1 sid 123 moreno et al description - euraf · • soil fertilization (moreno & obrador 2007)...
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AGROFORESTRY*SYSTEMS*OF*HIGH*NATURAL*AND*CULTURAL*VALUE*IN*EUROPE:*STRUCTURE,*MANAGEMENT,*GOODS*AND*SERVICES*
Moreno&G,&Aviron&S,&Berg&S,&Burgess&PJ,&Caceres&Y,&Crous7Duran&J,&Faias&SP,&Firmino&PN,&Fo<adis&G,&Franca&A,&Garcia&de&Jalon&S,&Hartel&T,&Lind&T,&López&Bernal&A,&Mantzanas&K,&Mirck&J,&Palma&J,&Pantera&A,&Paulo&JA,&&Papadopoulos&A,&Papanastasis&V,&Papaspyropoulos&K,&Popa&R,&Porqueddu&C,&Rákosy&L,&Re&GA,&Sanna&F,&Thenail&C,&Tsonkova&P,&Valinger&E,&Varga&A,&Viaud&V,&Vityi&A&
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SEMINATURAL*LANDSCAPES,*but*farmed*
HNV*FARMS:&Farm&types&and&landscapes*valuable&for&biodiversity,&&
They&are&managed&at&low*intensity*and&that&retains&semiInatural*vegetaLon.&&
EUROPEAN&HNV&AGROFORESTRY&includes&grazed&woodlands,&wood&pastures,&and&parklands&all&them&associated&with&low7intensity&livestock&rearing.&But&it&also&includes&Bocage&and&other&mosaic7like&farmed&landscapes&&
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10 HNCV agroforestry systems were selected as representative of the different European biogeographical regions.
From forest habitats that are barely farmed (e.g. extensive grazing with reindeers) to mixed farming (e.g. bocage).
90%&of&the
&territory&of&Sardinian&W
ood&
pastures&is&con
side
red&as&disadvantaged
&areas&
(EU&Direc<ve&125
7/99
)&
WP* WP*
WP*
WP* HGR*
WP*
WP*
HGR*
WP*
GF*
GF*
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All ten HNCV agroforestry systems have been described in detail using a common template aimed at recording:
(i) Distribution, extension and current trend;
(ii) Structure and Components
(iii) Management practices;
(iv) Provisioning services (main marketable products);
(v) Ecosystem services scientifically measured; and, where available,
(vi) Assessment of economic value of these systems.
(vii) New initiatives to boost HNCV agroforestry
The description is based on the revison of international and local literature available for the ten selected HNVC agroforestry systems.
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LOCATION & EXTENSION
800,000&ha&940,000&ha& 3,500,000&ha&
4,700,000&ha&30,000&ha&950,000&ha&
113,000&ha&950,000&ha&
183,000&km&&over&2.7&millions&ha&(1,400,000&ha)&
10000720000&ha&
8000&ha&(240,00&ha)& 7000&ha&
(760,000&ha)&
47500&ha&(200,000&ha)&
24,000,000&ha&(Forest7Wood&Planta<ons)&
(450,000&ha)&
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Dehesa,&Spain&
Montado,&Portugal
ACORNS*ARE*CONSUMED*BY*LIVESTOCK,*SPECIALLY*PIGS*IN*IBERIA*PENINSULE&
OAK-BASED WOOD PASTURES FOR LIVESTOCK BREEDING&
Open&oak&woodland,&with&scaeered&oaks&(10760&trees&ha71)&and&na<ve&annual&self7seeding&grasses.&Occasionally&cereal&and&fodder&crops&are&cul<vated.&Also&more&produc<ve&rich7legume&pastures.&Caele,&sheep,&goats,&pigs&(0.2–0.5&LU&ha71)
Ini<al&thinning,&periodical&pruning&of&trees.&Regular&grazing.&Mowing&more&produc<ve&(wet)&pastures)&for&hay/silage&LESS&FERTIL&SOILS:&Shrub&removal&followed&by&soil&cul<va<on&(every&10&or&more&years)&&MORE&FERTILE&SOIL:&Periodical&crops&(~&every&476&y)&Debarking&cork&oaks&is&present&(every&10&y)&
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.&&
&
Plan<ng&and/or&natural®enera<on,&shrub&control,&periodical&cropping&and®ular&grazing.&&
Sown&of&annual&mix&pastures&for&grazing&and/or&hay&
Regular&Grazing/&Mowing&/&Debarking&cork&oaks&
Dairy&sheep&in&more&open&stands&and&caele&in&more&dense&stands.&Also&goats&in&shrubs
Valonian&oak&&silvopastures,&Greece
Open&forests&of&old&age&trees&(40750%&tree&cover;&50760&trees)&
(Q.&ithaburensis&and&other&Quercus)&&
+&grasses&and&bushes&&
+&sheep,&goats,&pigs,&cows&(<&1&LU&ha71).&
Wood&Pastures+Grazed&Forest,&Sardinia,&Italy&
Oaks&at&77&250&trees&ha71&&
+&na<ve&self7seeding&grass&understory&&
+&occasional&crops&(Barley&&&Oats)&+&shrub&understory&
+&livestock&(0.2–0.5&LU&ha71)&
OAK-BASED WOOD PASTURES FOR LIVESTOCK BREEDING&
VerLcal*shortIdistance*transhumance*
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DIFFERENT&VIEWS&of&the&SARDINIAN&AGRO7SILVOPASTORAL&LANDSCAPES&
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OTHER WOOD PASTURES with
Wood&pastures,&Hungary
IN:&Mosaic& of& open& grassland,&wood&pastures& with& ancient& trees& and&forest.
IN:& Natural& grasslands& with&Quercus'robur,' Q.' petraea,' Pyrus' communis,'P.' pyraster' (frequent& isolated&veteran&trees)
Trees&(ooen&pollarded&in&the&past)&&
+&Grazing&livestock&
+&Understorey&of&grassland&and/or&heathland.&
Wood&pastures&and&parklands,&UK&
Transylvanian&wood&pastures,&Romania&&
Trees&are¬&anymore&managed&
Grazing& is& officially& prohibited& in& forests,&but&livestock&use&woody&species&as&fodder.&
Sheep,&caele,&buffalo,&goat.&Mostly&tradi<onal&breeds&for&the&Region.&~&0.3&LU&ha71
This&system&is&almost&abandoned&
Maintenance for recreation activities and Biodiversity conservation
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ROMANIA&
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HUNGARY&
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UK&
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HEDGEROWS SYSTEMS
L ines& o f& h igh7& and& medium7stem& t rees&(mul<specific;& hardwoods)& contouring& crop& fields&(included&fodder&crops)&and&pastures.&&
Hedgerow&density&varies&between&16&and&94&m.ha71.&&
Tree&and&shrubs&hedgerows&(na<ve&flood&plain&species&such&as&Alnus&glu<nosa&and&others)&contouring&meadows&and&field&crops.&Inter7row&spacing&~50&m.&Inter7row&spacing&~50&m.&
Bocage,&Bretagne,&France&&
Hedgerows&contouring&meadows,&Germany&&
(example:&Spreewald&Biosphere&Reserve)&&
Plan<ng&hedges,&with&or&without&bank,&&
Pruning,&Thinning,&Shredding&and&harves<ng
Meadows&are&mowing&and&grazing&with&caele&(3&per&ha)&from&May&to&October.&&Tradi<onally®ular&harvest&of&hedgerow&biomass&every&5715&years&for&fuelwood.&&Currently&this&prac<ces&has&disappeared&by&economic&reasons&but&also&it&is&prohibited&by&nature&conserva<on&rules.&
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GERMANY&
FRANCE&
UK&
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GRAZED FORESTS
Reindeer&husbandry&in&Conifers&+&Birch&forest:&150072000&trees/ha&
Understory&rich&in&herbs,&berries&and&terrestrial&and&arboreal&lichens.&&
Grazed&by&migra<ng&reindeer&herds.&Stoking&rate&<&0.01&ha71&
Soil&scarifica<on,&plan<ng/seeding,&and&&natural®enera<on&,&with&further&cleaning,&thinning&and&clear7cut&(cycles&of&1007130&years)
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GALAZANI,&&Zagros,&Kurdistan,&Iran&&&
BEYOND*EUROPE*
California&
TUNICIA&
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BUT*AGRICULTURE*AND*LIVESTOCK*BREEDING*HAS*BEEN*A*MOTOR*OF*DEFORESTAION*EVERYWHERE*
WHY*TREES*WERE*MANAGED*/*CONSERVED*IN*CERTAIN*REGIONS*/*SYSTEMS*
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PROVISIONING GOODS AND REGULATING SERVICES
Multiple woody and non-woody products, • High-quality food (e.g., Meat, Honey, Mushrooms) • Energy (Firewood and charcoal) • Materials (Cork) • Recreational (e.g. Games) or Cultural Services
Keystone structures (Ecosystems services) • Carbon sequestration (Howllet et al., 2011) • Soil fertilization (Moreno & Obrador 2007) • Microclimate amelioration (Moreno et al., 2007) • Shelter for livestock (animal welfare) NOT EVALUATED YET • Control of soil erosion (Moreno & Pulido 2009) • Control nutrient leaching (López-Díaz et al., 2011) • Biodiversity maintenance (Marañon et al., 2009)
The*role*of*trees*in*pastoral*systems*
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PROVISIONING SERVICES: FOODER*RESOURCES*
&
FORAGE&BANKS&
Valonian*acorn*cups*is*used*for*tanning*in*Kea*islands,*Greece*
Tree Fodder: Prunned Branches
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TREES*HAS*NEUTRAL*AND*POSITIVE*EFFECTS*ON*GRASSLANDS*
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Protec<on&for&livestock&(shelter)&and&crops/pastures&(windbreaks)&were&recognized&by&local&stakeholders&as&an&important&ecosystem&service&of&HNCV&agroforestry.&&
HOW*MUCH*METABOLIC*ENERGY*(FOOD)**IS*SAVED?*
7 Shade&for&livestock&(primary&role,&recognized&by&the&great&majority&of&stakeholders)&
7 Buffering&the&grassland&against&wind&and&dryness&(recognized&
by&some&stakeholders)&
TREES*HAS*CLEAR*POSITIVE*EFFECTS*ON*GRASSLANDS*
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PROVISIONING SERVICES: TIMBER & ENERGY
Tree Fodder: Prunned Branches
Charcoal
Firewood
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PROVISIONING SERVICES: Material (e.g. Cork)
Cork&is&the&main&marketable&products&of&Portuguese&montado,&also&important&in&Spain&and&Sardina&&In&Sardinia&Cork:&17,000&720,000&tonnes&&per&yeas&(150,000,000&Euros)&for&cork&boele&stoppers&&&
Other&goods& include& ,&mulch,&wild& fruits& (e.g.,& syrup&and& jam&from&rosehips&and&mulberry),&honey,&mushrooms,&wild&edible,&medicinal&and&aroma<c&plants,&and&recrea<onal&ac<vi<es&such&as&hun<ng&and&fishing,&educa<on&and&leisure&ac<vi<es.&&
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PROVISIONING SERVICES: Other marketable products
While& high& quality& livestock7based& foods& (meat& (lamb,& beef& …)& and& dairy& products&(cheese,&milk),& eggs)& are& common& to&most& of& the& systems& studied,& some& goods& are®ionally&specific.&&&In&some&cases,&specific&labels&are&iden<fied&for&the&products&of&the&HNCV&agroforestry&systems&(e.g.&Iberian&jam,&Sardinian&cheeses:&cheeses&such&as&Pecorino&Romano&PDO,&Pecorino&Sardo&PDO&and&Fiore&Sardo&PDOI).&&Other& goods& include& ,& mulch,& wild& fruits& (e.g.,& syrup& and& jam& from& rosehips& and&mulberry),& honey,& mushrooms,& wild& edible,& medicinal& and& aroma<c& plants,& and&recrea<onal&ac<vi<es&such&as&hun<ng&and&fishing,&educa<on&and&leisure&ac<vi<es.&&
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SARDINIA:&High&cultural&value&for&tourism&&GERMANY:&High&aesthe<c&and&cultural&value&and&is&of&importance&for&tourism&(2&to&2.2&million&visitors&between&May&and&September&each&year)&in&Spreedwal&&SPAIN:&Hun<ng&is&more&profitable&than&livestock&breeding&for&some&dehesa&farms&(hilly&areas)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Birdwatching&is&an&important&commercial&ac<vity&in&the&dehesa&territory&&&&
PROVISIONING SERVICES: Leisure activities
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OTHER&ECOSYSTEM&SERVICES
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Trees increase soil carbon content
IBERIAN DEHESA
137
94
67
G C kg-1 Suelo
SARDINIA&SOM&(lieer):&10&to&22&t&ha71&in&the&dense&oak&forest&&vs&3&to&11&t&ha71&in&the&wooded&pasture&&&
GERMANY&Important&C&sequestra<on&with&the&Spreewald&system&encroach&
FRENCH&BOCAGE&Soil&organic&carbon&contents&measured&in&topsoil&under&old&hedgerows&can&be&up&to&2.5&<mes&higher&than&those&in&the&adjacent&crop&field.&
(Howlee&et&al&2011.&J.&Env.&Monit)&
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And Soil Fertility
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
Distance to the tree trunk, m
Nut
rient
con
tent
(N, C
a, M
g), g
/ kg
x
0
50
100
150
200
250
K c
onte
nt g
/ kg
x
N Ca Mg P K
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
P c
onte
nt g
/ kg
x
Moreno et al. 2007 Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.
IBERIAN&DEHESA&
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Trees help to control Nitrate leaching
Preventing N leaching cost 100€ ha-1 y-1 in Spreedwald system compared to 400€ ha-1 y-1
in more intensive grasslands in Germany Especial emphasis on the regulation of the nitrate and phosphorus pollution is done in Britany where hedgerows are designed to improve the groundwater quality. At a watershed scale, the nitrate flux brought by water surface decreased when the hedge tree density increased.
Benhamou C, Salmon-Monviola J, Durand P, Grimaldi C, Merot P (2013) Modelling the interaction between fields and a surrounding hedgerow network and its impact on water and nitrogen flows of a small watershed. Agricultural Water Management 121: 62-72&
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Trees help to control Soil Erosion The capacity to improve water infiltration and prevent soil erosion is mentioned
for Mediterranean case studies but also for the Continental Spreewald floodplain and the Atlantic bocage.
Several studies demonstrated also the anti-erosive effect of hedgerows, with high spatial variability at the landscape scale.
Parameter&Tree&Cover1&
HTD& MTD& Treeless& BC&
Soil&Cover,&%&& 85& 55& 35& 80&
Runoff,&%&rainfall&& 12& 30,5& 36,3& 11,1&
Soil&Erosion&Rate,&&&g&/&m2&/&y&
3.1& 5.2& 5.8& 0.9&
1Tree&Cover:&HTD:&High&Tree&Density;&MDT:&Medium&Tree&Density;&BC:&Beneath&Canopy&
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Values&of&the&propaga<on&probability,&rate&of&spread&and&fireline&intensity&calculated&for&grazed&(A,&C,&E)&and&ungrazed&(B,&D,&F)&condi<ons&in&Sardinia&(Italy)&by&FIRESITE&simulator&&
Agroforestry practices reduces the risk of wild fire
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Some&examples&of&well&documented&benefit&of&agroforestry&for&biodiversity&in&our&10&case&study&&FRENCH&BOCAGE&The&diversity&of&bueerflies&in&bocage&was&found&to&be&higher&in&hedgerow&banks&than&other&herbaceous&habitats,&in&rela<onships&with&a&high&diversity&of&plant&species.&&The&diversity&of&pollinators&such&as&solitary&bees&increased&with&hedgerow&density&in&farming&landscapes,&due&to&the&high&quality&of&nectar&and&nes<ng&resources&in&these&elements.&&Regarding&the&communi<es&of&natural&enemies&of&crop&pests,&the&diversity&of&predatory&carabid&beetles,&of&ladybugs&and&of&aphid¶sitoids&in&cereals&fields&was&found&to&be&posi<vely&related&to&the&density&of&hedgerows&and/or&their&proximity&to&crops&in&the&surrounding&landscape.&&ROMANIAN&WOOD&PASTURES&In&an&ancient&oak&wood7pasture&from&Romania&of&133&hectare,&overall&476&species&of&vascular&plants,&121&species&of¯omycetes,&281&species&of&Lepidoptera,&40&species&of&xylophagous&beetles,&27&species&of&nes<ng&birds&and&38&species&of&mammals&were&iden<fied.&&Wood7pastures&contain&more&bird&species&and&func<onal&groups&than&high&forests&and&open&pastures.&More&recent&surveys&carried&out&in&a&moderately&intensively&grazed&wood7pasture&(with&1.1&LU/hectare)&revealed&an&excep<onal&diversity&of&spider&communi<es&in&such&systems,&with&140&species&and&four&new&species&of&spiders&for&Romania.&&
THE&HIGH&BIODIVERSITY&OF&HIGH&NATURE&&&CULTURAL&VALUE&AGROFORESTRY&
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Apart&in&Romania,&ancient&trees&of&Bri<sh,&Greek,&Hungarian&wood&pastures&are&especially&rich&in&fungi,&epiphyte,¯oinvertebrates,&bats&and&birds.&&&A&comprehensive&biodiversity&survey&on&a&220&ha&montado&farm&in&Portugal&iden<fied&264&fungi,&75&bryophytes,&304&vascular&plants&and&121&vertebrate&species&were&recorded.&&&
In&Spanish&dehesa,&135&species&of&plants&in&0.1&ha&in&holm&oak&dehesas&and&60–100&species&per&0.1&ha&in&cork&oak&stands&have&been&described&&ANNEX&II&of&&EU&HABITAT&DIRECTIVE&Wood&pastures&have&been&iden<fied&as&a&priority&habitat&in&the&UK,&&Valonian&oak&forest&in&Greek&and&Iberian&dehesa&in&Spain&were&declared&Habitat&of&Communitary&(European)&Interest&&&&&
THE&HIGH&BIODIVERSITY&OF&HIGH&NATURE&&&CULTURAL&VALUE&AGROFORESTRY&
The&willingness&to&pay&to&preserve&biodiversity&of&HNCV&grasslands&in&Germany&amounted&to&
approximately&10€&per&month&&
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TREES*IN*WOOD*PASTURES*INCREASE*BIODIVERSITY*BECAUSE*&• Tree7based&gradients&• Addi<onal&food&resources&• Refuge&for&nes<ng&
TREE7BASED&(FINE)&GRADIENTS&
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SPECIES*RICHNESS*INCREASE*IN*OPEN*WOOD*PASTURES*RESPECT*TO*OPEN*PASTURES*AND*TO*DENSE*FORESTS*
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Measured Chao23Estimated Coleman323Rarefied
Estim
ated
)Num
ber)o
f)Plant)Spe
cies
Pastures Wood3PasturesPRODUCTIVE NON3PRODUCTIVEALL
PLANTS
Although&high&biodiversity&values&found&in&Iberian&dehesas&can&be&partly&explained&by&the&existence&of&a&habitat&dominated&by&scaeered&trees,&the&in<mate&mix&of&tree&and&treeless&pastures&and&marginal&habitats&has&also&a&significant&role&(Moreno&et&al&2016)&&
HABITAT*DIVERSITY*ALSO*MATTERS*
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SOME*DISSERVICES*OF*THE*HIGH*BIODIVERSITY*/*WILDLIFE*OF*HNCV*AGROFORESTRY*&
Forage*consumpLon**Livestock*diseases**
0
20
40
60
80
100
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
% o
f d
isti
nct
fo
od
ers
Acorns Browse Grass
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HOWEVER HNCV AGROFORESTRY IS EUROPE IS MOSTLY MARGINAL (CURRENT TRENDS)
With&the&excep<on&of&Iberian&dehesas&and&montados,&and&in&some&way&the&Sardinian&agro7silvo7pastoral&landscapes,&the&rest&of&the&HNCV&agroforestry&systems&studied&experienced&an&important®ression&and/or&abandonment&of&the&farming&prac<ces&during&the&20th¢ury.&&
Hedges&are¬&maintained&and&their&rejuvena<on&is&hindered&by&trampling&and&grazing&by&caele,&and&tree&deseases&(Phytophthora'alni'for'black'alder'and'Hymenoscyphus'fraxineus'for'ash).&&Deadwood&up&to&50%&of&stand&trees&In&Spreewald&Reserve.
Progressive&lost&of&trees&in&Romanian&Wood&Pastures&
0
20
40
60
80
100
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Size classes (Diameter of trunk, cm)
% o
f tre
es (F
ores
t)
0
5
10
15
20
% o
f tre
es (D
ehes
a)
FOREST DEHESA
Overageing&of&tree&popula<on&in&Iberian&dehesas&
Greece:&Steady&decline:&lack&of&natural®enerata<on&(>80%&of&sites)&because&overgrazing,&shrub&encroachment&and&wildfire;&switching&to&olive&groves&or&arable&crops&
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INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY This&slow&decline&of&most&HNCV&agroforestry&systems&in&Europe&has&led&to&programs&to&restore&tradi<onal&farming&prac<ces.&&&PORTUGAL&(similar&for&certain&SPANISH®IONS)&Financial&support&to&the&installa<on&of&new&HNCV&areas&trough&PDR&2020&measures&&&Financial&support&to&the&maintenance,&improvement&of&produc<ve&capacity&and&increase&resilience&of&exis<ng&HNCV&areas&trough&PDR&2020&measures&&Increase&knowledge&and&knowledge&transfer&from&the&scien<fic&community&to&prac<<oners,&on&best&management&prac<ces&(debarking&)&related&to&the&systems&components:&tree,&understory&and&animal&&&HUNGARY&formerly&abandoned&areas&are&being&farmed&again&as&wood&pastures&&to&supply&the&demand&the&organic&and&high&quality&foods&&SWEEDEN&Forest&plans&of&intensive&<mber&planta<ons&are&being&adapted&&to&compa<bilist&<mber&produc<on&with&the&reindeer&husbandry&&UK&Pollarding&and&grazing&ac<vi<es&in&old&abandoned&wood&pastures&is&re7introduced&to&maintain&the&cultural&landscape&mostly&used&for&public&recrea<onal&ac<vi<es.&&&
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GERMANY&A&plan&for&the&rejuvena<on&of&the&abandoned&hedgerows&in&the&German&Spreewald&floodplain&has&also&been&ini<ated.&The&program&called&"Spreewald&Grassland&Shares"&aims&to&s<mulate&public&involvement&in&maintaining&the&tradi<onal&landscape&of&Spreewald.&&BRITANY,&FRANCE&In&Britany&in&France,&new&hedge&plan<ng&schemes&have&been&implemented&since&the&1990s.&&
INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY
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ROMANIA&
INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY
Ini<a<ves&to&promote&the&social7ecological&values&of&the&wood7pastures&from&Southern&Transylvania.&&
• Mul<&secular&oak&reserva<on&at&Breite’&7&project&aimed&to&promote&the&value&of&the&Breite&ancient&wood7pasture.&
• Building&milk&collec<ng¢ers&in&villages,&promo<ng&markets&for&tradi<onal&products&and&mo<va<ng&farmers&to&use&their&WP.&
• The&project&‘Conserva<on&of&biodiversity&in&the&Breite&ancient&oak&reserve,&Sighisoara’.&• The&Project&‘The&implica<on&of&the&local&communi<es&in&the&conserva<on&of&the&wood7pasture&habitats&from&the&Saxon&villages&of&Southern&Transylvania’.&&
• The&projects&‘Find&the&oldest&tree’&and&‘One&oak&for&every&pupil’&were&first&of&all&educa<onal&and&awareness&rising&projects.&• ‘The&oak&day’&was&a&community&event&organized&by&MET&in&partnership&together&with&over&50&ins<tu<ons&and&important&persons&
from&Sighisoara.&&
• ‘The&Remarkable&Trees&of&Romania’&is&a&new,&ci<zen&science&based&project&targe<ng&the&large,&old&trees&of&Romania.&&
• Approaching&the&Minister&of&the&Environment&of&Romania&to&discuss&possibili<es&for&social7ecological&sustainability&of&Romanian&
wood7pastures.&&• Highlight&of&the&WP&as&valuable&landscapes&needing&protec<on&in&the&management&plan&of&a&local&Natura&2000&site&of&85,000&ha&
• Ini<a<on&of&a&policy&seminar&in&Brussels&(European&Commission)&in&order&to&recognize&European&wood7pastures&within&the&
Common&Agricultural&Policy&(17th&of&November,&2015).&&
• Ini<a<on&of&ar<s<c&event&‘Old&Trees’&in&three&major&ci<es&of&Romania,&to&popularize&the&ancient&trees.&
• Eight&peer7reviewed&scien<fic&papers&addressing&the&ecological&and&socio7cultural&values&and&threats&for&wood7pastures&from&
Southern&Transylvania.&
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ROMANIA&INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY
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INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY GRAZING&WOOD&PASTURES&AS&FIREBREAKS&(SPAIN,&SARDINIA)&
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INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY Farmers in the frontier
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CONCLUSIONS
Most of the traditional HNCV agroforestry systems and associated agro-silvo-pastoral practices were under-valued in the XX century and the systems have either evolved in dense forests and shrublands or been deforested by the gradual loss of trees.
Recently, HNCV agroforestry systems have acquired interest again for their ecological, cultural and recreational value, through the support of agri-environment programmes and the rising demand for high quality food.
Numerous projects of rejuvenation or restoration have emerged to preserve ancient trees, hedgerows, tree cover, and practices such as grazing forest, pannage, and pollarding.
However, there is still important uncertainties on how to restore and maintain these systems, and ultimately to guarantee an economic and ecological sustainable management of these systems.
Research on the best agroforestry management practices to optimise more demanded public services and high quality and low-carbon-emission products are still needed.
income&from&agricultural&products&which&ooen&hardly&compensates&labour&costs&
cultural&landscape&of&high&aesthe<c&value&and&their&associated&tradi<onal&knowledge&as&poten<al&for&tourism&
current&wood7pasture&systems&is&largely&resumed&to&the&herbaceous&layer&while&the&trees&are&in&sharp&decline&
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Acknowledgement**The& AGFORWARD& project& (Grant& Agreement& N°& )& is& co7funded& by& the& European& Commission,& Directorate& General& for& Research& && Innova<on,& within& the& th&Framework&Programme&of&RTD,&Theme&&7&Biotechnologies,&Agriculture&&&Food.&The&views&and&opinions&expressed&in&this&report&are&purely&those&of&the&writers&and&may¬&in&any&circumstances&be®arded&as&sta<ng&an&official&posi<on&of&the&European&Commission.&
Full&reports&are&accessible&at&AGFORWARD&project&portal&(www.agforward.eu/index.php/en/FarmerNetworks.html).&