1 segment 10 intelligent software agents and creativity
Post on 21-Dec-2015
225 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
SEGMENT 10
Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity
![Page 2: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Intelligent Software Agents: An Overview
Intelligent Agent (IA): Computer program that helps a user with routine computer tasks
New Technology Other Names
– Software agents– Wizards– Knowbots– Intelligent software robots– Softbots– Bots
Agent: Someone employed to act on one’s behalf
![Page 3: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Definitions of Intelligent Agent “Intelligent agents are software entities that carry out some set of
operations on behalf of a user or another program, with some degree of independence or autonomy and in so doing, employ some knowledge or representation of the user’s goals or desires.” (“The IBM Agent”)
An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors (Russell and Norvig, 1995, p. 33)
Autonomous agents are computational systems that inhabit some complex dynamic environment, sense and act autonomously in this environment and by doing so realize a set of goals or tasks for which they are designed (Maes, 1995, p. 108)
![Page 4: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
More Definitions A persistent software entity dedicated to a specific purpose.
“Persistent” distinguishes agents from subroutines; agents have their own ideas about how to accomplish tasks, e.g., their own agenda. “Special purpose” distinguishes them from entire multifunction applications; agents are typically much smaller” (Smith et al., 1994)
Intelligent agents continuously perform three functions: perception of dynamic conditions in the environment; action to affect conditions in the environment; and reasoning to interpret perceptions, solve problems, draw inferences, and determine actions (Hayes-Roth, 1995)
![Page 5: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Intelligence Levels and Power
0: Straight orders
1: User initiated search by key words (search engines)
2: Have user profiles (software agents)
3: Have learning and deductive capabilities
(learning or truly intelligent agents)
![Page 6: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Possible Components of an Agent
Owner Author Account Goal Subject description Creation and duration Background Intelligent subystem
![Page 7: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Intelligent Agent Characteristics
Autonomy (empowerment)
Agent takes initiative, exercises control over its actions– Goal-oriented
– Collaborative
– Flexible
– Self-starting
Operates in the background– Mobile agents
![Page 8: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Communication (interactivity) Automates repetitive tasks Reactivity Proactiveness (persistence) Temporal continuity Personality Mobile agents Intelligence and learning
Single Task
![Page 9: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Why Intelligent Agents?Information Overload
Data doubles annually (in large enterprises (1998))– Can analyze only about 5%– Most efforts: discover patterns, not meaning, not what to do– Reduces decision making capabilities by 50%
Much caused by the Internet/Web – How to filter data– How to identify relevant sources of data
Intelligent agents can assist searching
Save time: agents decide what is relevant to the user
![Page 10: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Decision support Front-line decision support Repetitive office activity Mundane personal activity Search and retrieval Domain experts
Reasons for Intelligent Agent Technology Growth
![Page 11: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Agent Classification and Types
Taxonomic tree to classify autonomous agents (Figure 17.1)
Autonomous agents
Software agents
Computational agents
Task-specific agents
Artificial life agents
Robotic agentsBiological agents
Entertainmment agents Viruses
![Page 12: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Application Types Organizational and personal agents
Private agents vs. public agents
Software (simple) agents and intelligent agents
Mobile agents
![Page 13: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Classification by Characteristics
Agency
Intelligence
Mobility
![Page 14: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Degree of autonomy and authority vested in the agent– Key value of agents
– More advanced agents can interact with other entities
Agency
![Page 15: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Intelligence
Degree of reasoning and learned behavior
![Page 16: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Mobility
Degree to which agents travel through the network– Static
– Mobile scripts
– Mobile with state
– Nonmobile agents defined in 2-D
– Mobile agents defined in 3-D
![Page 17: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Classification by Application Area
Assist in workflow and administrative management Collaborate with other agents and individuals Support electronic commerce Support desktop applications Assist in information access and management Process mail and messages Control and manage the network access Manage systems and networks Create user interfaces
![Page 18: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Internet-based Software Agents
Software Robots or Softbots
Major Categories
E-mail agents (mailbots) Web browsing assisting agents Frequently asked questions (FAQ) agents Intelligent search (or Indexing) agents Internet softbot for finding information Network Management and Monitoring
![Page 19: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Patrol Application Management Tabriz WatchGuard AlertView InterAp Mercury Center’s Newshound Infosage
Network Management and Monitoring
![Page 20: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Electronic Commerce Agents
Need identification Product brokering Merchant brokering Negotiation Purchase and delivery Product/service evaluation
![Page 21: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Other Agents
Operating systems agents Supply chain management agents Spreadsheet agents Workflow and administrative management agents Competitive intelligence agents Software development agents Data mining / Web mining agents Monitoring and alerting agents Collaboration agents
![Page 22: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Wizards in Microsoft Windows NT Operating Systems Add user accounts Group management Managing file and folder access Add printer Add/remove programs Network client administrator Licenses Install new modems Spreadsheet agents: make software more friendly
Operating Systems Agents
![Page 23: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Workflow and Administrative Management Agents
Ascertain and automate user needs or business processes
Example - FlowMark
Software development– Many routine tasks can be done or supported by agents
![Page 24: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
One of the most important capabilities of information technology
Can sift through large amounts of information
Challenge: intelligent agents to sift and sort
Categories – Intelligent agents– Query-and-reporting tools – Multidimensional analysis
Data Mining
![Page 25: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Subsets (Etzioni, 1996)
Resource discovery
Information extraction
Generalization
Web Mining
![Page 26: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Monitoring and Alerting: NewsAlert
Monitors data by personalized rules
Automatically delivers alerts to the user’s desktop into personalized newspapers
Organizes alerts by user-specified subject areas
Provides smart tools so users can investigate the context of an alert and communicate findings to others
![Page 27: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Key Components of NewsAlert
Software agents
Alert objects
Newspaper client
![Page 28: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Electronic Newspapers
Combine features of a paper newspaper
Familiar format
![Page 29: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Collaboration by Agents Lotus Notes/Domino Server: Comprehensive collaborative software
Includes Notes Agents: automates many Notes tasks
Agents operate in the background performing routine tasks
Agents can be created by designers within an application
Agents can either be private or shared
Collaboration: Natural area for agent-to-agent interaction and communication
![Page 30: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Distributed AI, Multiagents, and Communities of Agents
Software agents must communicate, cooperate and negotiate with each other
Refine requests and queries through evolving dialogue Intelligent agents work together in multiple agent systems Agents can communicate, cooperate and/or negotiate Easy to build agents with small specialized knowledge But complex tasks require much knowledge Agents need to share their knowledge
![Page 31: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Hotel Agents
User Airline Agents
Car Rental Agents
Agent
Car RentalCompanies
Hotels
Airlines
Buyer Sellers
A Multiagent System for Travel Arrangements
![Page 32: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Agents control a telecommunications network
Can enter into agreements with other computers that control other networks about routing packets more efficiently
Agent in a blackboard architecture
Routing in Telecommunication Networks
![Page 33: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Personal digital assistants (PDA) Shared (global) databases Agents (softbots) travel out on the Internet and collect information from
shared databases Traffic control Coordination of vehicular traffic Air traffic control The University of Massachusetts CIG Searchbots
Software agents make decisions based on communication and agreements with other agents
Soon: Agents coordinating sellers and buyers
More Multiple Agents
![Page 34: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Topics in Multiagent Systems
Negotiation in electronic commerce
Coordination
The nature of the agents
Learning agents
Cooperation and collaboration
Communities of agents
![Page 35: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Data monitoring Data gathering Modeling Domain managing Preference learning
DSS Agents
![Page 36: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Cost Justification Security Privacy Industrial Intelligence and Ethics Other Ethical Issues Agent Learning Agent Accuracy Heightened Expectations System Acceptance System Technology Strategic Information Systems
Managerial Issues
![Page 37: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Agents can simplify our use of computers
Agents can provide friendly software assistance
Agents promise to hide complexity
Agents perform actions we do not do ourselves
Agents could enhance human intelligence
Agents provide support to Net users in handling the information overload problem
Conclusions
![Page 38: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Agents are unlike other technological advances
Agents have some level of intelligence, some form of – Self-initiated and
– Self-determined goals
There is the potential for – Social mischief
– Systems that run amok
– Loss of privacy
– Further alienation of society
But: Danger!
![Page 39: 1 SEGMENT 10 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6d5503460f94a4d336/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Can Eliminate Such Problems
Develop rules for well-behaving agents
Determine the accuracy of information collected
Respect restrictions of other servers
Do only authorized work