1. sentence basin (1-4)

8/2/2019 1. Sentence Basin (1-4)

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Test yourself

Can you find the subjects and the verbs in thefollowing sentences?

You are my best friend. Hang up your clothes.

They really wanted to be here tonight.

He made a sandwich and put it in a brown paper bag.

Linda and Tom went to the dance.

3/13/2012 by CHUM PISETH 2


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Test yourself

Subjects are underlined once and verbs twice inthe following sentences. Can you name other

parts? You are my best friend.

Hang up your clothes.

They really wanted to be here tonight.

He made a sandwich and put it in a brown paper bag. Linda and Tom went to the dance.



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The Subjects and The Verbs

To be complete, every sentence must have asubject. The subject tells who or what thesentence is about. John always came home early.

The sentence is aboutJohn.

To be complete, every sentence must have averb as well as a subject. The verb tells what the

subject is doing or what is happening. John always came home early.

The verb came tell whatJohn did.

(See Unit 1 for details)



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More About the Verbs

Action Verbs (see unit 3)

An action verb tells what a subject is doing.

Some examples of action verbs: skip, breathe,remember, restate, cry, decrease, write, paint

The car crashedinto the tree. (physical action)

The verb crashedtells what the car did(action of the

car) I consideredmy decision carefully. (metal action)

The verb consideredtells what I did(action of me)



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More About the Verbs (cont)

Linking Verbs (see unit 3)

In a sentence, a linking verb connects the subject

to the other word that describes, renames, oridentifies the subject. Maria looks very sad at the moment.

verysaddescribes Maria by the Linking Verb look.

Common linking verbs areappear be become feel grow

look remain seem smell sound

stay test turn



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Action or Linking Verb (see unit 3)

Some linking verbs may act either as an action verb ora lining verb. To recognize whether the verb is as action

or linking, substitute the main verb with the verb be;if the sentence still makes sense, the main verb is aliking verb; or if the sentence does not make sense, themain verb is an action verb.

Ifeelcold. => I am cold. The sentence still makes sense, sofeelis a linking verb.

Ifeelthe water. => I am the water.

The sentence does not make sense, sofeelis an actionverb.



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Helping verb (see unit 2)

Often the main verb (the action or linking verb) in asentence needs help to convey its meaning. Helping verbs

add information, such as when an action took place. Theverb phrase (or complete verb) consists of a main verb andall its helping verb.

He might be a doctor.

mightis a helping verb, beis a main verb (linking verb), and

mightbe is a verb phrase.

We shouldhave gone to the concert.

shouldhaveis helping verbs,goneis a main verb (actionverb), and shouldhavegone is a verb phrase.



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Helping verb (cont)

Note that notisnt part of a helping verb or a verbphrase. Similarly, never, always, only,just, and stillare never part of the verb. The most common helping verbs are

be, am, is, are, was, were, been, beinghave, has, had

Do, does, did Other common helping verbs are

may, might can, could will, would

shall, should used to ought to



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Complete Subjects and

PredicatesA sentence is a group of words with two main

parts: a complete subject and a complete predicate.Together these parts express a complete thought.(see unit 1)

Acomplete subject is a noun or pronoun including itsmodifier(s) that the sentence is about.

Acomplete predicate is a verb or a verb phrase withadditional word to it that tells something about thesubject.

The gently rocking boat lulled us to sleep.



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Simple Subjects and

Predicates The simplesubjectis the essential noun, or

pronoun, orgroup orwords acting as a noun thatcannot be left out of the complete subject. (see unit

1) The simplepredicate is the essential verb, or verb

phrase that cannot be left out of the completepredicate. (see unit 1)

simple simple

subject predicate

Someflowers willnot bloom in the shade.

complete subject complete predicate



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Compound Subjects and Verbs

The complete subject of a sentence may containtwo or more subjects. The two or more subjectsthat are joined by a coordinating conjunctionsuch as andor oris a compoundsubject. (see unit1)

My brotherand Ilive with my grandmother.

Snow, ice, drought, andflooding are naturalphenomena.



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Compound Subjects and Verbs

Like complete subject, a complete predicate of asentence may contain two or more verbs or verbphrases. The two or more verbs or verb phrases that are

joined by a coordinating conjunction such as andor orisa compoundverb. (see unit 1)

He runs and swims twice a week in the summer.

Sometimes a sentence has both a compound subjectand a compound predicate.

John and Michaeljump into the boat and startedthe motor.

The boys,girls, and theirparents willgather, sitand cheeratthe graduation ceremony.



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Complements (see unit 4)

The complete predicate of a sentence maycontain a complement(s) or/and a modifier(s).The complementis a word or group of wordsthat completes the meaning to a verb(s) of asentence in a complete predicate. It is verynecessary to express a complete thought of a

sentence that cannot be left out. Education gives men andwomen more opportunities.

He is asurgeon.



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Kinds of Complements (see

unit 4) Five different kinds of complements:

Direct Objects (D.O.)

Indirect Objects (I.O.) Objective Complements (O.C.)

Predicate Nominatives (P.N.)

PredicateAdjectives (P.A.)



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Direct Objects (D.O.)

Adirectobjectis a noun, pronoun, or group ofwords acting as a noun that receives the actionof a transitive verb. Mud and leaves clogged thegutters.

Direct Objects or Objects of a Preposition (O.P.)

A direct object is never the noun or pronoun at theend of a prepositional phrase. The noun or pronoun at

the end of the prepositional phrase is the objectofapreposition.

She sat nearherfather. (nearherfatherisprepositional phrase; object of a preposition isfather)



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Indirect Object (I.O.)

An indirectobjectis a noun or pronoun that appearswith a direct object and names the person or thingsomething given to or done for. (see page 11 for verbsused in this pattern)

Our teacher teaches us sentence skills.

Direct Objects or Objects of a Preposition

Do not confuse an indirect object with an object of apreposition. The noun or pronoun after the preposition to

orforis an objectofapreposition. I bought my mother a scarf. (motheris an indirect object)

I bought a scarfformy mother. (motheris an object of apreposition for)



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Objective Complements (O.C.)

An objectivecomplementis an adjective or a nounor pronoun that appears with a direct object anddescribes or rename it. (see page 12 for verbs used in thispattern)

I consider her the bestcandidate for the job. Objective Complements or Direct Objects

Do not confuse an objective complementwith a directobject.Adirect objectand complement is only one person

or thing.An indirect object and direct objectare always twodifferent persons or things.

She calls me teacher. (me is D.O.;teacheris O.C.)

She gave me a doll. (me is I.O.;dollis D.O.)



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Predicate Nominatives (P.N.)

Apredicate nominative is a noun or a pronounthat appears with a liking verb and renames,identifies, or explains the subject or a sentence.

Peace of mind and a clear conscience are everything.

In spite of their quarrel, they remainedfriends.



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Predicate Adjectives (P.A.)

Apredicate adjectiveis an adjective that appearswith a linking verb and describes the subject of thesentence.

The design on the vase was intricate. Predicate Nominative and PredicateAdjective areSubjectComplements.



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More about complements

Note that all kinds complements may be compound(two or more complements joined by coordinatingconjunction like andor or) such as compound direct

objects, compound indirect objects, compoundobjective complements, and compound subjectcomplements (P.N. & P.A.).

I have a carand a bike. (carand bike are a compound D.O.)

My mother told me, my sister, and young relatives tales.(me, sister, relatives are a compound indirect object)

She ispretty, clever, and smart. (pretty, clever, smartare acompound predicate adjective)



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The Modifiers

Adjectives and adverbs are the most common typesof modifiers that add more information to acomplete sentence, but these adjectives andadverbs are not usually necessary to make a

complete thought. She cried. (a complete sentence)

She cried sadly. (sadlyis a modifier)

Other modifiers such asprepositional phrases,

infinitives,participles and dependent clauses alsofunction as an adjective or an adverb. See unit 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19 & 20 for those modifiers.



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Summary

Parts of a sentence

A sentence = Subject + Predicate

Subject + Verb

She laughs Subject + Verb + Modifier

She laughs happily

Subject + Verb + Complement

She is happy. Subject + Verb + Complement + Modifier

She is happy this morning.



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References

Oshima,A. & Hogue,A. (2006). Writing AcademicEnglish. Fourth Edition. Pearson Education: 10Bank Street,White Plains, NY 10606. USA.

Flachmann, K. (2005). Mosaics Focusing onEssays.Third edition. Pearson Education: NewJersey, USA.

Soryong, O. (1999).BasicSentenceSkills. IFL:Phnom Penh, Cambodia.


1. sentence basin (1-4)

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