1 the future of nuclear energy hydrogen and electricity production charles w. forsberg oak ridge...
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The Future of Nuclear Energy Hydrogen and Electricity Production
Charles W. ForsbergOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
Tel: (865)-574-6784Email: [email protected]
WIN Region II ConferenceOak Ridge, Tenn.
February 2-3, 2005
The submitted manuscript has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this
contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. File name: WIN.Feb3-05
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Limited Energy Alternatives Are Pushing Nuclear Energy Forward
Demand Growth
Greenhouse Gas Constraints
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World Energy Demand Is Increasing
Source: EIA IEO 2004
1 quad is a mile-long coal train (11,000 tons) every 2 hours 365 days / year
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Temperature and Atmospheric CO2 Correlate: Limits Likely on CO2
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Economics of Nuclear Power Are
Improving
Evolution Over Time Can
Dramatically Improve A
Technology
Westinghouse AP-1000
GE ESBWR
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Evolution of the GE Boiling Water Reactors Has Reduced Complexity and Materials
ABWR (Existing) ESBWR: >50% reduction in buildingvolume and number of components
(~30% reduction in capital cost)
The ESBWR is now in pre-certification review atthe Nuclear Regulatory Commission
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Quantities of Materials For Different Reactors Over Time
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
1970sPWR
1970sBWR
EPR ABWR ESBWR GT-MHR AHTR-IT
Building volume (relative to 336 m3/MWe) Concrete volume (relative to 75 m3/MWe) Steel (relative to 36 MT/MWe)
Non-nuclear input Nuclear input
1000 MWe 1000 MWe 1600MWe 1350 MWe 1550 MWe 286 MWe 1235 MWe
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Back to the FutureHigh-Temperature Reactors
New Technologies and New Needs Are Bringing Back High-Temperature Reactors
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Brayton Power Cycles May Enable Economic High-Temperature Reactors
Utility steam turbines are limited to 550ºC.
Historically, there was a limited incentive for higher-temperature reactors because there no way to efficiently convert heat to electricity
High-temperature high-efficiency utility Brayton cycle systems developed in the last decade
Efficient energy conversion technology supports the use of high-temperature reactors
GE Power Systems MS7001FB
General Atomics GT-MHR Power Conversion Unit (Russian Design)
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Decreasing Oil Discoveries Worldwide Are Driving Hydrogen Demand
(Source: Nature 17 June 2004, p.694)
We are going to a hydrogen transport economy, the questions are:
(1)the form of hydrogen in the vehicle (gasoline, methanol, hydrogen, etc.)
(2)where hydrogen is used (refinery, tar sands plant, vehicle)
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The Initial Replacements For Crude Oil Will Be Heavy Oils And Tar Sands
Tar sands and heavy oils are located in Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, and the United States
Hydrogen is required to convert these feeds to liquid fuels
Syncrude Canada Ltd. Tar Sands Operations
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High-Temperature Reactor Options
High Temperatures for Efficient Electricity Production and Hydrogen Production
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A Worldview of Nuclear Reactors
04-135
0
800
1000
Electricity (MW)
Te
mpe
ratu
re (
°C)
200
400
600
0 1000 2000
Light Water Reactor (High Pressure)
Liquid Metal Fast Reactor(Low Pressure)
Range of Hydrogen Plant Sizes
European Pressurized-Water
Reactor
Helium-Cooled High-Temperature Reactor (High-Pressure)
Brayton(Helium or Nitrogen)
Thermo-chemical Cycles
Rankine(Steam)
Electricity Hydrogen
Application
Liquid Salt Systems (Low Pressure)• Heat Transport Systems (Reactor to H2 Plant)• Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (Solid Fuel)• Liquid-Salt-Cooled Fast Reactor (Solid Fuel)• Molten Salt Reactor (Liquid Fuel)• Fusion Blanket Cooling
General Electric ESBWR
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The Choice of Coolant Impacts The Size of Reactor
03-258
Water (PWR)
Sodium (LMR) Helium Liquid Salt
Pressure (MPa) 15.5 0.69 7.07 0.69
Outlet Temp (ºC) 320 540 1000 1000
Coolant Velocity (m/s) 6 6 75 6
Number of 1-m-diam. Pipes Needed to Transport 1000 MW(t)
with 100ºC Rise in Coolant Temperature
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One Type of High-Temperature Reactor Fuel Has Been Demonstrated
Coated ParticleGraphite-Matrix Fuel
1250ºC Operation1600ºC Accident
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Two Coolants are Compatible with Graphite Materials and High-Temperature
Operations
Helium (High Pressure/Transparent)
Molten Fluoride Salts(Low Pressure/Transparent)
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GT-MHRPlant Layout
A 600 MW(t)
Helium-Cooled Near-Term Option:
50 years of Helium-Coolant
Experience
Reactor Cavity Cooling System
Reactor Pressure Vessel
Control Rod Drive Stand Pipes
Power Conversion System Vessel
Floors Typical
Generator
Refueling Floor
Shutdown Cooling System Piping
Cross Vessel (Contains Hot & Cold Duct)
35m(115ft)
32m(105ft)
46m(151ft)
Sketch Courtesy of General Atomics
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Passively Safe Pool-Type Reactor Designs
High-Temperature Coated-Particle
Fuel
The AdvancedHigh-Temperature Reactor The 2400 MW(t) Liquid-Salt-Cooled
Longer-Term Option
General Electric S-PRISM
High-Temperature, Low-Pressure
Transparent Molten-Salt Coolant
Brayton Power Cycles
GE Power Systems MS7001FB
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Advanced High-Temperature Reactor(Newest Reactor Concept)
04-108
ReactorHeat ExchangerCompartment
Passive DecayHeat Removal
Hydrogen/ElectricityProduction
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High-Temperature Reactors Have Common R&D Needs (Fuel, Brayton Cycles, etc.)
(Existing Technology Makes Helium-Cooling the Near-Term Option; Potential Economics Makes Salt-Cooling the Long-Term Option)
GT-MHR (287 MW(e))Near-Term (Helium)
81m70m
AHTR (1235 MW(e))Longer-Term (Liquid Salt)
Per Peterson (Berkeley): American Nuclear Society 2004 Winter Meeting
Both Reactors Same Scale
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Conclusions and Observations
Energy needs and environment are driving the reconsideration of nuclear energy
LWR evolution over decades is favorably changing LWR economics
High-temperature reactors are likely to follow LWRs Efficient Brayton cycles for electricity Hydrogen generation
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