving alongside flux
No current is induced in the wire
No current is induced in wire
Strong induced current
Weak induced current
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NS
Magnetic flux
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NS
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NS
A
BC
D
Motion
Motion
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Motion
NS
A
B
C
D
Motion
Indu
ced
curre
nt
Magnetic Flux
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NSA
B
C
D
motion
motion
No
indu
ced
curre
nt
No
pole
is n
eede
dNo induced current
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NSA
B
C
D
motion
motion
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NS
DA
BCMotion
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NS
A
B
C
D
Motion
Indu
ced
curre
nt
Magnetic Flux
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NS
A
B
C
D
motion
No induced current
No
indu
ced
curre
nt
Magnetic flux
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NS
A
B
C
D
motion
motion
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NS
A
BC
D
Motion
Motion
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N SA
B C
D
Induced
current
Time
A D
Red arrows represents magnetic
flux
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N SA
B
C
D
Induced
current
Time
AD
Red arrows represents magnetic
flux
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N SA
B
C
D
motion
motion
Induced
current
Time
AD
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N SD A
BC
Induced
current
Time
AD
Flux
motion
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N S
A
B
C
D
motion
Induced
current
TimeA
D
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N SA
B C
D
Induced
current
Time
A D
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Induced current / emf
Time
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Induced emf
Time
2.5V
-2.5V
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The iron core
G
How would you demonstrate electromagnetic induction here?
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The iron core
AC Source
Np turns
Ns turns
output emf
Input emf
Insulated copper wire
Primary windings
Insulated copper wire
Secondary windings
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The iron core
AC Source
Np turns
Ns turns
Secondary emf
Primary emf
emf primary
emf secondary
Np
Ns=
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AC Source
Np turns
Ns turns
Secondary emf
Primary emf
emf
Time
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emf
Time
Primary Alternating emf Peak 12V, 50 Hz
Secondary Alternating emf Peak 18V 50 Hz
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The iron core
AC Source
Np turns
Ns turns
Secondary emf
Primary emf
emf primary
emf secondary
Np
Ns= 1
Step-up Transformer
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The iron core
AC Source
Np turns
Ns turns
Secondary emf
Primary emf
emf primary
emf secondary
Np
Ns= 1
Step-down Transformer
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AC Source
Np 200 turns
Ns 600 turns
output emf
Input emf 150V
Calculate (i) the output emf (ii) the induced current
60
(iii) the primary current
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AC Source
Np 200 turns
Ns 600 turns
output emf
Input emf 150V
Calculate (i) the output emf
60
Vp
Vs Ns=
Np 150
Vs 600=
200
Vs = 450 V peak
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AC Source
Np 200 turns
Ns 600 turns
output emf
Input emf 150V
Calculate (i) the output emf
60
Vs = 450 V peak(ii) the induced current
I = VR I = 450
60 = 7.5 A Peak
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60
emf , current
Time
Secondary Alternating emf Peak 450 V, freq 50 Hz
7.5A
450V
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AC Source
Np 200 turns
Ns 600 turns
output emf
Input emf 150V
Calculate (i) the output emf
60
Vs = 450 V peak(iii) the primary current
Power= VI, Output power = Input power
Vsx Is = Vpx Ip 450x 7.5 = 150x Ip
(assuming that the transformer is 100% effecient)
(ii) Is = 7.5 A
,
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AC Source
Np 200 turns
Ns 600 turns
output emf
Input emf 150V
Calculate (i) the output emf
60
Vs = 450 V peak(iii) the primary current
Ip
Is
Ns
=Np provided that the transformer
has an efficiency of 100%
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emf , current
Time
Secondary Alternating emf Peak 450V, freq 50 Hz
7.5A
450V
150V
22.5A
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The iron core
AC Source
Np turns
Ns turns
Secondary emf
Primary emf
Power lost in a transformer, Textbook Page 350
Power losses are :(i) due to the electrical resistance in both the windings
Heat is generated in the wires unnecessarily
(ii) due to the production of the eddy currents in the iron core.
eddy current
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The iron core
AC Source
Np turns
Ns turns
Secondary emf
Primary emf
Such power losses are minimized:
(i) by using thicker copper wires in the windings.Less heat is generated in the wires.
(ii) by using a laminated iron core.
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Power Loss in Cables
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P.S.
L
N
10KV R = 20
2MW
0V
Heating power in the transmitting cables = ?
R = 20
P = V I 2,000000 = 10000 x I
I = 200 A
Heating power in the transmitting cables = I2 R
Heating power in cables = 2002 x 40 = 1,600000 W = 1.6 MW A huge loss
0.4MWPower transmission
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P.S.
L
N
20KV R = 20
2MW
0V
Heating power in the transmitting cables = ?
R = 20
P = V I 2,000000 = 20000 x I
I = 100 A
Heating power in the transmitting cables = I2 R
Heating power in cables = 1002 x 40 = 400,000 W = 0.4 MW A smaller loss
1.6MWPower transmission