1 sociology’s three big questions three small dutch questions and presentation at the danish...

1

Sociology’s three big questions

THREE SMALL DUTCH QUESTIONS

and

Presentation at the

Danish Institute for Social Research

Copenhagen, Denmark

December 11-12, 2003

Wout Ultee

Interuniversity Center for Sociology (ICS) at Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands

2

THE FIRST SMALL DUTCH QUESTION

LEAVING CHURCH

3

IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

DUTCH SOCIETY CONSISTED

NOT SO MUCH OF CLASSES LAYERED

FROM TOP TO BOTTOM

BUT OF RELIGIOUS PILLARS

RISING UP NEXT TO EACH OTHER

THOSE PILLARS SHAKE SINCE THE 1960S

WHY?

4

NEW QUESTIONS ON RATIONALIZATION

RATIONALIZATION

RISE OF SCIENCE

5


RATIONALIZATION

RISE OF SCIENCE

RISING GENERAL LEVEL OF

EDUCATION

6


RATIONALIZATION

RISE OF SCIENCE


EDUCATION

RELIGIONS WITH FEWER

MAGICAL MEANS OF

SALVATION

7


RATIONALIZATION

RISE OF SCIENCE


EDUCATION

RELIGIONS WITH FEWER

MAGICAL MEANS OF

SALVATION

LEAVING CHURCH

8

PERCENTAGES FROM THE DUTCH CENSUS AND FROM SURVEYS

1930

1947

1960

1971

1983

1990

1997

CATH LIBPROT ORTHOPROT REST NONE

34

36

38

39

36

33

32

37

34

31

25

19

17

15

8

9

9

9

8

8

7

5

4

4

3

5

5

6

14

17

19

24

32

38

39

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PUZZLING FINDING:

HOW IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE PERCENTAGE OF CATHOLICS IN THE NETHERLANDS ROSE A BIT

BETWEEN 1960 AND 1971,

WHEREAS ‘EVERYBODY’ KNOWS THAT PRIESTS AND LAITY LEFT THE

CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THRONGS?

10

TIME-SERIES OF CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA ARE MISLEADING ABOUT INDIVIDUAL CHANGE

FOR CLOSED POPULATIONS, THEY ONLY TELL ABOUT NET CHANGES

THEY ARE PARTICULARY MISLEADING IF COHORT CHANGES ARE TAKING PLACE

IN THE NETHERLANDS THE CATHOLIC BIRTH RATE WAS MUCH HIGHER THAN

THAT OF OTHER DENOMINATIONS (INCLUDING NO DENOMINATION)

11

DUTCH POPULATION BY ABSOLUTE NUMBER 1960-1971, ABSOLUTE NUMBERS ( * 1000) ACCORDING TO CENSUS

AND ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

CENSUS 1960

BIRTHS 60-71 +

DEATHS 60-71 -

NET MIGRATION -

OTHER LOSSES -

CENSUS 1971

4,634

1,115

387

49

178

5,274

3,240

587

391

7

354

3,076

1,069

277

93

7

21

1,225

2,102

538

136

6

-569

3,079

CATH LIBPROT ORPROT NONE

12

NIJMEGEN-GROUP 1998 3M-MAC DATA SET

RANDOM SAMPLE SURVEY OF DUTCH POPULATION

DO YOU CONSIDER YOURSELF AS A MEMBER OF A CHURCH (if yes, which one)?

DID YOU EVER CONSIDER YOURSELF AS A MEMBER OF A CHURCH (if yes, which one)?

WHEN DID YOU STOP CONSIDERING YOURSELF AS A MEMBER OF A CHURCH?

THERE IS NO DUTCH CENSUS ANYMORE

WHAT IS MORE, LOSSES SHOULD BE PINNED DOWN ON AGE OP PERSONS WITH KNOWN YEAR OF BIRTH

13

HYPOTHESES WERE TESTED WITH PARAMETERS FROM

EVENT-HISTORY MODELS FOR 1998 3M-MAC DUTCH DATA

IT IS KNOWN FROM CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEYS THAT

PEOPLE WITH MORE EDUCATION ARE LESS LIKELY

TO BE A CHURCH MEMBER

ARE THEY ALSO MORE LIKELY TO LEAVE CHURCH AND IF SO, WHY IS THIS SO?

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IN SIMPLE MODELS PERSONS WITH MORE EDUCATION (AS A TIME-DEPENDENT COVARIATE)

ARE MORE LIKELY TO LEAVE CHURCH

LIBERAL PROTESTANTS ARE MORE LIKELY TO DO SO THAN CATHOLICS, AND ORTHODOX

PROTESTANTS ARE EVEN LESS LIKELY TO LEAVE CHURCH

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GENERAL HYPOTHESIS

BEHAVIOUR DETERMINED BY MOTIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES

EDUCATION PROVIES A MOTIVE FOR LEAVING CHURCH

AUXILIARY ASSUMPTIONS

RELIGIOUS MARKETS OFFER OPPORTUNITIES FOR LEAVING

CHURCH

AND FAMILIES AND STATES LIMIT OPPORTUNITIES FOR DOING SO

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SINCE STARK

THE RATIONAL CHOICE APPROACH

IS BIG IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION

THIS NAME IS A MISNOMER

IANNACONE NOW ADVERTISES WITH THE LABEL

MARKET THEORY OF RELIGION

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THE LABEL MARKET THEORY OF RELIGION IS TOO BAD SINCE THE U.S. QUESTION IS ABOUT

FREE MARKET VERSUS STATE RELIGION

AND THAT WAY OF FRAMING THE QUESTION

MISPLACES THE EMPHASIS FOR THE NETHERLANDS

SINCE THE QUESTION THERE IS ABOUT

THE FAMILY PLUS THE STATE

VERSUS THE MARKET

IN THE NETHERLANDS, THE STATE FULLY FUNDS NOT ONLY ITS OWN SECULAR SCHOOLS, BUT ALSO

PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC (AND WHATEVER) SCHOOLS

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IF IN A PROVINCE THE PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION THAT DOES NOT BELONG TO A

CHURCH IS HIGHER,

CHANCES OF LEAVING CHURCH ARE HIGHER

IF IN A PROVINCE THE GENERAL LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF THE POPULATION IS HIGHER,

CHANCES OF LEAVING CHURCH ARE HIGHER

MARKET HYPOTHESES TESTED AND CORROBORATED;

FINDINGS

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FAMILY HYPOTHESES TESTED AND CORROBORATED

CHIILDREN OF PARENTS WITH A HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING, ARE LESS LIKELY TO LEAVE CHURCH

CHILDREN OF PARENTS WHO VOTED LEFT-WING, ARE MORE LIKELY TO LEAVE CHURCH

CHILDREN OF PARENTS WHO WENT TO CHURCH MORE FREQUENTLY ARE LESS LIKELY TO LEAVE CHURCH

20

MORE FAMILY HYPOTHESES TESTED; SURPRISING FINDING ABOUT CHILDREN FROM RELIGIOUSLY MIXED MARRIAGES

CHILDREN FROM RELIGIOUSLY MIXED MARRIAGES ARE LESS LIKELY TO LEAVE

CHURCH THAN CHILDREN FROM RELIGIOUSLY HOMOGAMOUS MARRIAGES

CHILDREN FROM MARRIAGES WITH ONE NON-RELIGIOUS PARENT, ARE MORE LIKELY TO

LEAVE CHURCH THAN CHILDREN FROM RELIGIOUSLY HOMOGAMOUS MARRIAGES

21

FAMILY PLUS STATE HYPOTHESIS TESTED AND PARTLY CORROBORATED;

FINDINGS:

PERSONS WHO ATTENDED A PROTESTANT SCHOOL ARE LESS LIKELY TO LEAVE

CHURCH THAN CHILDREN WHO WENT TO A PUBLIC SCHOOL; PERSONS WHO WENT TO A CATHOLIC SCHOOL ARE MORE LIKELY

TO DO SO

POSSIBLE EXPLANATION: LOCALLY PROTESTANT SCHOOLS FACED MORE COMPETITION FROM

SECULAR SCHOOLS THAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS?

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HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE INTERPLAY OF OPPORTUNITIES AND MOTIVES

TESTED AND CORRBORATED

PERSONS WHO LEFT THEIR PARENTAL HOME AT AN EARLIER AGE AREMORE LIKELY TO LEAVE CHURCH

IF PERSONS LEFT HOME EARLIER AND THEIR PARENTS WENT TO CHURCH MORE OFTEN, THEN

THEIR CHANCES OF LEAVING CHURCH ARE HIGHER

IF PERSONS LEFT HOME EARLIER AND THEIR EDUCATION WAS HIGHER, THEN THEIR CHANCES OF

LEAVING CHURCHES ARE HIGHER

23

THE HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE INTERPLAY OF MOTIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES

ACCOUNTED FOR A LARGE PART OF THE SIMPLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN

EDUCATION AND LEAVING CHURCH

24

THE SECOND SMALL DUTCH QUESTION

WORKING WIVES AND THEIR HUSBANDS

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ARE PART OF THE INEQUALITY QUESTION AND PART OF THE COHESION QUESTION

CONNUBIUM

QUESTIONS ABOUT CONNUBIUM,

(WHO MARRIES WHOM, HOMOGAMY)

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INEQUALITY

CLOSURE

MOBILITY CONNUBIUM



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INEQUALITY

CLOSURE

MOBILITY CONNUBIUM

ISOLATION / TIES

COHESION

CONVIVIUM



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BOURDIEU ADDRESSED THE QUESTION OF THE REPRODUCTION OF INEQUALITY, THE

TRANSMISSION OF ADVANTAGES FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT

AND BYPASSED THE QUESTION OF THE RECONSTITUTION OF INEQUALITY BY WAY OF

CONNUBIUM

BOURDIEU FORGOT

IT TAKES A MAN AND A WOMAN TO MAKE A CHILD

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IT IS WELL-KNOWN THAT IN ALL COUNTRIES OF THE HIGHLY

INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD

COUPLES TEND TO CONSIST OF MEN AND WOMEN WITH THE SAME LEVEL OF EDUCATION

IT IS LESS WELL-KNOWN THAT THE LABOUR MARKET POSITION OF

SPOUSES (EMPLOYED, NONEMPLOYED) TENDS TO BE THE SAME TOO

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THE VARIOUS QUESTIONS ON CUNNUBIUM

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CONNUBIUM

32


CONNUBIUM

33


CONNUBIUM

CROSS-CLASS MARRIAGES

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CONNUBIUM


EDUCATIONAL HOMOGAMY

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CONNUBIUM



(NON)EMPLOYMENT HOMOGAMY

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AT FIRST SIGHT IT IS NOT PUZZLING THAT LABOUR MARKET POSITIONS OF HUSBANDS

AND WIVES TEND TO BE THE SAME

EDUCATION MAKES FOR LESS UNEMPLOYMENT

AND IF SPOUSES HAVE THE SAME LEVEL OF EDUCATION, THEN (NON)EMPLOYMENT HOMOGAMY IS A

BY-PRODUCT OF EDUCATIONAL HOMOGAMY

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HOWEVER, ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES LIKE

NATIONAL LABOR FORCE SURVEYS

MAKES CLEAR THAT

(UN)EMPLOYMENT HOMOGAMY

PERSISTS AFTER CONTROLLING FOR


AND ALSO AFTER CONTROLLING FOR

THE LOCAL LABOUR MARKET UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

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THAT IS, PROCESSES OF MUTUAL REINFORCEMENT ARE GOING ON

HYPOTHESES ON PARTNER-EFFECTS

HUSBAND-EFFECTS ARE STRONGER THAN WIFE-EFFECTS

PARTNER-EDUCATION MAKES FOR MORE EMPLOYMENT RE-ENTRY

AND FOR LESS EMPLOYMENT EXIT

PARTNER-INCOME MAKES FOR LESS EMPLOYMENT RE-ENTRY AND FOR

MORE EMPLOYMENT EXIT

39

HOW TO STUDY PARTNER EFFECTS? 1993 3M-MAC DUTCH DATA-SET

WITH EDUCATIONAL HISTORY, (NON)EMPLOYMENT HISTORY AND

INCOME HISTORY

NOTE THAT AN ASSOCIATION IN CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA BETWEEN EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT MAY RESULT

FROM LOW-EDUCATED PERSONS BEING FIRED MORE OFTEN OR FROM THEM BEING REFUSED A NEW JOB MORE OFTEN,

OR FROM BOTH

40

FINDINGS ON WIFE’S EMPLOYMENT EXIT WITH

HUSBAND’S EDUCATION AND INCOME AS

TIME- DEPENDENT COVARIATES IN A

MULTI-VARIATE EVENT-HISTORY ANALYSIS

AN EMPLOYED WIFE IS LESS LIKELY TO EXIT EMPLOYMENT

IF HER EDUCATION IS HIGHER

AND SHE IS MORE LIKELY TO DO SO

IF HER HUSBAND’S EDUCATION AND INCOME ARE HIGHER

41

FINDINGS ON HUSBAND’S EMPLOYMENT EXIT WITH WIFE’S EDUCATION AS A

TIME- DEPENDENT COVARIATE IN A

MULTI-VARIATE EVENT-HISTORY ANALYSIS

AN EMPLOYED HUSBAND IS MORE LIKELY TO EXIT EMPLOYMENT

IF HIS EDUCATION IS HIGHER

AND LESS LIKELY IF HIS WIFE’S EDUCATION IS HIGHER

42

FINDINGS ON WIFE’S EMPLOYMENT RE-ENTRY WITH HUSBAND’S EDUCATION AND INCOME

AS TIME - DEPENDENT COVARIATES IN A MULTI-VARIATE EVENT-HISTORY ANALYSIS

A NON-EMPLOYED WIFE IS MORE LIKELY TO RE-ENTER EMPLOYMENT

IF HER EDUCATION IS HIGHER

SHE IS MORE LIKELY TO RE-ENTER IF HER HUSBAND’S EDUCATION IS HIGHER

AND SHE IS LESS LIKELY TO RE-ENTER IF HER HUSBAND’S INCOME IS HIGHER

43

FINDINGS ON HUSBAND’S EMPLOYMENT RE-ENTRY WITH WIFE’S EDUCATION AS A TIME-DEPENDENT COVARIATE IN

A MULTI-VARIATE EVENT-HISTORY ANALYSIS

A NON-EMPLOYED HUSBAND IS MORE LIKELY TO RE-ENTER EMPLOYMENT

IF HIS EDUCATION IS HIGHER

AND HIS CHANCES OF RE-ENTRY DO NOT DEPEND UPON THE EDUCATION OF HIS WIFE

44

THE THIRD SMALL DUTCH QUESTION

COMPULSORY SCHOOLING AND

EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY

45

DID THE EXTENSION OF STATE DID THE EXTENSION OF STATE

COMPULSORY SCHOOLING COMPULSORY SCHOOLING

RESULT IN LESS DOWNWARD RESULT IN LESS DOWNWARD

EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY?EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY?

CHANGES IN THE NETHERLANDS DURING THE

TWENTIETH CENTURY

46

ONCE MORE THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY

INEQUALITY

CLOSURE

MOBILITY

47


INEQUALITY

CLOSURE

MOBILITY

FATHER-SON CLASS MOBILITY

48


INEQUALITY

CLOSURE

MOBILITY

FATHER-SON CLASS MOBILITY

FATHER-SON AND FATHER-

DAUGHTER EDUCATIONAL

MOBILITY

49

Previous Research on the Previous Research on the Netherlands: Netherlands:

Educational mobility increased according to:loglinear models with educational distributions fitted with trend constraints on uniform association and diagonal densities

50

Present research: dataPresent research: data

Stacked data file from 31 surveys21,899 men/20,903 women; age over 25Fifteen 5-year birth cohorts (1900-1974)Father’s education 4 categories (low – high)Daughter’s/Son’s education 4 categories

(low – high)

51

Four hypotheses from the field of stratification

One from each generation of stratification studies

Present research: Present research: hypotheseshypotheses

52

Zero-generationZero-generation non-hypothesis non-hypothesis

There is a linear downward trend in uniform association and diagonal density

53

First-generation First-generation hypothesishypothesis

A rising standard of living makes for lower uniform association and lower diagonal density

54

Second-generation Second-generation hypothesishypothesis

Raising the age at which compulsory schooling ends makes for lower uniform

association and diagonal density

55

Third-generation Third-generation hypothesishypothesis

Raising the age at which compulsory schooling ends does not alter the

density in the diagonal cell for the highest level of education

56

How to derive macro hypotheses from micro hypotheses?

Embedding the four hypotheses Embedding the four hypotheses in general sociologyin general sociology

57

First-generation First-generation hypothesis derivedhypothesis derived

going to school depends upon financial resources

people differ in financial resources

financial resources have increased and they have become more equally distributed in the course of time

58

Second-generation Second-generation hypothesis derivedhypothesis derived

apart from individual actors there is an all powerful corporate actor: the state

and the state has raised the age of compulsory schooling

Coleman about corporate actors

59

Third-generation Third-generation hypothesis derivedhypothesis derived

Highly educated parents deploy strategies compensating for state policies raising the age at

which compulsory schooling endsBourdieu about compensatory strategies

Elias about a spiraling process as a competitive outcome

60

12

34

stre

ngth

of

asso

ciat

ion

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort

cohort specific association linear trend

GDP per Capita Age Compulsory Schooling

intergenerational educational mobility; the Netherlands 1900-1974

Model includes one general diagonal effect for each cohortHomogeneous equal scalings for education

Models for linear trend, GDP and Compulsory SchoolingGraph 1 Changes in Cohort Specific Association-Men

61

0.2

.4.6

.81

stre

ngth

of

asso

ciat

ion

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort




Model includes one uniform associat ion effect for each cohortHomogeneous equal scalings for education

Models for linear trend, GDP and Compulsory SchoolingGraph 2 Changes in Cohort Specific Diagonal Effects-Men

62

0.2

.4.6

.81

stre

ngth

of

asso

ciat

ion

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort





Models for linear trend, GDP and Compulsory SchoolingGraph 3 Changes in Cohort Specific Diagonals 1 2 3-Men

63

0.2

.4.6

.81

stre

ngth

of

asso

ciat

ion

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort





Models for linear trend, GDP and Compulsory SchoolingGraph 4 Changes in Cohort Specific Diagonal 4-Men

64

12

34

stre

ngth

of

asso

ciat

ion

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort




Model includes one general diagonal effect for each cohortHomogeneous equal scalings for education

Models for linear trend, GDP and Compulsory SchoolingGraph 5 Changes in Cohort Specific Association-Women

65

0.2

.4.6

.81

stre

ngth

of

asso

ciat

ion

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort





Models for linear trend, GDP and Compulsory SchoolingGraph 6 Changes in Cohort Specific Diagonal Effects-Women

66

0.2

.4.6

.81

stre

ngth

of

asso

ciat

ion

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort





Models for linear trend, GDP and Compulsory SchoolingGraph 7 Changes in Cohort Specific Diagonals 1 2 3-Women

67

0.2

.4.6

.81

stre

ngth

of

asso

ciat

ion

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort





Models for linear trend, GDP and Compulsory SchoolingGraph 8 Changes in Cohort Specific Diagonal 4-Women

68

How do macro variables influence uniform association and diagonal densities?

Uniform association and diagonal densities derived from odds ratios

Odds ratios made up from an odds for moving up and an odds for moving down

Testing the third-generation Testing the third-generation hypothesis more severelyhypothesis more severely

69

Hypotheses about oddsHypotheses about odds

Raising the age at which compulsory schooling ends, increases the odds for moving up.

But what does it do to the odds for moving down?Few states ever sought to increase the odds for

moving down.

70

02

46

810

stre

ngth

of o

dds

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort

Men in the Netherlands 1900-1974

dots proportional to sample size

intergenerational educational mobilityObserved Odds: Upward Move from Level 1 to Level 4

upward trend

71

0.2

.4.6

.81

stre

ngth

of o

dds

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970birth cohort

Men in the Netherlands 1900-1974

dots proportional to sample size

intergenerational educational mobilityObserved Odds: Downward Move from Level 4 to Level 1

no trend or a downward trend

72

TO BE CONTINUED

THE LONG-RUN AIM OF THE EXERCISE IS TO DETERMINE

WHETHER THE NOTION THAT THERE EXIST CULTURAL

RESOURCES (NEXT TO FINANCIAL RESOURCES) IS

SUPERFLUOUS

73

A BONUS COMPARATIVE QUESTION

DOES EMPLOYMENT OF MIGRANTS DEPEND UPON

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, COUNTRY OF DESTINATION

AND SETTING (THE INTERPLAY OF COUNTRY OF

ORIGIN AND COUNTRY OF DESTINATION)?

74

DATA FOR 18 HIGHLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES IN THE 1990s

AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM CANADA DENMARK FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GREECE

IRELAND ITALY LUXEMBOURG NETHERLANDS PORTUGAL SPAIN SWEDEN UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES

75

DATA ARE FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION LABOUR FORCE SURVEY

PLUS THE PUBLIC USE SAMPLE OF THE CENSUS IN AUSTRALIA,

CANADA AND THE USA

AND SPECIFIC IMMIGRANT SURVEYS IN BELGIUM, GERMANY,

ITALY, NETHERLANDS AND UK

76

INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES

AGE DURATION OF STAY

LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY

77

THE DISTINGUISHED ORIGINS

CHINA, ITALY, PHILIPPINES, POLAND, TURKEY AND 182 OTHERS

NAMES RECODED INTO MEASURES

FOR POLITICAL SUPPRESSION, AND PREDOMINANCE OF

CHRISTIANITY

78

THE NAMES OF THE DESTINTIONS WERE RECODED INTO

THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A POINT SYSTEM FOR MIGRANTS

AND THE PARTICIPATION OF SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC PARTIES IN

GOVERNMENT

79

SETTING VARIABLES WERE

GINI ORIGIN / GINI DESTINATION GDP ORIGIN / GDP DESTINATION

GEOGRAPHIC DISTANCE RELATIVE GROUP SIZE

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF GROUP

80

CONTROL VARIABLES

LABOUR FORCE ACTIVITY OF NATIVES

NATURE OF SURVEY (MIGRANTS OVERSAMPLED)

81

TO BE EXPLAINED ARE

INSIDE – OUTSIDE LABOUR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT – UNEMPLOYMENT

BOTH FOR MALES AND FEMALES

APPLIED WERE MULTI-LEVEL

MODELS

82

RESULTS AFTER THE CONTROLS

THERE ARE THE EXPECTED

INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS OF AGE, DURATION

OF STAY, EDUCATION, LANGUAGE

PROFICIENCY

83

SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN COUNTRY OF DESTINATION MAKES FOR MORE

ACTIVITY AND EMPLOYMENT,

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION IN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN FOR LESS AND

CHRISTINITY THERE FOR MORE ACTIVITY AND EMPLOYMENT

84

SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE SETTING EFFECTS WERE FOUND FOR

GDP ORIGIN / GDP DESTIONATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTANCE

85

MERGING NATIONAL FILES INTO A SUPER-FILE

HELPS ANSWERING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE ECONOMIC POSITION OF

MIGRANTS

86

this presensation liberally quoted from studies I undertook in the course of the years with several Dutch scholars:

WIL ARTS

WIM BERNASCO

JOS DESSENS

JAAP DRONKERS

HENK FLAP

HARRY GANZEBOOM

NAN-DIRK DE GRAAF

PAUL DE GRAAF

JOHN HENDRICKX

WIM JANSEN

JAN LAMMERS

RUUD LUIJKX

ARIANA NEED

WILMA SMEENK

JEROEN SMITS

FRANK VAN TUBERGEN

WILLFRED UUNK

MAARTEN WOLBERS

87

EXACT REFERENCES CAN BE FOUND ON MY WEB SITE, WHERE MY PRESENTATIONS HAVE BEEN POSTED TOO

http://www.socsci.kun.nl/maw/sociologie/ultee

Email: [email protected]

1 sociology’s three big questions three small dutch questions and presentation at the danish...

Documents

church slide

netherlands slide

denomination slide

church member

dutch census

catholic church

small dutch questions

new questions