11

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

Chapter 10 – Section 1 NotesChapter 10 – Section 1 Notes

World History – Mr. HeapsWorld History – Mr. Heaps

Introduction: Video Clip

22

Background to the RevolutionBackground to the Revolution

Many Medieval scientists did not make Many Medieval scientists did not make observations about the natural world, but observations about the natural world, but instead relied for 2,000 years on beliefs of instead relied for 2,000 years on beliefs of ancient authorities like __________. ancient authorities like __________.

During the Renaissance, newly discovered During the Renaissance, newly discovered works by ______, ___________, & _______ works by ______, ___________, & _______ showed that some ancient thinkers disagreed showed that some ancient thinkers disagreed with Aristotle, which led scientists of the 15with Aristotle, which led scientists of the 15thth & & 1616thth centuries to begin to question ancient centuries to begin to question ancient authorities. authorities. (see video clip)(see video clip)

Aristotle

Ptolemy Archimedes Plato

33

Leading to New Ways of ThinkingLeading to New Ways of Thinking The invention of new instruments such as the The invention of new instruments such as the

__________ & the ___________ led to new scientific __________ & the ___________ led to new scientific discoveries.discoveries.

The invention of the ____________ helped spread The invention of the ____________ helped spread new ideas quickly & easily.new ideas quickly & easily.

A rediscovery of works of ancient _____________ A rediscovery of works of ancient _____________ during the Renaissance led to the development of during the Renaissance led to the development of great mathematical scientists such as:great mathematical scientists such as: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

telescope microscope

printing press

mathematicians

Nicholas CopernicusJohannes KeplerGalileo GalileiIsaac Newton

44

A Revolution in AstronomyA Revolution in Astronomy

The long held view of the The long held view of the universe according to Middle universe according to Middle Age philosophers was called Age philosophers was called the _____________ System, the _____________ System, named after Ptolemy, a great named after Ptolemy, a great 22ndnd century ______________. century ______________.

Ptolemy’s view of the Ptolemy’s view of the universe, also called the universe, also called the ____________ view, placed ____________ view, placed _________ at the center of the _________ at the center of the universe.universe.

Ptolemy (2nd century)

Ptolemaic

astronomer

GeocentricEarth

55

The Ptolemaic Universe The Ptolemaic Universe (Geocentric)(Geocentric)

Earth sits ___________ Earth sits ___________ at the ________ of the at the ________ of the spheres.spheres.

All spheres revolve All spheres revolve around Earth in around Earth in _________ orbits._________ orbits.

Beyond the spheres of Beyond the spheres of the Ptolemaic system the Ptolemaic system was __________, was __________, where God & all saved where God & all saved souls reside.souls reside.

motionlesscenter

circular

Heaven

66

The Copernican System The Copernican System (Heliocentric)(Heliocentric)

In 1543, Polish Astronomer, In 1543, Polish Astronomer, _________ _____________ _________ _____________ published a book, published a book, On the On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.Spheres.

He argued the __________ He argued the __________ system was too complicated.system was too complicated.

He believed in a ____________ He believed in a ____________ view of the universe, which view of the universe, which placed the ________ at the placed the ________ at the center.center.

Nicholas Copernicus

Geocentric

Heliocentric

SunCopernicus

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The Copernican System The Copernican System (Heliocentric)(Heliocentric)

The ______, not Earth, sits The ______, not Earth, sits at the center of the universe.at the center of the universe.

The ________ revolves The ________ revolves around the Earth.around the Earth.

The apparent movement of The apparent movement of the sun around the Earth the sun around the Earth was caused by the was caused by the __________ of Earth on its __________ of Earth on its axis.axis.

Planets orbit the Sun in Planets orbit the Sun in __________ orbits.__________ orbits.

Sun

moon

rotation

circular

88

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler __________ __________

mathematician who mathematician who confirmed that the confirmed that the _______ was at the _______ was at the center of the universe.center of the universe.

He added that orbits He added that orbits of the planets around of the planets around the sun were not the sun were not circular, but instead circular, but instead ____________, or ____________, or egg-shaped, with the egg-shaped, with the sun toward the end of sun toward the end of ellipse.ellipse.

German

Sun

elliptical

Click picture to watch clip

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Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei Italian ___________ & ______________, Galileo Italian ___________ & ______________, Galileo

was the first to observe the heavens using a was the first to observe the heavens using a ___________. ___________. (Galileo video clip)(Galileo video clip)

Galileo discovered:Galileo discovered: The __________ of the moon.The __________ of the moon. Four large moons orbiting __________.Four large moons orbiting __________. The ________ of Saturn.The ________ of Saturn. ____________________

Galileo’s book, Galileo’s book, The Starry MessengerThe Starry Messenger, supported , supported the ____________ view of the universe. This the ____________ view of the universe. This contradicted the Church’s view and led to Galileo contradicted the Church’s view and led to Galileo being charged with __________.being charged with __________.

astronomer mathematician

telescope

mountiansJupiter

ringssunspots

heliocentric

heresy

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Isaac NewtonIsaac NewtonEnglish ___________ & ___________ whose English ___________ & ___________ whose

major work, the major work, the Principia, Principia, defined three laws defined three laws of ________ that govern planetary bodies, as of ________ that govern planetary bodies, as well as objects on Earth.well as objects on Earth.

Newton’s universal law of ____________, Newton’s universal law of ____________, explained why planetary bodies do not go off explained why planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines, but instead continue in in straight lines, but instead continue in ___________ orbits around the sun.___________ orbits around the sun.

Newton’s Newton’s theory of gravity theory of gravity stated that every stated that every object in the universe is ___________ to object in the universe is ___________ to every other objects by a force called gravity.every other objects by a force called gravity.

physicistmathematician

motion

gravitation

elliptical

attracted

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Newton's Universal Law of GravitationNewton's Universal Law of Gravitation

•Newton’s universal law created a new view of the universe. It was now seen as one huge, regulated, uniform machine that worked according to __________ ________. Newton’s _________________ concept dominated the worldview until the 20th century.

naturallaws world-machine

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Breakthroughs in MedicineBreakthroughs in MedicineMedicine in the Late Middle Ages was Medicine in the Late Middle Ages was

dominated by the teachings of the Greek dominated by the teachings of the Greek physician _________, who had lived in the physician _________, who had lived in the ____ century A.D.____ century A.D.

Galen had relied on _________, rather Galen had relied on _________, rather than _________ dissections to arrive at a than _________ dissections to arrive at a picture of the human __________.picture of the human __________.

In many instances he was ________.In many instances he was ________.__________ is the study of the structures __________ is the study of the structures

of body parts and their relationship to one of body parts and their relationship to one another.another.

Galen2nd

animalhuman

Anatomy

wrongAnatomy

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Galen (Chief Physician of Rome)Galen (Chief Physician of Rome) Dissecting both live and dead animals, particularly Dissecting both live and dead animals, particularly

goats, pigs, and monkeys, goats, pigs, and monkeys, Galen demonstrated how Galen demonstrated how different muscles are controlled at different levels of different muscles are controlled at different levels of the spinal cord.the spinal cord. He noted the functions of the kidney He noted the functions of the kidney and bladder and identified seven pairs of cranial and bladder and identified seven pairs of cranial nerves. By tying off the laryngeal nerve, he showed nerves. By tying off the laryngeal nerve, he showed that the brain controls the voice. that the brain controls the voice. He thought that the He thought that the liver was the central organ of the vascular system liver was the central organ of the vascular system and that blood moved to the periphery of the body to and that blood moved to the periphery of the body to form flesh. He disproved the 400-year-old belief that form flesh. He disproved the 400-year-old belief that arteries carry air.arteries carry air. Galen also described the valves of Galen also described the valves of the heart and noted the structural differences the heart and noted the structural differences between arteries and veins, but fell short of between arteries and veins, but fell short of conceiving that the blood circulates. conceiving that the blood circulates.

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Compare what you know to what Compare what you know to what Galen believed.Galen believed.

What controls the movement of muscles?What controls the movement of muscles?

Instead of the liver, what is the central organ of Instead of the liver, what is the central organ of the vascular system, or cardiovascular the vascular system, or cardiovascular system?system?

Galen disproved the theory that arteries carry Galen disproved the theory that arteries carry air. What is carried by the arteries? air. What is carried by the arteries?

The brain & the spinal cord

The heart is the central or main organ of the cardiovascular system.

Blood that is rich in oxygen & nutrients.

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1616thth Century Anatomy Century AnatomyThe new _________ of the The new _________ of the

1616thth century was based on century was based on the works of Belgian the works of Belgian physician __________ physician __________ ___________.___________.

Vesalius wrote a book called Vesalius wrote a book called On the Fabric of the Human On the Fabric of the Human Body, Body, in which he discussed in which he discussed what he had found when what he had found when dissecting human dissecting human _________ at the University _________ at the University of Padua.of Padua.

Anatomy

AndreasVesalius

cadavers

1616

Anatomy (Andreas Vesalius)Anatomy (Andreas Vesalius)

Muscular Skeletal

Dissection

Vesalius Video

1717

Blood Circulation Blood Circulation Both ________ & __________ had believed that two Both ________ & __________ had believed that two

kinds of blood flowed in the ________ & _________.kinds of blood flowed in the ________ & _________. Galen had thought that the _______ was the Galen had thought that the _______ was the

beginning point of circulation of the blood.beginning point of circulation of the blood. In 1623, _______________ published a book called In 1623, _______________ published a book called

On the Motion of the Heart and Blood On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in which he in which he stated the following:stated the following: The _______, not liver, was the beginning point of The _______, not liver, was the beginning point of

circulation.circulation. The same blood flows through ________ & The same blood flows through ________ &

______.______. Blood makes a complete ________ through the Blood makes a complete ________ through the

body. (William Harvey Video Clip)body. (William Harvey Video Clip)

arteries veins

heart

arteriesveins

circuit

liver

William Harvey

Galen Vesalius

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Medical Recognition (Bonus)Medical Recognition (Bonus)

Due to his achievements in medicine, ________ Due to his achievements in medicine, ________ served as the chief physician of the Roman served as the chief physician of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and became the chief Emperor Marcus Aurelius and became the chief surgeon to the ____________ of Rome.surgeon to the ____________ of Rome.

_________________ served as physician to _________________ served as physician to Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V and Phillip II of Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V and Phillip II of Spain.Spain.

_________________ served as physician to _________________ served as physician to both King James I and his son Charles I of both King James I and his son Charles I of England.England.

Andreas Vesalius

William Harvey

Galen

gladiators

1919

ChemistryChemistry The science called __________ arose The science called __________ arose

in the 17in the 17thth century. century. ______________ was one of the first ______________ was one of the first

scientists to conduct controlled scientists to conduct controlled experiments.experiments.

By studying the properties of gases he By studying the properties of gases he came up with came up with Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law – The – The _______ of a gas varies with the _______ of a gas varies with the __________ exerted on it.__________ exerted on it.

_________________ - invented a _________________ - invented a system of naming the _________ system of naming the _________ __________. (still used today)__________. (still used today)

Lavoisier is regarded by many as the Lavoisier is regarded by many as the _________ of modern chemistry._________ of modern chemistry.

Lavoisier

chemistry

Robert Boyle

volumepressureAntoine Lavoisier

chemicalelements

Father

2020

Antoine LavoisierAntoine Lavoisier Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794). A French Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794). A French

chemist who is widely regarded as the chemist who is widely regarded as the father of modern father of modern chemistrychemistry, , Lavoisier showed in 1788 that air is a Lavoisier showed in 1788 that air is a mixture of gases which he called oxygen and nitrogenmixture of gases which he called oxygen and nitrogen. . His major written work, published in 1789, contained His major written work, published in 1789, contained the ideas which set chemistry on its modern path. the ideas which set chemistry on its modern path. He He established the distinction between elements and established the distinction between elements and compoundscompounds, and showed that chemical reactions are , and showed that chemical reactions are quantitative in nature. Among other accomplishments, quantitative in nature. Among other accomplishments, Lavoisier devised a system of naming chemical Lavoisier devised a system of naming chemical compounds, and was a member of the commission compounds, and was a member of the commission which established the metric systemwhich established the metric system. In spite of his . In spite of his many achievements, as an aristocrat Lavoisier was many achievements, as an aristocrat Lavoisier was charged with counter-revolutionary activity and was charged with counter-revolutionary activity and was guillotined in 1794.guillotined in 1794.

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Women in the Scientific RevolutionWomen in the Scientific Revolution

In Germany, many of the women involved in In Germany, many of the women involved in science were ______________.science were ______________.

They became involved by working in family They became involved by working in family ______________, where they had been ______________, where they had been trained by their __________ or ___________.trained by their __________ or ___________.

By 1650 to 1710, women made up _______ of By 1650 to 1710, women made up _______ of all German astronomers.all German astronomers.

14%

Astronomers

observatories

fathers husbands

2222

René Descartes & ReasonRené Descartes & Reason Descartes was a French

____________ who began to think & write about the ________ & __________ that seemed to be everywhere in the confusion of the 17th century.

In his most famous work, Discourse on Method, he decided to set aside all that he had ________ and to _________ again.

philosopher

doubt uncertainty

learnedbegin

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Descartes (Father of Modern Rationalism)Descartes (Father of Modern Rationalism)

Descartes said that only one thing seemed to Descartes said that only one thing seemed to him to be beyond a doubt, and that was his very him to be beyond a doubt, and that was his very own ____________. own ____________.

He once said “I ______, therefore I ____.” He once said “I ______, therefore I ____.” Descartes emphasized the importance of his Descartes emphasized the importance of his

own ________, and he asserted that he would own ________, and he asserted that he would accept only those things that his ________ said accept only those things that his ________ said were true. He has been called the “Father of were true. He has been called the “Father of modern day ____________, the system of modern day ____________, the system of thought that is based on the belief that reason thought that is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of _____________.is the chief source of _____________.

existence

think am

mindreason

rationalism

knowledge

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The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method The Scientific Revolution gave birth to a process The Scientific Revolution gave birth to a process

known as the _____________________, which was known as the _____________________, which was a systematic procedure for ____________ and a systematic procedure for ____________ and ____________ evidence.____________ evidence.

____________________, an English philosopher, ____________________, an English philosopher, developed the scientific method.developed the scientific method.

Bacon believed that scientists should rely on Bacon believed that scientists should rely on __________ ____________ to learn about nature.__________ ____________ to learn about nature.

Bacon believed that systematic ____________ and Bacon believed that systematic ____________ and carefully organized ____________ would lead to carefully organized ____________ would lead to correct general principles.correct general principles.

Video ClipVideo Clip

scientific methodcollecting

analyzing

Francis Bacon

inductive reasoning

observationsexperiments

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Effects of Bacon’s MethodEffects of Bacon’s MethodMany scientists, doctors, & philosophers Many scientists, doctors, & philosophers

will use the Baconian Method, a.k.a. the will use the Baconian Method, a.k.a. the Scientific method to make new Scientific method to make new ___________ in the centuries to come.___________ in the centuries to come.

One such example is Dr. Edward Jenner One such example is Dr. Edward Jenner who used __________ reasoning to come who used __________ reasoning to come up with a cure for the disease _________.up with a cure for the disease _________.

discoveries

inductivesmallpox

Jenner Video Clip

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Political Thought of the 17Political Thought of the 17thth Century Century The ________ Revolutions of the 17The ________ Revolutions of the 17thth century century

prompted 2 very different responses from two prompted 2 very different responses from two English political thinkers, _____________ & English political thinkers, _____________ & ____________.____________.

Hobbes Locke

English

Thomas HobbesJohn Locke

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Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes Alarmed by the revolutionary _________ in England, Alarmed by the revolutionary _________ in England,

he wrote the book ____________ in 1651 to try to he wrote the book ____________ in 1651 to try to deal with the disorder.deal with the disorder.

He claimed that before society was organized, He claimed that before society was organized, humans were solitary, poor, _______, ________, & humans were solitary, poor, _______, ________, & short. He felt that humans were not guided by short. He felt that humans were not guided by reason & moral ideas, but by _________ struggles reason & moral ideas, but by _________ struggles for self-preservation.for self-preservation.

Hobbes stated that to save themselves from Hobbes stated that to save themselves from ___________ one another, people made a social ___________ one another, people made a social contract & agreed to a form of state which would contract & agreed to a form of state which would keep peace & provide defense.keep peace & provide defense.

He felt that ______________, was needed to He felt that ______________, was needed to suppress rebellion & preserve order in society.suppress rebellion & preserve order in society.

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John LockeJohn Locke

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Chapter 10-1 GRAChapter 10-1 GRA

1. What did the writings of Ptolemy and 1. What did the writings of Ptolemy and Archimedes make obvious? Archimedes make obvious?

These writings made it obvious that These writings made it obvious that some ancient thinkers had disagreed some ancient thinkers had disagreed with Aristotle & other accepted with Aristotle & other accepted authorities.authorities.

2. What new invention helped to spread 2. What new invention helped to spread new scientific ideas quickly and easily?new scientific ideas quickly and easily?

The invention of the printing press.The invention of the printing press.

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3.3. Where is Earth placed in the universe Where is Earth placed in the universe according to the Ptolemaic system?according to the Ptolemaic system?According to Ptolemy, Earth was at the According to Ptolemy, Earth was at the center.center.

4.4. Contrary to Ptolemy, what did Contrary to Ptolemy, what did Copernicus argue concerning the Copernicus argue concerning the construction of the universe? construction of the universe? Copernicus argued that the Sun, not Copernicus argued that the Sun, not Earth, was at the center of the universe.Earth, was at the center of the universe.

5. What discoveries did Galileo make using 5. What discoveries did Galileo make using a telescope? a telescope? mountains on the moon, four moons mountains on the moon, four moons around Jupiter, and sunspots.around Jupiter, and sunspots.

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6.6. Why did the Church order Galileo to Why did the Church order Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea of the abandon the Copernican idea of the nature of the universe?nature of the universe?

The Copernican challenged the Church’s The Copernican challenged the Church’s views of the universe and seemed to views of the universe and seemed to contradict the Bible.contradict the Bible.

7.7. What did Isaac Newton define in his first What did Isaac Newton define in his first book, book, The Principia?The Principia?

He defined 3 laws of motion that govern He defined 3 laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies, as well as objects the planetary bodies, as well as objects on Earth.on Earth.

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8.8. What did William Harvey’s observations What did William Harvey’s observations and experiments show?and experiments show?

Harvey showed that the heart- not the Harvey showed that the heart- not the liver- was the beginning point for the liver- was the beginning point for the circulation for blood.circulation for blood.

9.9. What field of science in Germany What field of science in Germany provided opportunities for women?provided opportunities for women?

AstronomyAstronomy

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10.10. What did Rene Descartes emphasize What did Rene Descartes emphasize and assert?and assert?

He emphasized the importance of his He emphasized the importance of his own mind and asserted that he would own mind and asserted that he would only accept those things that his reason only accept those things that his reason said were true.said were true.

11.11. Who developed the scientific method?Who developed the scientific method?

Francis Bacon, an English philosopher.Francis Bacon, an English philosopher.