1 safety-health-environmrnt training programme. 2 near miss near misses describe incidents where no...
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Safety-Health-Environmrnt Safety-Health-Environmrnt TRAINING PROGRAMMETRAINING PROGRAMME
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Near missNear miss
Near Misses describe incidents where no property was damaged and no personnel injury was sustained but where , given a slight shift
in time or position , damage and / or injury easily could have occurred .
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ICE BERG METAPHORICE BERG METAPHOR
1
10
30
600
Serious/Disabling
Minor injuries
Property damageaccidents
N = 1,753,498 accidents reported by 297 cooperating companiesFrank Bird Jr. (1969) accident ratio study
Incidents with no visible injury or
damage
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Near missNear miss
1 Serious injury 10 Minor Injury
Property Damage 30
600 Near Miss1969 ACCIDENT RATIO STUDY
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ACCIDENTACCIDENT
An accident is an undesired and unintended event which results in physical harm and / or
property damage .
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INCIDENTINCIDENT
AN EVENT WHICH COULD OR DOES RESULT IN UNINTENDED HARM OR
DAMAGE.
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SAFETYSAFETY
CONTROL OF ACCIDENTAL LOSS
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WHY SAFETY? • PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL FROM
SUFFERING
• PROTECTION OF PLANT AND PROPERTY
• UNINTERRUPTED PRODUCTION
• STATUTORY REQUIREMENT
• WELFARE OF THE COMMUNITY BY AVOIDING POLLUTION
• REPUTATION AND SELF RESPECT.
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10 CAUSES OF ACCIDENT.1. VIOLATION OF PROCEDURES / RULES.2. LACK OF PROPER INSPECTION AND
MAINTENANCE.3. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT NOT USED.4. LACK OF COMMUNICATION.5. HOUSEKEEPING.6. UNSAFE CONDITIONS.7. UNSAFE ACTS.8. IMPROPER TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT.9. INATTENTION / NEGLIGENCE.10.POOR JUDGEMENT.
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OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE
• OISD :- OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY
DIRECTORATE UNDER MINISTRY OF
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GASES , GOVT.
OF INDIA WAS FORMED IN 1986 , STAFFED
FROM WITHIN THE INDUSTRY FOR
FORMULATING AND IMPLEMENTING A
SERIES OF SELF-REGULATORY MEASURES
AIMED AT REMOVING OBSOLESCENCE ,
STANDARDISING AND UPGRADING THE
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OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE
• EXISTING STANDARDS TO ENSURE SAFER
OPERATIONS .
• WHY WAS IT CONSTITUTED :- THE OIL
INDUSTRY IN INDIA IS OVER 100 YEARS
OLD. AS SUCH VARIOUS PRACTICES HAVE
BEEN IN VOGUE BECAUSE OF
COLLABORATION / ASSOCIATION
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OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE
• WITH DIFFERENT FOREIGN COMPANIES
AND GOVERNMENTS. STANDARDISATION
IN DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES AND OPERATING
AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES AT A
NATIONAL LEVEL WAS HARDLY IN
EXISTENCE. THIS COUPLED WITH FEED
BACK FROM SOME SERIOUS ACCIDENTS
THAT OCCURRED IN THE RECENT PAST IN
INDIA AND ABROAD , EMPHASISED THE
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OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE
• NEED FOR THE INDUSTRY TO REVIEW
THE EXISTING STATE-OF THE -ART IN
DESIGNING, OPERATING AND
MAINTAINING OIL AND GAS
INSTALLATIONS .
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSA. Design & Layout
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
1 OISD STD 106
Process design and operating philosophies on pressure relief and disposal system
2 OISD STD 109
Process Design and Operating philosophies on blow down and sewer system
3 OISD STD 111
Process design and operating philosophies on fired process furnace
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSA. Design & Layout
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
4 OISD STD 118
Layouts for Oil and Gas Installations
5 OISD STD 141
Design and Construction requirements for cross country hydrocarbon pipelines
6 OISD STD 144
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Installations
7 OISD STD 150
Design and Safety Requirements For Liquefied Petroleum Gas Mounded Storage Facility
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS
A. Design & Layout
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
8 OISD STD 151
Safety in Design, Fabrication and Fittings : Propane Tank Trucks
9 OISD STD 152
Safety instrumentation for process system in hydrocarbon industry
10 OISD STD 159
LPG Tank Trucks: Requirements of Safety on Design/Fabrication and Fittings
11 OISD STD 160
Protection to fittings mounted on existing LPG tank trucks
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSA. Design & Layout
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
12 OISD STD 167
POL Tank lorry Design & Safety
13 OISD STD 169
OISD Guidelines on Small LPG Bottling Plants (Design and Fire Protection facilities)
14 OISD STD 179
Safety Requirements On Compression, Storage, Handling & Refueling Of Natural Gas For Use In Automotive Sector.
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSA. Design & Layout
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
15 OISD STD 210
Storage, Handling and Refueling of LPG for automotive use
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSB. OPERATING PRACTICES
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
16 OISD STD 105
Work Permit System
17 OISD STD 108
Recommended Practices on Oil Storage and Handling
18 OISD STD 112
Safe handling of air hydrocarbon mixtures and pyrophoric substances
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSB. OPERATING PRACTICES
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
19 OISD STD 114
Hazardous Chemicals and their Handling
20 OISD RP 146 Preservation of idle electrical equipment
21 OISD RP 157 Recommended Practice for Transportation of Bulk Petroleum Products
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSB. OPERATING PRACTICES
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
22 OISD RP 158 Recommended Practices on Storage and Handling of Bulk Liquefied Petroleum Gas
23 OISD STD 162 Safety in installations and maintenance of LPG Cylinders Manifold
24 OISD STD 171 Preservation of Idle Static & Rotary Equipments
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSB. OPERATING PRACTICES
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
25 OISD GDN 192
Safety Practices During Construction
26 OISD STD 194
Standard For Storage And Handling Of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
27 OISD GDN 211
Safety in Petroleum Laboratories
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSC. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
28 OISD STD 119
Inspection of Pumps
29 OISD STD 120
Inspection of Compressors
30 OISD STD 121
Inspection of turbines and Diesel Engines
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSC. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
31 OISD STD 122
Inspection of fans, blowers, gear boxes and agitators
32 OISD STD 123
Inspection of rotating equipments components
33 OISD STD 124
Predictive Maintenance Practices
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSC. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
34 OISD STD 125
Inspection and Maintenance of Mechanical Seals
35 OISD RP 126 Specific maintenance practices for rotating equipment
36 OISD RP 127 History recording of rotating equipment
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSC. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
37 OISD STD 128
Inspection of unfired pressure vessels
38 OISD STD 129
Inspection of storage tanks
39 OISD STD 130
Inspection pipes, valves and fittings
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSC. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
40 OISD STD 131
Inspection of Boilers
41 OISD STD 132
Inspection of pressure relieving devices
42 OISD STD 133
Inspection of fired heaters
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSC. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
43 OISD STD 134
Inspection of heat exchangers
44 OISD STD 135
Inspection of loading and unloading hoses for petroleum products
45 OISD STD 138
Inspection of cross country pipelines – Onshore
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSC. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
46 OISD STD 139
Inspection of pipelines – Offshore
47 OISD STD 140
Inspection of jetty pipelines
48 OISD STD 142
Inspection of fire fighting equipments and systems
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSC. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SR.NO.
STD. NO. STD. NAME
49 OISD STD 153
Maintenance & inspection of safety instrumentation in hydrocarbon industry
50 OISD STD 170
Inspection, Maintenance, Repairs and Rehabilitation of foundations and structures
51 OISD STD 177
Inspection & Maintenance of Thermal Insulation
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSC. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
52 OISD STD 188
Corrosion Monitoring Of Offshore & Onshore Pipelines
53 OISD STD 195
Safety in Design, Operation, Inspection and Maintenance of Hydrocarbon Gas Compressor Stations and Terminals
54 OISD GDN 207
Contractor Safety
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSD. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
55 OISD GDN 166
Guidelines for Occupational Health Monitoring in Oil and Gas Industry
56 OISD GDN 168
Emergency Preparedness Plan for Marketing Locations of Oil Industry
57 OISD GDN 199
Guidelines For Conducting Environmental Audit In Upstream Petroleum Sector (Onland)
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSD. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
58 OISD GDN 200
Guidelines For Preparation Of Oil Spill Response Contingency Plan
59 OISD GDN 196
Guidelines for Seeking Environmental Clearance of Development Projects in Petroleum Industry
60 OISD GDN 197
Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSD. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
61 OISD RP 201 Recommended Practices for Environment Protection in Upstream Petroleum Sector (Onland Facilities)
62 OISD GDN 212
Guidelines on Environmental Audit (Internal) in Downstream Petroleum Sector
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSD. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
63 OISD GDN 217
Formulation Of Environment Management Plan For Drilling Operations
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSE. SAFETY & FIRE PROTECTION
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
64 OISD GDN 115
Guidelines on Fire Fighting, Equipment and Appliances in Petroleum Industry
65 OISD STD 116
Fire Protection facilities for Petroleum Refineries and Oil/Gas Processing Plants
66 OISD STD 117
Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Depots and Terminals and Pipelines Installations
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSE. SAFETY & FIRE PROTECTION
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
67 OISD STD 155 (Part I)
OISD STD 155 (Part II)
Personal Personal Protective Equipment
Part INon-respiratory equipment Part II Respiratory Equipment
68 OISD STD 156
Fire Protection Facilities for Ports Handling Hydrocarbons
69 OISD STD 164
Fire Proofing in Oil & Gas Industry
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSE. SAFETY & FIRE PROTECTION
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
70 OISD STD 173
Fire Protection System for Electrical Installations
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSF. TRAINING & DVELOPMENTS
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
71 OISD STD 154
Safety aspects in functional training
72 OISD STD 176
Safety, Health & Environment Training for Exploration & Production (Upstream Personnel)
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSG. Electrical Equipment & Facilities
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
73 OISD STD 110
Recommended Practices on Static Electricity
74 OISD STD 113
Classification of Area for electrical installation at Hydrocarbon processing and handling facilities
75 OISD STD 137
Inspection of electrical equipment
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSG. Electrical Equipment & Facilities
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
76 OISD RP 147 Inspection & safe practices during electrical installations
77 OISD RP 148 Inspection & safe practices during overhauling electrical equipment
78 OISD RP 149 Design aspects for safety in electrical systems
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSG. Electrical Equipment & Facilities
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
79 OISD GDN 180
Lightning Protection
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSH. Exploration And Production Activities
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
81 OISD STD 174
Well Control
82 OISD STD 175
Cementing Operations
83 OISD STD 181
Geophysical Operations
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSH. Exploration And Production Activities
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
84 OISD GDN 182
Recommended Safe Procedures & Guidelines For Workover and Well Stimulation Operations
85 OISD STD 183
Standard on Logging Operations
86 OISD STD 184
Standard On Replacement Of Personal Protective Equipment And Life Saving Appliances
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSH. Exploration And Production Activities
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
87 OISD STD 186
Combined Operations
88 OISD STD 187
Care And Use Of Wire Rope
89 OISD STD 189
Standard On Fire Fighting Equipment For Drilling Rigs, Work Over Rigs And Production Installations
46
LIST OF OISD STANDARDSH. Exploration And Production Activities
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
90 OISD STD 190
Derrick Floor Operations
(Onshore Drilling / Workover Rigs)
91 OISD STD 191
Oil Field Explosive Safety
92 OISD GDN 193
Guidelines for Gas Lift Operations and Maintenance
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDSH. Exploration And Production Activities
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
93 OISD GDN 204
Medical Requirements, Emergency Evacuation And Facilities (For Upstream)
94 OISD GDN 185
Wire Line Operations
95 OISD GDN 202
Inspection of Drilling and Workover Rig Mast / Sub-structure
48
LIST OF OISD STANDARDSH. Exploration And Production Activities
SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
96 OISD GDN 203
Operation, Maintenance & Inspection Of Hoisting Equipment
97 OISD RP 205 Crane Operation, Maintenance and Testing (For upstream)
98 OISD GDN 218
Guidelines For Safe Rig- Up And Rig- Down Of Drilling And Work-Over Rigs
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ENVIRONMENT , HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY
• MISSION
• SAFETY POLICY
• HEALTH POLICY
• ENVIRONMENT POLICY
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SHE MISSION
•TO HAVE SAFE, HEALTHY AND POLLUTION
FREE ENVIRONMENT IN AND AROUND ALL
OUR REFINERIES , PLANTS , FACILITIES AND
OTHER PREMISES AT ALL TIMES ; INSTILL
AWARENESS IN THESE AREAS ,INCLUDING
RELEVANT LAWS , IN ALL EMPLOYEES ,
THEIR FAMILIES AND THE COMMUNITIES IN
WHICH WE CARRY OUT OUR ACTIVITIES .
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SAFETY POLICY
• AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF ITS BUSINESS ,
OMC BELIEVES THAT NO WORK OR
SERVICE OR ACTIVITY IS SO IMPORTANT
OR URGENT THAT SAFETY BE
OVERLOOKED OR COMPROMISED. SAFETY
OF THE EMPLOYEES AND PUBLIC ,
PROTECTION OF THEIR AS WELL AS
CORPORATION’S ASSETS SHALL BE
PARAMOUNT .
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SAFETY POLICY
CORPORATION CONSIDERS THAT SAFETY
IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT
TOOLS TO ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY AND
TO REDUCE NATIONAL LOSSES . THE
CORPORATION WILL CONSTANTLY
ENDEAVOUR TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN
HIGH STANDARDS OF SAFETY IN ITS
OPERATIONS.
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ENVIRONMENT POLICY•THE CORPORATION IS COMMITTED TO CONDUCT ITS OPERATION IN SUCH A MANNER AS COMPATIBLE WITH ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNITY . ITS AIM IS TO CREATE AN AWARENESS AND RESPECT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT , STRESSING ON EVERY EMPLOYEE’S INVOLVEMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT BY ENSURING HEALTHY OPERATING PRACTICES , PHILOSOPHY AND TRAINING .
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HEALTH POLICY
•TO PROVIDE A STRUCTURED
PROGRAMME TO LOOK AFTER AND
PROMOTE THE HEALTH OF VITAL “
HUMAN RESOURCE “, ESSENTIAL FOR
PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE CORPORATION.
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FLASH POINT
• Petroleum products are classified on the basis of their flash points.
• Flash points is the lowest tempereture at which a product would yield, in a standard apparatus, sufficient vapour which, when ignited, will give a momentary flash but will not sustain a flame.
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CLASSIFICATION OF PETRO. PROD . CLASS FLASH PT. PRODUCT
Class A (Dangerous Petroleum)
< 230C MS , Naptha
Solvent 1425 ,Hexane
Class B (Non dangerous Petroleum)
230C TO 65 0C SKO, HSD, LDO Solvent 2445
Class C (Heavy Petroleum)
650C TO 93 0C FO, LSHS
Class D
Excluded Petroleum
> 930C Lubricating Oils
Asphalts
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PETRO. PRODUCTS
A) General Characteristics
B) Toxic Characteristics
C) Combustible Characteristics
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General Characteristics
Petroleum vapours are colourless Petroleum vapours have characteristic odour.Petroleum vapours are heavier than airLiquid petroleum products are lighter than water.
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TOXIC CHARACTERISTICS
•Petroleum vapours are normally nontoxic. However, petrol is toxic due to its lead content.
•- Excessive vapours can make the atmosphere leaner in oxygen content causing asphyxiation
60
COMBUSTIBLE CHARACTERISTICS
Petroleum vapours in right mixture with air will ignite in presence of heat or source of ignition.
A combustible mixture of petroleum vapour and air in an enclosed space can cause explosion when ignited.
61
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) It is a mixture of commercial butane and
commercial propane having both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
governed by IS-4576 LPG is inherently dangerous on account of fire,
explosion and other hazards. This calls for special attention on the manner in which it is bottled, transported or used.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG DENSITY 1.5 to 2.0 times heavier than air. It is readily liquefied under moderate pressures. The density of the liquid is approximately half that
of water and ranges from 0.525 to 0.580 @ 15 deg. C.
Since LPG vapour is heavier than air, it would normally settle down at ground level/ low lying places, and accumulate in depressions.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG
This accumulation of LPG vapour gives rise to potential fire and explosion hazard.
(a) Terrain and natural drainage must slope away from process units, buildings or other plant facilities, storage vessels, property lines
(b) There shall be no low spots under or near the base of the container where spillage could accumulate and the container can get engulfed in a fire pot. For the same reasons it is advisable to compact/ concrete beneath the storage vessels with a slope
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG to avoid wetting of soil , to eliminate vegetation ,to
facilitate evacuation/ channelling, and washing out the spillage .
(c) The LPG pumping facility is neither to be provided below ground level nor beneath the storage vessel in order to avoid the accumulation of LPG.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG VAPOUR PRESSURE
The pressure inside a LPG storage vessel/ cylinder will be equal to the vapour pressure corresponding to the temperature of LPG in the storage vessel. The restriction on vapour pressure is stipulated by IS-4576 which in turn regulates the lighter ends of hydrocarbons and this governs the design parameters for storage vessels.
66
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG VAPOUR PRESSURE
The vapour pressure is dependent on temperature as well as on the ratio of mixture of hydrocarbons.
At liquid full condition any further expansion of the liquid, the cylinder pressure will rise by approx. 14 to 15 kg./sq.cm. for each degree centigrade.
67
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG FLAMMABILITY
LPG has an explosive range of 1.8% to 9.5%
volume of gas in air.
The auto-ignition temperature of LPG is around
410-580 deg. C and hence it will not ignite on its own at normal temperature.
68
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG
Entrapped air in the vapour is hazardous in an unpurged vessel/ cylinder during pumping/ filling-in operation. In view of this it is not advisable to use air pressure to unload LPG cargoes or tankers.
69
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG COMBUSTION The combustion reaction of LPG increases the
volume of products in addition to the generation of heat.
LPG requires upto 50 times its own volume of air for complete combustion and at the same time yields 3 or 4 times its own volume of carbon-dioxide yielding approx. 10,900 kcal heat per kg.
Thus it is essential that adequate ventilation is provided when LPG is burnt in enclosed spaces .
70
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG VOLATILITY The restriction on the evaporation temperature to
2 degree C for 95% by volume at 760 mm Hg pressure imposes regulation on the quantity of hydrocarbons heavier than butane. This ensures that when the container is nearly empty, the liquid does not have an unacceptably low vapour pressure to let in air and to form an explosive mixture.
71
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG VOLATILITY
When pressure is released, LPG vapourizes rapidly lowering the surrounding temperature. This may lead to frost burns by contact of LPG with the skin. Protective clothing such as gloves and goggles shall therefore be worn when there is any possibility of contact with LPG
72
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG VOLATILITY
Auto refrigeration effect of the vapourisation of LPG freezes the water vapour in the atmosphere, which makes the escaping LPG vapour visible as a whitish cloud. Even if this cloud disappears, it is not a sign that the inflammable gas/ air mixture has been dispersed.
73
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG VOLATILITY
Leaking liquid phase LPG will rapidly expand around 250 times its own volume thereby creating a greater risk than would occur with a similar sized vapour leakage. Sufficient ullage space for the expansion of liquid when the temperature rises must therefore be left in all storage/ transport containers.
74
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG EFFECT OF WATER IN LPG
Because of a very low solubility of LPG in water the identification of minor leakage in water easier.
Water present in LPG may cause rust and corrosion and freeze-up of valves, drain valves, excess-flow check valves, cylinder valves and regulators. Ice-formation may prevent the closure of drain valves,
75
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG EFFECT OF WATER IN LPG
bleeders in LPG vessels and lines, self closing valves, etc. and result in leakage of LPG. Ice crystals formed at the regulator orifice may lead to plugging of the orifice and thus stopping the flow of gas. Ice crystals may also make the linkages in a regulator inoperable.
76
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG FLAME PROPATION
LPG liquid released will form a vapour which will travel long distance. The vapours of LPG can give violent concussion in explosion than in case of hydrogen, due to faster flame propagation.
77
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG CUBICAL EXPANSION Liquid phase LPG expands considerably when its
temperature increases exceeding most of the petroleum products.
The coefficient of expansion is around 0.00237 per deg. C.
The high rate of expansion has to be taken into account when specifying the maximum quantity of LPG permitted to be filled into any pressure vessel.
78
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG CUBICAL EXPANSION The maximum permissible liquid volume of any container is that quantity which will assure that the container will have a minimum vapour space of 5% for cylinders and bulk containers, when the liquid is at the highest anticipated temperature. These temperatures have been considered as 55 deg. C for bulk containers and 65 deg. C for cylinders. The safe filling ratio for cylinders/ storage vessels is as per Gas Cylinders Rules and SMPV Rules respectively.
79
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG CUBICAL EXPANSION Because the filling ratio precautions taken in
storage system cannot be extended to the connected piping network, relief valves are provided in all areas where LPG can be trapped between closed valves in order to protect these parts of the system.
80
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG ODOUR LPG has only a very faint smell, it is necessary to add some odourant, so that any
escaping gas can easily be detected. Ethyl Mercaptan is normally used as stenching
agent for this purpose. The amount to be added should be sufficient to allow detection in atmosphere 1/5 of lower limit of flammability
81
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG COLOUR
LPG is colourless both in liquid and vapour phase. During leakage the vapourisation of liquid cools the atmosphere and condenses the water vapour contained in them to form a whitish fog which may make it possible to see an escape of LPG.
82
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG VISCOSITY
LPG liquid has low viscosity of around 0.3 CS @ 45 deg. C
can leak when other petroleum products normally cannot, thus demanding a very high integrity in the pressurised system to avoid leakage. It is also a poor lubricant and leaks are therefore likely to occur at pump seals and glands.
83
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG PYROFORIC IRON Pyrophoric Iron sulphide is a highly inflammable
compound formed due to the reaction of sulphur and its compounds with the loose iron/ iron oxide on a ferrous surface.
can be controlled by totally eliminating highly corrosive hydrogen sulphide, limiting the total volatile sulphur to 0.02% by mass
reducing the loose iron oxide by thoroughly cleaning the storage vessels internally .
Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide will not ignite spontaneously in a sphere/ cylinder containing a concentration of vapour of gas as long as the concentration is above the upper flammable range limit. When these vessels are aired to (during opening to atmosphere or air entrapped condition) within or below the range, it will ignite spontaneously, unless water or steam is used to cut the sulphur iron reaction. The most effective extinguishing agent is water spray of fog. Similar type of precaution is warranted while opening of LPG pump strainers and any location where loose iron oxide is expected.
1.2.13 TOXICITY
LPG even though slightly toxic, is not poisonous in vapour phase, but can, however, suffocate when in large concentrations due to the fact that it displaces oxygen. In view of this the vapour posses mild anaesthetic properties.
1.2.14 CAUSTIC RESIDUE
Caustic soda treatment employed for the removal of hydrogen sulphide could leave traces of caustic in LPG. This may lead to corrosion on the storage vessel and other LPG handling equipment with predominant effect on aluminium alloys. Hence stipulating absence of caustic is essential in addition to IS-4576 specification.
1.2.15 PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
The hazards associated with the release to atmosphere of a boiling flammable liquid show themselves disproportionately where large quantities are involved - they can give rise to two phenomena which are highly hazardous ; (a) Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion (UVCE) and (b) Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE).
Vapour cloud can ignite and burn as deflagrations or fire balls causing lot of damage by radiation starting secondary fires at some distance. Vapour cloud ignites and explodes causing high over pressures and very heavy damage. The later is termed as `percussive unconfined vapour cloud explosion' i.e. PUVCE in short. Even though large quantities of LPG emission is necessary, only a fraction of this contributes to the percussive effect ( more reactive molecules such as ethylene in much smaller quantities). Rare though PUVCE may be, their damage is large and sometimes enormous.
The boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) is due to holding a pressurised flammable liquid above its boiling point. This may result from inadequate vapour space for temperature expansion of the contents or high temperature due to radiation heat from the adjacent vessel fires or due to any mechanical damage. BLEVE even though not as serious as PUVCE, its potential for spreading fire over a wide area makes them significant in terms of both life and property damage.
Ejection of boiling liquid produces reaction rupturing the vessel causing the rocket projectioning of dish ends. The released liquid flashes and atomizes immediately, often resulting in a large fire ball. Although the fire ball lasts only a few seconds, its effect can be devastating due to flame contact and thermal radiation.
TABLE 1.0
LPG SPECIFICATIONS
Salient Features as per IS:4576
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.No. Characteristic Requirement for commercial Method of Test Ref. to
Butane-Propane Mixture Page(P) of IS:1448
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Vapour pressure at 16.87 Max.P:71
65 deg. C kgf/cm.g.
2. Volatility: evaporation 2P:72
temperature in deg.C,
for 95 per cent by
volume at 760 mm Hg
pressure, Max.
3. Total volatile sulphur 0.02P:34
percent by mass, Max.
4. Copper strip corrosion Not worseP:15
at 38 deg.C for 1 hour than No.1
5. Hydrogen Sulphide AbsentP:73
6. Dryness No free entertainedP:74
water
7. Odour Level 2P:75
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84
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG PYROFORIC IRON Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide will not ignite
spontaneously in a sphere/ cylinder containing a concentration of vapour of gas as long as the concentration is above the upper flammable range limit.
When these vessels are aired to (during opening to atmosphere or air entrapped condition) within or below the range, it will ignite spontaneously, unless water or steam is used to cut the sulphur
85
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG PYROFORIC IRON
iron reaction. The most effective extinguishing agent is water spray of fog. Similar type of precaution is warranted while opening of LPG pump strainers and any location where loose iron oxide is expected.
86
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG TOXICITY
LPG even though slightly toxic, is not poisonous in vapour phase, but can, however, suffocate when in large concentrations due to the fact that it displaces oxygen. In view of this the vapour posses mild anaesthetic properties.
87
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG CAUSTIC RESIDUE
Caustic soda treatment employed for the removal of hydrogen sulphide could leave traces of caustic in LPG. This may lead to corrosion on the storage vessel and other LPG handling equipment with predominant effect on aluminium alloys. Hence stipulating absence of caustic is essential in addition to IS-4576 specification.
88
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
The release to atmosphere of a boiling flammable liquid can give rise to two phenomena which are highly hazardous ; (a) Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion (UVCE) and (b) Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE).
89
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA Vapour cloud can ignite and burn as deflagrations
or fire balls causing lot of damage by radiation starting secondary fires at some distance.
Vapour cloud ignites and explodes causing high over pressures and very heavy damage.
The later is termed as `percussive unconfined vapour cloud explosion' i.e. PUVCE in short.
90
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA Even though large quantities of LPG emission is
necessary, only a fraction of this contributes to the percussive effect ( more reactive molecules such as ethylene in much smaller quantities).
Rare though PUVCE may be, their damage is large and sometimes enormous.
91
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA The boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion
(BLEVE) is due to holding a pressurised flammable liquid above its boiling point.
This may result from inadequate vapour space for temperature expansion of the contents or high temperature due to radiation heat from the adjacent vessel fires or due to any mechanical damage.
92
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA BLEVE even though not as serious as PUVCE, its
potential for spreading fire over a wide area makes them significant in terms of both life and property damage.
Ejection of boiling liquid produces reaction rupturing the vessel causing the rocket projectioning of dish ends.
93
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
The released liquid flashes and atomizes immediately, often resulting in a large fire ball
Although the fire ball lasts only a few seconds, its effect can be devastating due to flame contact and thermal radiation.
94
The Fire TriangleThe Fire Triangle
Fire Safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources separate. STARVATION
SMOTHERING COOLING
95
96
Fire ClassificationsFire Classifications
Class A: Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics—solids that are not metals.
Class B: Flammable liquids—gasoline, oil, grease, acetone.
Class C : Flammable gases.
Class D: Metals—potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium. Requires Metal-X, foam, and other special extinguishing agents.
Class E: Electrical—energized electrical equipment. As long as it’s “plugged in.”
97
Types of Fire ExtinguishersTypes of Fire Extinguishers
• Water (APW)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Dry Chemical Powder
• Halon
• Foam
98
Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
99
Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
APW’s extinguish fire by taking away the “heat” element of the Fire Triangle.
APW’s are designed for Class A fires only:Wood, paper, cloth.
Using water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the fire to spread.
100
Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
Using water on an electrical fire increases
the risk of electrocution. If you have no
choice but to use an APW on an electrical
fire, make sure the electrical equipment is
un-plugged or de-energized.
101
Carbon Dioxide Fire ExtinguishersCarbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
.
CO2 cylinders are red. They range in size from 5 lbs to 100 lbs or larger. On larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long, flexible hose.
102
Carbon Dioxide Fire ExtinguishersCarbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
.
The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great, bits of dry ice may shoot out of the horn!
CO2’s are designed for Class E (Electrical Sources fires only )
CO2s will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens .
103
Carbon Dioxide Fire ExtinguishersCarbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
..Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen, there is no fire
CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.
A CO2 may be ineffective in extinguishing a Class A fire because it may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out.Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite.
104
Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguishers
105
Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguishers
DCP fire extinguishers are filled with a fine powder. The greatest portion of this powder is composed of sodium or pottasium bicarbonate or monoammonium phosphate . The extinguishers are pressurized with CO2 cartridge
The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at putting out fire.
.
106
HALON FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
• HALON IS A CONTRACTION OF HALOGENATED
HYDROCARBONS.
• BROMO-TRIFLUORO-METHANE (HALON 1301,
CBRF3 ) AND BROMO-CHLORO-DIFLUORO-
METHANE (HALON 1211, CBRCLF2 ).
• INTER-RUPT CHAIN REACTIONS
• HALON 1301 IS CONSIDERED 3 TO 10 MORE
EFFECTIVE THAN CO2
107
HALON FIRE EXTINGUISHERS• NONCONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY
• USED IN ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS
EQUIPMENT FIRES BECAUSE IT LEAVES NO
RESIDUE AND DOES NOT CAUSE
ELECTRICAL SHORT CIRCUITS OR DAMAGING
CORROSION OF THE EQUIPMENT.
• IT IS DESTRUCTIVE TO THE EARTH’S OZONE
SHIELD, AND HAS BEEN ELIMINATED &
PHASED OUT .
108
HALON SUBSTITUTE
• FM-200 • A FIRE SUPPRESSION GAS DEVELOPED
TO REPLACE HALON, TECHNICALLY KNOWN AS HFC-227. ITS CHEMICAL NAME IS HEPTAFLUOROPROPANE, CF3 CHFCF3 . IT HAS A ZERO OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP) RATING AND IS RATED WITH A LOW GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL
109
FOAM
• IT IS MADE UP OF THREE INGREDIENTS: WATER, FOAM CONCENTRATE, AND AIR.
• CHARACTERISTICS—FLOW FREELY, SLOW DRAINAGE TIMES , CAPABLE OF HOLDING WATER, PRODUCE A STABLE BLANKET, RESIST LIQUID EXPOSURE, AND RESIST HEAT .
110
FOAM
• THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF FOAM CONCENTRATES :-
• LOW EXPANSION (1:6 TO 1:10) AND IS USED IN HYDROCARBON OIL FIRE .
• HIGH EXPANSION (1:200 TO 1:1000) , USED FOR WARE HOUSE PROTECTION .
• USED IN 3 TO 6 % CONCENTRATE WITH WATER.
111
FOAM
• PROTEIN FOAM• FLUOROPROTEIN (FP) FOAM • FILM FORMING FLUORO PROTEIN
(FFFP) • AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
(AFFF) • ALCOHOL RESISTANT / AQUEOUS
FILM FORMING FOAM (AR-AFFF)
112
How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire ExtinguisherIt’s easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you remember the acronym PASS:
PPull or puncture
AAim SSqueeze SSweep
113
How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire Extinguisher
PPull the pin…
This will This will allow you to allow you to discharge discharge the the extinguisherextinguisher
114
How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire Extinguisher
AAim at the base of the fire…
Hit the fuel.Hit the fuel.
If you aim at If you aim at the flames...the flames... … the extinguishing agent will fly right through and do no good.
115
How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire Extinguisher
SSqueeze the top handle…
This depresses This depresses a button that a button that releases the releases the pressurized pressurized extinguishing extinguishing agent. agent.
116
How to Use a Fire ExtinguisherHow to Use a Fire Extinguisher
SSweep from side to side…
.. until the fire is .. until the fire is completely out. completely out.
Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, then slowly move forward.Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it re-ignites.