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Spain & France in North America

Harlan High SchoolAPUSH

James GreeneJanuary 2011

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Conquistadors in the South

•Military contractors

•Sought resources to exploit

•Ponce de Leon (1513, 1521) Florida

•Alvar Nuñez Cabeza da Vaca (1528-1536)

•Slave raiders

Exploration of Southeast by Hernando de Soto

Exploration of Southwest by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

(1540-42)

Spanish in Southwest

Acoma (New Mexico)

Old Oraibi (Arizona)

•Coronado explorations followed by hiatus

•Juan de Oñate: New Mexico, 1598

•Franciscan missionaries

•Pueblo attitudes

•Santa Fé 1609

•Pueblo Revolt 1680

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French Settlement in the Southeast

Huguenots• Followers of John

Calvin• Religious strife led

them to seek new home

• Jean Ribault• René de Laudonnière

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Charlesfort (1562)Parris Island in Port Royal Sound (SC)

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Fort Caroline (1564)

Near modern Jacksonville

Spanish Response:St. Augustine, Florida (1565)

•First permanent European settlement in U.S.•Pedro Menéndez de Avilés •Defensive action•Indian mission

Santa Elena (1566-1587)

•Located in Port Royal sound (SC) on Parris Island

•Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

•Intended to be capital of Spanish Florida

•Launching point for explorations of SC, NC, and Tennessee by Juan Pardo

•Base for Jesuit missionaries

Atlantic Coast

•Gulf of St. Lawrence

•Long Island Sound& New York Harbor

•Chesapeake Bay

•Port Royal Sound

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Exploration of North America:

Northeastern CoastEngland:• John Cabot: Labrador

(1497)France: • Giovanni da

Verrazano: Cape Fear to Maine (1524)

• Jacques Cartier: St. Lawrence River (1530s)

Netherlands: Henry Hudson (1609)New York Harbor*Hudson River

Fishing Attracted Europeans

• Sixteenth century• Multinational, notably

English, French, Basques

• Atlantic cod• Whales• Centered off St.

Lawrence estuary

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“The Beaver does everything perfectly well; it makes kettles, hatchets, swords, knives, bread: in short, it makes everything.”

—Montaignais Indian, circa

1634

St. Lawrence Settlements:Tadoussac (1600) and Québec (1608)

Nouvelle France (New France)

•Focus on commerce

•Alliances with Indians

•Small number of emigrants

•Some intermarriage (fur traders)

•Coureurs de bois (“woods runners”)

•Habitants (tenant farmers)

•Settlements along the St. Lawrence

Exploration of Heartland

• 1679-2: Robert Sieur de La Salle

• Mississippi from Great Lakes to its mouth

• Led to establishment of French outposts, notably Detroit, St. Louis, and New Orleans (by early 18th century)

Function of North American Colonies

SPANISH• North American

settlements formed defensive buffer for more lucrative colonies

FRENCH, DUTCH, ENGLISH• Commercial

opportunities • Emphasis on

commodities that would let them make a profit