1 states of consciousness ms. simon chapter 7. 2 states of consciousness consciousness and...
TRANSCRIPT
1
States ofConsciousness
Ms. SimonChapter 7
5
AIM: How can we study sleep and consciousness?
6
History of Consciousness
1. Psychology began as a science of consciousness.
2. Behaviorists argued about alienating consciousness from psychology.
3. After 1960, mental concepts (consciousness) started reentering psychology.
Studies: Mere exposure effect, Priming
7
Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Forms of ConsciousnessB
ill L
ing/
Dig
ital
Vis
ion/
Get
ty I
mag
es
Chr
isti
ne B
rune
Stu
art F
rank
lin/
Mag
num
Pho
tos
AP
Pho
to/ R
icar
do M
azal
an
8
Levels of Consciousness• Conscious Level: information
about yourself and your environment in awareness
• Nonconscious Level: Body processes controlled by your brain stem and medulla
• Subconscious Level: Information we are not consciously aware of
• Unconscious Level: Events or feelings that are repressed from the conscious mind
9
Neuroscience & Consciousness
Neuroscientists believe that consciousness emerges from the interaction of individual
brain events much like a chord that is created from different musical notes.
10
Consciousness & Information Processing
The unconscious mind processes information simultaneously on multiple tracks, while the
conscious mind processes information sequentially.
Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
11
Sleep & Dreams
Sleep – state of rest where the brain cycles through 90 minute stages
Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just startedunraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.
12
Biological Rhythms
1. Annual cycles2. 28 day cycles- menstrual cycle3. 24 hour cycle= Circadian Rhythm4. 90 minutes cycles- sleep
Biological rhythms are controlled byinternal “biological clocks.”
13
Biological Rhythms
2. 28-day cycles: The female menstrual cycle averages 28 days. Research shows menstruation may not affect moods.
14
Biological Rhythms
3. 24-hour cycles: Humans experience 24-hour cycles of varying alertness (sleep), body temperature, and growth hormone secretion.
4. 90-minute cycles: We go through various stages of sleep in 90-minute cycles.
15
Rhythm of Sleep
Circadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness, which are disrupted during transcontinental flights.
Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease(morning) melatonin from the pineal gland
and increase (evening) it at night fall.
Illu
stra
tion
© C
ynth
ia T
urne
r 20
03
16
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
Sleep Stages
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
17
Awake & Alert
During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast,
irregular beta waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a conversation shows
beta activity.
Beta Waves
Do Now:
• Rate your alertness on a scale of 1-10.
• Close your eyes, relax, focus on your breathing.
• Now rate your alertness
AIM: How can we characterize the different stages of sleep?
20
Awake but Relaxed
When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows
down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A
meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.
21
Slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is daydreaming
shows theta activity.Vivid hallucinations
Sleep spindles during stage 2
Sleep Stages 1-2
Theta Waves
22
During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-
amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps).Delta sleep (Stage 4): body releases growth
hormone, fortify our immune system
Sleep Stages 3-4
23
Stage 5: REM Sleep
•After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward
towards stage 1. •the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much
like awake-aroused state.
A person during this sleep exhibitsRapid Eye Movements (REM)
and reports vivid dreams.
24
REM Sleep is known as “paradoxical sleep”
• Body is paralyzed and still, mind is active
25
90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep
increases.REM Rebound- return to REM more quickly
Which stage of sleep:
• Is characterized by Delta waves?– Stage 4
• Exhibits sleep Spindles?– Stage 2
• Is known as “paradoxical sleep”?• Is when growth hormone is produced?• Increases as the night goes on ?• Is characterized by suppressed muscle
tone
27
AIM: Why do we sleep?Jose L
uis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
28
Sleep Deprivation
1. Fatigue and subsequent death.
2. Impaired concentration.
3. Emotional irritability.
4. Depressed immune system.
5. Greater vulnerability.
Do Now: Write down a description of a vivid dream
you have experienced recently
30
Dreams
The link between REM sleep and dreaming
has opened up a new era of dream research.
AIM: Why do we dream?
32
What do we Dream?1. Negative Emotional Content
2. Failure Dreams
3. Sexual Dreams
4. Dreams of Gender
5. Lucid Dreaming- the ability to be aware of and/or in control of dreaming
33
Why do we dream?
1. Wish Fulfillment: -Proposed by Freud in The Interpretation of Dreams-The dream’s manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) -Latent content signifies our unacceptable feelings (id)
http://www.dreammoods.com/
Manifest Content: Your sister drinking red punch
Latent Content: BLOOD!!!!
Why is Freud’s theory criticized?
NOT SCIENTIFIC
NO COMPELLING
EVIDENCE
Why do we dream?
2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memoriesREM sleep
37
Why do we dream?
3. Activation-Synthesis Theory: (Hobson and McCarley)-Activation: the pons and emotional areas (limbic system) generates random bursts of action potentials to the forebrain- Synthesis: dreamer makes up a story line
(Frontal Cortex)
44
Why do we dream?
All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When
deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep,we show increased REM sleep called REM
Rebound.
AIM: How can we study altered states of consciousness?
• Dreams
• Hypnosis
• Drugs
46
Hypnosis
Hypnos: Greek god of sleep
http
://idd
iokrysto
.blo
g.e
xcite.it
An altered state of consciousness
characterized by deep relaxation and
heightened suggestibility
47
Aspects of Hypnosis
1. Posthypnotic Suggestion: Suggestion carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.
2. Posthypnotic Amnesia: Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis.
49
Facts and Falsehood Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
No.
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too.
Yes. Lamaze can do that too.
No.
50
Facts and Falsehood Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
52
Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?
1.Role Theory/Social Influence Theory: Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role.
(Hilgard, 1992)
Courtesy of N
ews and Publications Service, Stanford U
niversity
2. Divided Consciousness Theory: a. Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousnessb. proposed by Ernest Hilgardc. one active, one “hidden observer”
True or False:1) Addictive drugs can quickly corrupt and lead to other drug
addiction2) Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily
3) Addiction is no different than other pleasure-seeking
behaviors
• Do Now: 1) Hold up homework
Summary
55
DO Now:
• What do the following have in common:– Coffee– Diet pills– Tylenol PM– Adderral– Four Loko– Cocaine– Viagra
AIM: How can drugs affect our consciousness?
57
58
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects
consciousness).
Drugs can affect the central nervous system as agonists- mimic neurotransmitters or
antagonists-block neurotransmitters
Interpret this graph:
1 2
61
Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.
63
Withdrawal & Dependence
1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal.
2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).
65
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.
1. Depressants 2. Stimulants3. Hallucinoge
ns
66
Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:
1. Alcohol 2. Barbiturat
es3. Opiates
• Category
• Effect on the Central Nervous System
• Positive Effects
• Adverse Effects
67
68
Alcohol
1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.
Drinking and Driving
Daniel H
omm
er, NIA
AA
, NIH
, HH
S
Ray N
g/ Tim
e & L
ife Pictures/ G
etty Images
69
Barbiturates
2. Barbiturates: Depressant, mimic the effects of alcohol, reduces anxiety, sleeping aidsCan impair memory and judgmentExample: Xanax
70
Depressants
3. Opiates: Opium, heroin, morphine
Agonists: mimic endorphins, suppresses nervous system, leads to lethargy
http://opioids.com/tim
eline
71
Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
1. Caffeine2. Nicotine3. Cocaine4. Ecstasy5. Amphetamines6. Methamphetami
nes
72
Caffeine & NicotineCaffeine and nicotine increase heart and
breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy. CRASH- fatigue, headaches
Nicotine lasts 15-30 minutes
http://ww
w.tech-res-intl.com
http
://office
.micro
soft.co
m/clip
art
73
AmphetaminesStimulant- energy, reduces dopamine over time leading to
depression, euphoria, leads to insomnia, seizures, aggressionMethamphetamine: Crystal Meth
Amphetamines: speed, “study drugs” adderallN
ational Pictures/ Topham
/ The Im
age Works
74
EcstasyStimulant and mild
hallucinogen, releases dopamine and works
on serotonin receptors, feeling of
euphoria, connectedness, impaired sleep,
memory and immune system and cognitive functions impaired
Greg S
mith/ A
P P
hotos
75
CocaineStimulant, lasts 15-30 mins , affects dopamine, norepinephrine and
serotonin“Sniffing,” crack is smoked, injected
Intense crashNegative Side Effects: Paranoia, insomnia, cardiovascular problems
http://ww
w.ohsinc.com
76
HallucinogensLSD: distorts
perceptions, leads to hallucinations,
synesthesia, acts on serotonin receptors
Marijuana: THC-receptors- relaxes,
disinhibits, euphoric high, impairs motor
skills, smoked, cooked
Ronald K
. Siegel
77
Hallucinogens
1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is also known as acid.
2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
http
://static.h
ow
stuffw
orks.co
m
Hemp Plant
78
Drugs
Distinguish between the three different groups of drugs
80
Influences on Drug Use
The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the
70s to the late 90s.
81
Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.
82
Marijuana Use
The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk” involved with
the drug.
83
After a close brush with death, many people report an
experience of moving through a dark tunnel with a light at the end. Under the influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at
the center of their field of vision.
Near-Death Experiences
(From “H
allucinations” by R.K
. Siegel. Copyright
© 1977 Scientific A
merican, Inc. A
ll rights reserved.)
84
Mind-Body Problem
1. Dualism: Dualists believe that mind (non-physical) and body (physical) are two distinct entities that interact.
2. Monism: Monists believe that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue. Can the mind survive the dying body?