1

Structure of a Long Bone

Define the boxed in terms.

Also define trabeculae:

Chapter 11Skeletal System

2

Anatomy of a long bone

Where are long bones found in the human body?

What is the diaphysis?

What is the endosteum?Where is endosteum?

Where is yellow bone marrow located?What does yellow bone marrow do?

What is an epiphysis?What are epiphyses composed of?What is contained inside the epiphyses?What does red marrow do?

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?Where is articular cartilage located?

What is the rest of a long bone covered with?What is contained in the periosteum?

What is found throughout the medullary cavity?

What two structures are continuous with the periosteum?

3

Cartilage

Although cartilage is not as strong as bone, why is it useful?

What are cartilage cells called?

What does cartilage lack?

Three types of cartilage:

Type Traits/appearance Usefulness Location

Hyaline

Fibro-

Elastic

4

What are the cells of fibrous connective tissue called?

How are fibroblasts arranged?

What do ligaments do?

What do tendons do?

Define articulation:

Define ossification:

Define osteoblast, and tell the function:

Define osteocyte and tell the function:

Define osteoclast and tell the function:

Fig. 11.2

Title:

What does endochondral ossification mean?

6

What are intramembraneous bones?

How do they develop?

Explain intremembranous ossification:

Two examples of flat bones:

What is inside flat bones?

Fig. 11.3

Title:

Describe what the black arrows in b and c are indicating:

Fig. 11.3b

What is the function of or what happens in each zone?

Title:

Fig. 11.4

Bone remodeling:

In response to physical stress, such a s exercise, osteoclasts break down the bone in the _______________________________.

Osteoblasts use the material to build bone near the ______________________________.

As bones increase in diameter, the size of the ________________________ increases.

10

Hormones Affect Bone growth

What happens to Vitamin D in the kidneys?

What is the main function of Vitamin D?

What does Growth Hormone (GH) do?

What other hormone is needed for GH to function properly?

What causes the adolescent growth spurt?

11

Bones store Calcium!

What blood function is calcium required for?

What happens if Ca levels fall too low?

What happens if Ca levels are too high?

What two things does parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulate?

Therefore, does PTH cause blood calcium levels to rise or fall?

Which hormone acts oppostie to PTH?

Estrogen causes blood Ca to decrease because it stimulate ________________________ which use calcium to build bones?

What can happen in older women when estrogen decreases?

What is this condition called?

What should all women do to prevent osteoporosis?

12

Describe the four steps in BONE REPAIR:

How is bone repair different than bone development?

Define:

Complete fracture:

Incomplete fracture:

Simple fracture:

Compound fracture:

Spiral fracture:

13

What is the AXIAL skeleton?

Where is the hyoid located?

What is unique about the anatomy of the hyoid?

Why is the hyoid sometimes useful in forensics?

Fig. 11.6

Fig. 11.7

Fig. 11.8a

Fig. 11.9

How many vertebrae in the vertebral column?

How many curves? Why?

What is the vertebral canal?

What are foramina?

What is the atlas and what is tis function?

What is the axis and what is its function?

What do the thoracic vertebrae have?

What are intervertebral discs made of?

What is their function?

Fig. 11.10

What are true ribs?

False ribs?

Floating ribs?

Why is the manubrium important?

Why is the xyphoid important?

Fig. 11.11

What is the apendicular skeleton?

What is the pectoral girdle composed of?

Why is the coracoid process important?

What composes the rotator cuff?

Why is the glenoid cavity so prone to dislocation?

Fig. 11.12

What is the pelvic girdle?

What is the pelvis composed of?

What are three functions of the pelvis?

How does the female pelvis differ from a male pelvis?

What is the femur’s claim to fame?

21

Synovial Joint structureLabel with name and function:

Two types of synovial joints and examples for each:1.

2. Two other types of joints and examples for each:1.

2.

Fig. 11.14

Write a title for this diagram: