1 the cell cycle. 2 cell division all cells are derived from pre- existing cells all cells are...
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The Cell The Cell CycleCycle
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Cell DivisionCell Division
•All cells are derived fromAll cells are derived from pre-existingpre-existing cellscells
• New cells are produced for New cells are produced for growthgrowth and to replace and to replace damaged or old cellsdamaged or old cells
• Differs inDiffers in prokaryotesprokaryotes (bacteria) and(bacteria) and eukaryoteseukaryotes (plants, & animals)(plants, & animals)
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Eukaryotic Eukaryotic ChromosomesChromosomes• Human body cellsHuman body cells have have 4646
chromosomes or 23 identical pairschromosomes or 23 identical pairs• Each chromosome is composed of a Each chromosome is composed of a
single,single, tightly coiled DNAtightly coiled DNA molecule molecule
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Chromosomes in Dividing Chromosomes in Dividing CellsCells
•Duplicated chromosomes are called chromatids & are held together by the centromere
Called Sister Called Sister ChromatidsChromatids
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KaryotypeKaryotype• A A picturepicture of the of the
chromosomes chromosomes from a human cell from a human cell arranged in pairs arranged in pairs by sizeby size
• First 22 pairs are First 22 pairs are called called autosomesautosomes
• Last pair are the Last pair are the sex chromosomessex chromosomes
• XXXX female or female or XYXY malemale
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Cell Cell ReproductionReproduction
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Types of Cell Types of Cell ReproductionReproduction
• Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction involves a involves a single cellsingle cell dividing to make dividing to make 2 2 new, identical daughter new, identical daughter cellscells
• Examples: Mitosis & Examples: Mitosis & binary fissionbinary fission
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• Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction involves involves making two cells (egg & making two cells (egg & sperm).sperm).
• Example: Meiosis Example: Meiosis • FertilizationFertilization involves joining involves joining
of egg & sperm to make a of egg & sperm to make a new cell (zygote)new cell (zygote)
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Cell Division in Cell Division in ProkaryotesProkaryotes
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Cell Division in Cell Division in ProkaryotesProkaryotes• Prokaryotes such Prokaryotes such
as as bacteriabacteria divide divide into 2 identical into 2 identical cells by the cells by the process of process of binary binary fissionfission
Parent Parent cellcell
2 identical daughter 2 identical daughter cellscells
ChromosoChromosome me
replicatesreplicates
Cell Cell splitssplits
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The Cell The Cell CycleCycle
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Five Phases of the Cell Five Phases of the Cell CycleCycle
1.1. GG11 - primary growth phase - primary growth phase2.2. S – synthesis; DNA replicatedS – synthesis; DNA replicated
3.3. GG22 - secondary growth phase - secondary growth phasecollectively these 3 stages are collectively these 3 stages are called interphasecalled interphase
4.4. M - mitosisM - mitosis5.5. C - cytokinesisC - cytokinesis
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InterphaseInterphase
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Interphase - GInterphase - G11 Stage Stage
• 11stst growth stage growth stage after cell after cell divisiondivision
• Cells Cells maturemature by making by making more cytoplasm & more cytoplasm & organellesorganelles
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Interphase – S StageInterphase – S Stage• SynthesisSynthesis stage stage• DNADNA is copied or is copied or replicatedreplicated
Two Two identicidentic
al al copies copies of DNAof DNA
Original Original DNADNA
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Interphase – GInterphase – G22 Stage Stage
• 22ndnd Growth Growth Stage Stage• Occurs Occurs after DNA has been after DNA has been
copiedcopied• All cell All cell structures needed structures needed
for divisionfor division are made (e.g. are made (e.g. centrioles)centrioles)
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The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle
DaughteDaughter Cellsr Cells
DNA DNA CopiedCopied
Cells Cells MaturMatur
ee
Cells prepare Cells prepare for Divisionfor Division
Cell Divides into Cell Divides into Identical cellsIdentical cells
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MitosisMitosis
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MitosisMitosis• Division of the Division of the
nucleusnucleus• Only occurs in Only occurs in
eukaryoteseukaryotes• Has Has fourfour
stagesstages• Doesn’t occur Doesn’t occur
in some cells in some cells such as such as brain brain cellscells
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Four Mitotic StagesFour Mitotic Stages
1.1. ProProphasephase
2.2. MetaMetaphasphasee
3.3. AnaAnaphasephase
4.4. TeloTelophasephase
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ProphaseProphase• ChromatinChromatin in nucleus condenses in nucleus condenses
to form to form visible chromosomesvisible chromosomes• Nuclear membrane & nucleolusNuclear membrane & nucleolus
are broken downare broken down
ChromosomesChromosomes
NucleolusNucleolus CytoplasmCytoplasm
Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane
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MetaphaseMetaphase• Chromosomes move to the center Chromosomes move to the center
of the cellof the cell• Chromosomes are now lined up at Chromosomes are now lined up at
the equatorthe equator
Pole of Pole of the Cellthe Cell
Equator of CellEquator of Cell
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MetaphaseMetaphase
ChromosoChromosomes lined mes lined at the at the EquatorEquator
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AnaphaseAnaphase• Occurs Occurs
rapidlyrapidly• Sister Sister
chromatidschromatids are pulled are pulled apart to apart to opposite opposite polespoles
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AnaphaseAnaphase
Sister Sister ChromatidChromatid
s being s being separatedseparated
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TelophaseTelophase• Sister chromatids at Sister chromatids at opposite opposite polespoles• Nuclear envelopeNuclear envelope forms forms around each set of sister around each set of sister chromatidschromatids• NucleolusNucleolus reappears reappears• CYTOKINESISCYTOKINESIS occurs occurs• Chromosomes reappear as Chromosomes reappear as chromatinchromatin
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CytokinesisCytokinesis•Means division of the Means division of the
cytoplasmcytoplasm•DivisionDivision of cell into two, of cell into two,
identical halves called identical halves called daughter cellsdaughter cells
• In plant cells, cell plate In plant cells, cell plate forms forms at the equator to divide cellat the equator to divide cell
• In animal cells, In animal cells, cleavage cleavage furrow forms to split cellfurrow forms to split cell
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CytokinesisCytokinesis
Cleavage Cleavage furrow in furrow in
animal cellanimal cell
Cell plate in Cell plate in plant cellplant cell
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Identical Daughter CellsIdentical Daughter Cells
Chromosome number the Chromosome number the samesame, but , but cells cells smallersmaller than parent cell than parent cell
What What is the is the 2n or 2n or
diploid diploid numbenumbe
r?r?22
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RevieReview of w of
MitosiMitosiss
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Eukaryotic Cell DivisionEukaryotic Cell Division
• Used for Used for growth and growth and repairrepair
• Produce two new cells Produce two new cells identical to the original identical to the original cellcell
• Cells are Cells are diploid (2n)diploid (2n)Chromosomes Chromosomes
during Metaphase during Metaphase of mitosisof mitosis
ProphaProphasese
MetaphaseMetaphase AnaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseTelophaseCytokinesisCytokinesis
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Locate the Four Mitotic Locate the Four Mitotic Stages in PlantsStages in Plants
MetaphasMetaphasee
ProphaseProphase
AnaphaAnaphasese
TelophaseTelophase
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Uncontrolled Mitosis
• If mitosis is not If mitosis is not controlledcontrolled, , unlimited cell unlimited cell division occurs division occurs causing cancerous causing cancerous tumorstumors
• OncogenesOncogenes are are special proteins special proteins that increase the chance increase the chance that a normal cell that a normal cell develops into adevelops into a tumor cell tumor cell
Cancer Cancer cellscells