1 structure and function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems chapter 29
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Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic SystemsChapter 29
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Circulatory System Heart
Right heart Pumps blood through the lungs (pulmonary
circulation)
Left heart Pumps blood through the systemic circulation
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Circulatory System
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Circulatory System Heart
Mediastinum Heart wall
Pericardium Parietal and visceral Pericardial cavity and fluid
Myocardium Endocardium
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The Heart Wall
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The Chambers of the Heart Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle
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The Chambers of the Heart
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The Valves of the Heart Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve
Semilunar valves Pulmonic semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve
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The Valves of the Heart
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The Great Vessels Superior and inferior venae cavae Pulmonary artery (trunk)
Right and left pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins
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Blood Flow Cardiac cycle Diastole Systole Phases of the cardiac cycle
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Blood Flow
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Normal Intracardiac Pressures A wave V wave X descent Y descent C wave
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Normal Intracardiac Pressures
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Normal Intracardiac Pressures
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The Coronary Vessels Right coronary artery
Conus Right marginal branch Posterior descending branch
Left coronary artery Left anterior descending artery Circumflex artery
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The Coronary Vessels Collateral arteries Coronary capillaries Coronary veins
Coronary sinus Great cardiac vein Posterior vein of the left ventricle
Coronary lymphatic vessels
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The Coronary Vessels
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Structures That Control Heart Action Cardiac action potentials Conduction system
Sinoatrial node (SA) Intranodal pathways
Atrioventricular node (AV) Bundle of His (AV bundle) Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers
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Conduction System of the Heart
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Structures That Control Heart Action Cardiac excitation Propagation of cardiac action potentials
Depolarization Repolarization
Electocardiogram Automaticity Rhythmicity
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Structures That Control Heart Action Cardiac innervation
Sympathetic nerves Parasympathetic nerves
Adrenergic receptor function α- or β-adrenergic receptors Norepinephrine or epinephrine
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Autonomic Innervation of the Cardiovascular System
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Myocardial Cells Nearly identical to skeletal muscle cells Intercalated disks Actin, myosin, and the troponin-tropomyosin
complex Troponin T, I, and C
Myocardial metabolism Myocardial oxygen consumption
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Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation
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Cardiac Performance Preload Afterload Frank-Starling law of the heart
End-diastolic volume Laplace law
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Cardiac Performance Heart rate
Cardiovascular control center Cardioexcitatory and cardioinhibitory centers
Neural reflexes Bainbridge and baroreceptor reflexes
Atrial receptors Hormones and biochemicals
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Cardiac Performance Myocardial contractility
Stroke volume Inotropic agents Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
Cardiac output Volume of blood flowing through either the
systemic or pulmonary circuit in liters per minute
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Cardiac Output
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Systemic Circulation Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
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Structure of Blood Vessels Lumen Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa (adventitia)
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Endothelium
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Structure of Blood Vessels
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Factors Affecting Blood Flow Poiseuille law Pressure
Force exerted on a liquid per unit area Resistance
Opposition to force Diameter and length of the blood vessels
contribute to resistance
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Factors Affecting Blood Flow Neural control of total peripheral resistance
Change in diameter of the vessels Baroreceptors Arterial chemoreceptors
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Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptors
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Factors Affecting Blood Flow Velocity Laminar vs. turbulent flow Vascular compliance
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Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
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Regulation of Blood Pressure Arterial pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) Effects of cardiac output Effects of total peripheral resistance Effect of hyperemia Effects of hormones
Epinephrine and norepinephrine Antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin system, and
natriuretic peptides
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Regulation of Blood Pressure Adrenomedullin Insulin Venous pressure
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Regulation of Coronary Circulation Coronary perfusion pressure Autoregulation Autonomic regulation
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Lymphatic System Special vascular system that picks up excess
fluid and returns it to the bloodstream Lymphatic fluid Lymphatic veins and venules Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels
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Lymphatic System
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Tests of Cardiovascular Function Noninvasive assessments
Sensorium of the individual Mucous membrane color Manually palpated pulse Auscultation of heart sounds Cardiography
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Tests of Cardiovascular Function Noninvasive assessments
Pulse tracing Magnetic resonance imaging Doppler studies Stress testing Chest x-ray examinations
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Tests of Cardiovascular Function Invasive assessments
X-ray films with barium Nuclear imaging with radiolabeled pharmaceuticals
Hot spot imaging Cold spot imaging
Tomographic studies
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Tests of Cardiovascular Function Invasive assessments
Atrioventricular bundle electrocardiography Cardiac catheterization Coronary angiography
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Aging and the Cardiovascular System Arteriosclerosis
Cross linking of collagen Increased collagen Changes in elastin
Atherosclerosis
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Aging and the Cardiovascular System