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1 Some Properties of Acids Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) Taste sour React with metals to produce hydrogen gas Electrolytes React with bases to form a salt and water pH is less than 7 Turns blue litmus paper to red

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Page 1: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

11

Some Properties of Acids

Produce H+ (as H3O+) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a

hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule)

Taste sour

React with metals to produce hydrogen gas

Electrolytes

React with bases to form a salt and water

pH is less than 7

Turns blue litmus paper to red

Page 2: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

22

What do acids do?

Page 3: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

33

Some Common Acids

HCl hydrochloric acid

HNO3 nitric acid

H2SO4 sulfuric acid

H3PO4 phosphoric acid

H2CO3 carbonic acid

Page 4: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

44

Strong Acids

• Strong acids completely ionize in water.

• For every mole of acid, there will be 1 mole of H+, so the concentration of H+ will be the same as the concentration of the acid.

• For Example:

HCl H+ + Cl- [0.03 M] [0.03M] [0.03 M]

Page 5: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

55

Strong Acids

HCl, HI, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4,

HClO4

Page 6: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

66

Weak Acids

• All weak acids form equilibrium systems in solution.

• For example:

H2CO3 (aq) <======> H+ (aq) + HCO3(aq)

• Since we have an equilibrium system, an equilibrium constant (Ka) can be written:

Ka = __[H+] [A-]___

[HA]

Page 7: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

77

Some Properties of Bases

Produce OH- ions in water

Taste bitter, chalky

Are electrolytes

Feel soapy, slippery

React with acids to form salts and water

pH greater than 7

Turns red litmus paper to blue “Basic Blue”

Page 8: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

88

Some Common Bases

NaOH sodium hydroxide lye

KOH potassium hydroxide liquid soap

Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide stabilizer for plastics

Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide “MOM” Milk of

magnesia

Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide Maalox (antacid)

Page 9: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

99

Strong Bases

• Strong bases completely ionize in water.

• For every mole of a base, there will be 1 mole of OH-, so the concentration of OH- will be the same as the concentration of the base.

• For Example:

NaOH Na+ + OH- [0.03 M] [0.03M] [0.03 M]

Page 10: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1010

Strong Bases

NaOH, KOH, LiOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2,

Sr(OH)2

Strong bases completely ionized in water.

Page 11: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1111

HNO3, HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4 are among the only known strong acids.

Strong versus Weak Strong versus Weak Acids/BasesAcids/Bases

The strength of an acid (or base) is determined by the amount of IONIZATION.

The strength of an acid (or base) is determined by the amount of IONIZATION.

Page 12: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1212

Categorizing Acids/Bases: Categorizing Acids/Bases: Weak versus StrongWeak versus Strong

• Weak acids and bases do not completely ionize in water.

• Strong acids and bases completely ionize in water.

Page 13: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1313

Acids and Bases Acids and Bases TheoriesTheoriesAcids and Bases Acids and Bases TheoriesTheories

Page 14: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1414

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

• Acids – produce H+ ions (or hydronium ions H3O+)

• Bases – produce OH- ions

• (problem: some bases don’t have hydroxide ions!)

Page 15: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1515Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water

Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water

Page 16: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1616

Brønsted – Lowry Acids and Bases

• Acids – proton donor

• Bases – proton acceptor

• A “proton” is really just a hydrogen atom that has lost it’s electron!

Page 17: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1717

A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donorA Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor

acidconjugate

basebase conjugate

acid

Page 18: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1818

Bronsted-Lowry Definition

a. NH3(g) + H3O+(aq) → NH4

+(aq) + H2O

b. CH3OH(l) + NH2-(aq) → CH3O-

(aq) + NH3(g)

c. OH-(aq) + H3O+

(aq) → H2O + H2O

Page 19: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

1919Lewis Acids and Lewis Acids and BasesBases

Lewis acid - a Lewis acid - a substance that substance that accepts an accepts an electron pairelectron pair

Lewis base - a Lewis base - a substance that substance that donates an donates an electron pairelectron pair

Page 20: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

2020

The pH Scale

Page 21: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

2121

Page 22: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

2222

Calculating pH and pOH

pH = -log [H+] pOH = -log [OH-]

Page 23: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

2323

Page 24: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

2424

pHpH [H+][H+] [OH-][OH-] pOHpOH

Page 25: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

2525

Neutralization

• Acid + Base– Ex:

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O

• Neutralizations always result in a ________ and __________.

saltwater

Page 26: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

2626

Base Ex.

Page 27: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Closing

Acid, Base, or Both?

Page 28: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Slippery

Page 29: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Soap

Page 30: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Tastes sour

Page 31: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Ca(OH)2

Page 32: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Conducts electricity

Page 33: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Corrosive to skin

Page 34: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Examples include citrus

fruits.

Page 35: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

H2SO4

Page 36: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

HNO3

Page 37: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Forms the H3O+ ion when

dissolved in water

Page 38: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Ionizes in water.

Page 39: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

HCl

Page 40: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Litmus paper turns red

Page 41: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Forms the OH ion when

dissolved in water

Page 42: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

pH < 7

Page 43: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

pH > 7

Page 44: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Baking soda

Page 45: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

Bitter taste

Page 46: 1 Some Properties of Acids þ Produce H + (as H 3 O + ) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule) þ Taste sour þ

NaOH


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