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Procedia Computer Science 47 (2015) 400 – 407

1877-0509 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the Graph Algorithms, High Performance Implementations and Applications (ICGHIA2014)

doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.03.223

ScienceDirect

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Efficient Packet Transmission and Energy Optimization in Military Operation

Scenarios of MANET

J Sandeepa, J Satheesh Kumar b1

a Research Scholar,

b Assistant Professor

Dept. of Computer Application, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India

Abstract

In recent years mobile ad hoc network has gained popularity with its wide range of applications. This has result into number of contributions toward the

challenges of bring reliability in the network and enhance its packet transmission performance. Military and rescue operations are one of t he highlysensitive applications of MANET. The objective of this research was to identify the networking gaps in MANET for military scenarios and enhance

networks efficiency based on networks demand. This paper presents three different network situations and possible solutions. These approaches were

analyzed with network simulations using NS2. The results of simulation have reflected positively for all three approaches. In the first case, the

responsibility of cluster head was shared by dual cluster heads which reduces the energy consumption of cluster head by 12.4 %. The second case study

identifies critical nodes and network was optimized to improve the life time of these critical nodes. Finally in the third case, study an enhanced

architecture was analyzed which performs better at different mobility scenarios with an average of 1.41% higher packet delivery ratio.

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the Graph Algorithms, High Performance Implementations and Applications

(ICGHIA2014).

Keywords: MANET; Rebroadcasting; Clustered Network, Wireless Networks; Military Networks;

* 1Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-422-2428347 ;

E-mail address: [email protected]

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the Graph Algorithms, High Performance Implementationsand Applications (ICGHIA2014)

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401 J. Sandeep and J. Satheesh Kumar / Procedia Computer Science 47 (2015) 400 – 407

1. Introduction

Effective communication can help the decision makers to work together in common framework that can

help military force to achieve rapid, concurrent discovery of enemy activity and disposition military

operations. Usual communication networks have the vulnerabilities of military operation site scenarios like

unpredictable movement of nodes, limited resources, and lack of infrastructure1. MANET has nodes to

form a virtual infrastructure and overcome the vulnerability of war and disaster site scenarios2. It is widelyused at locations where the fixed infrastructure for communication has been destroyed or impossible

situations such as earthquake3, flood4, fire explosions5, plane/air rash and the area of disaster and natural

calamities.

MANET was used in military for communication where the armed soldiers (data units) engaged in the

battle field such as fighter planes, tankers, and missile ships. It has the ability to handle dynamic topological

changes, communicate in the lack of any fixed infrastructure and faster and easier implementation of

network in emergency sites. MANET performance in any environment depends on the applied architecture

and its protocol suite. To improve networks performance, different protocols have been suggested in

literature6,7. Military environment has its own critical requirement that needs enhancement of MANET

protocols which can ensure the involved risk. Military operations can come across critical and unpredictable

situations in times so it becomes important to analyze the protocols with different serious situations. As acontribution in this work, a case study was made with few possible military operation scenarios.

Enhancement to existing approaches where discussed with the real time war field scenario and military

operation sites. This paper presents three different case studies for highly influencing network attributes.

2. Case I : Advantages of Load Sharing

Effective Military operations are carried out in localities where there is no infrastructure and backup

support for available resources. Workload of any node in MANET depends on the criticality of its position

in high traffic8. Some scenarios increase the workload of individual nodes and drains out its limited

resource. Selecting an alternative path to reduce the load of individual and improves lifetime of such nodes

at high traffic. Sharing network responsibilities among efficient devices can further improve the

performance of any network 9.In military operations, each data has importance at the risk of human life. This makes it important for the

network to be reliable in its communication. Any implication of workload sharing cannot be risked at the

cost of its reliability10. Thus it becomes critical to share the workload on the sharp edge of networks

reliability. In an example scenario (shown in fig. 1), the importance of sharing the workload to improve the

lifetime of node with high traffic has been discussed.

Fig. 1. War field scenario: In scenario A the soldiers are communicated with a normal networking, the scenario B is with load sharing

networking.

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In fig. 1, two similar network scenarios (A & B) are presented with high energy at initial time T 1.

Scenario A represents the existing routing approach and scenario B represents network which shares

workload of a node with high traffic to extend lifespan of such critical nodes. Every node in the network

consumes energy for its transactions and this happens to be at a proportion of its communication load. At a

time Tn , the energy consumed by both the scenarios can be visualized for both the scenarios.

In scenario A, uneven workload distribution among the nodes at high traffic increases the possibility of

nodes battery exhaustion with its repeated usage. The node gets exhaust at early because of high traffic andworkload. Loss of any node results into the loss of its consequent links to other neighbors11. In scenario A,

an exhaust node result into the connection loss of its end neighbor node from the network. Scenario A

represents, leaf node exposed to risk of life because of the uneven energy flow in the network. Thus at a

time Tn, the network becomes unreliable for the critical situation as shown in Scenario A. In Scenario B

with optimized and shared workload, life time of the network increases and network remains reliable for

longer time. Consider a war field scenario (Scenario A) where lack of workload sharing with in cluster

reduces the life time of the network. These situation leads to the importance of optimization in ad hoc

networks as shown in fig. 1. To analyze the advantage of workload sharing, a critical military network was

formed and simulated using network simulator (NS2)12

.

2.1. Simulations and Results

To study the importance of shared workload, a network was formed with 50 nodes geographically

clustered into four groups. Every node was provided with limited energy, bandwidth and fixed

communication range. Nodes were allowed to exchange packets with its neighbors. Distance node

communicated with multi-hop transmissions. Packets of size 512 bytes were transmitted at 1 Mbps data

rate. CBR traffic was used for the transmission of packets inside the network. Each cluster elects a cluster

head which is loaded with the responsibility of evaluating efficient route between source and destination.

Cluster heads were also responsible for monitoring the member nodes, respond to route request and cluster

maintains. In the first scenario, cluster performs its network transactions with single cluster head as shown

in fig. 2 (a).

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. Simulation scenario generated with (a). Single cluster head (b). Dual cluster head

In another developed scenario, existing work has been made to improve the networks performance by

sharing the workload of master node among primary and secondary masters as shown in fig. 2 (b). Sharing

the workload among the master nodes reduces its packet processing overheads and increases the lifetime of

master node. This approach also increases the availability of master node for its member request

processing.

The result of simulation is presented in Fig. 3 which shows that all the masters in the generated scenario

were consuming less energy for dual cluster head approach compare to single cluster head approach. It also

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0

1

2

3

4

5

Master 1 (25) Master 2 (49) Master 3 (45) Master 4 (8)

E n e r g y i n

J o u l e s

Clusterhead to the Network

Energy Consumption Dual CH Single CH

Source 1: Data

Source 3: Critical Data

Source 2: Critical Data

A

B

C

E

D

G

H

IF

shows that energy consumed by the cluster head has been reduced which increases its life time. The

average differences in energy consumption at dual cluster head approaches have been identified as 0.418

joules lesser.

Fig. 3. Comparison of Simulation Results for the Two Scenarios.

3.

Case II : Increase the Lifetime of Weak Nodes

In military operations, MANET nodes connect different source of data. The node connecting the source

of critical data also becomes vital to the network 13

. This brings the need for special attention towards the

life of such nodes. To illustrate the criticality of such a network, an example scenario has been discussed.

Based on the analysis, a contribution was made towards the enhancement of protocol for improving the

lifetime of weak nodes14, 15.

In fig. 4, an example scenario is visualized where nine mobile nodes (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I) form

an ad hoc network. Node A was assumed to be connected with some data sources and the nodes E and F

connected with critical data source. The inner circle of each node shows the available energy at every node.

Fig. 4. A Critical Scenario where node F have low power responsible for collecting critical data.

Consider a scenario in which Commanders are connected through MANET devices and operating from

different localities. Let, commander X able to gets control to see every movement of the militants. In this

situation, this commander X becomes a vital node to get critical data for the network. Optimization of

communication algorithms to handle this situation improves the standard of military operations. In any

existing communication approach, irrespective of nodes low energy level, it participates in all network

activities resulting into early drain up of node connecting critical data. Optimization with an effective and

efficient approach can increase the lifetime of such nodes and helps in receiving critical data for longer

period of time.

In this approach, an enhanced ant colony based method was used to improve the life time of vital nodes.

Nodes which rapidly loses its energy or which is left with low energy are identified and their workloads

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were limited for critical transactions. Once a weak node is identified, the algorithm limits packet

transactions through these nodes. In the network, priority of packet increases when there is repeated request

for the same packet id. Increased priority of the packet allows it to be transmitted through weak nodes. The

algorithm allows the weak node to make a mutual bonding with its frequently accessed neighbor. In this

phase, the node shares its table information with the tie up neighbor. The information is used by the

neighbor for networks update and transactions. The tie up neighbor shares the workload of the weak node

and increases the life time of the weak node.

3.1.

Simulation and Results

Nodes with very less residual energy were considered as weak or ill node of the network. These nodes

are not reliable for networks transaction. Scenarios which conclude with weak nodes in the network were

generated using network simulator NS2. The simulation was executed for AODV with ant colony based

routing algorithm and for enhanced ant colony based algorithm with an intensive care for weak nodes.

In the experiment, 20 nodes were randomly spread in an area of 1000 square meters and traffic was

generated between few of the nodes. In the first simulation, network was simulated for ant colony based

routing protocol. Result shows more number of packet drops in the network and even critical nodes got

exhausted in the process. The same scenario when executed for the proposed approach, it increases the

productivity at critical scenarios with higher packet delivery ratio. The proposed network selects alternateroute whenever the intermediate node goes low with its energy. At the end of the executions, the network

with proposed approach has higher number of nodes alive.

MANET protocols focus on selecting shortest and efficient paths for its transactions. Network with such

protocols performs well at energy efficient network scenarios whereas at energy critical scenarios they fail

to perform. The proposed work proves efficient transactions at energy critical scenarios. Energy

consumption of participating nodes is shown in table 1. It shows that every node participated in the

transaction because of the intensive care to the weak nodes have extended their availability for long term

critical data services. The result of simulation is presented in table 1 which illustrate how the proposed

approach has outperform the ant colony based routing protocol when the network has energy critical

situation. Node 15, 6, 12 in the existing approach have exhausted routing overload where as the proposed

approach has selected alternative path to reduce the overload of critical nodes.

Table 1. Residual energy of the nodes participating in the routing process.

4. Case III : Network Monitoring to Be Reliable in Crisis Situations

In MANET, nodes work in teams for its transactions where the nodes which drain its energy is no longer

usable to the network. Mobility of nodes results into dynamic change in its topology where this dynamism

can also be consequence of variation in signal quality, lose or addition of a node to the network 16. It

influences the network to be monitored for its every change in size, state and performance. Monitoring

helps in analyzing these changes and design new enhanced protocols to overcome the situations17. MANET

is entirely a self managing network which usually not requires any human intervention which makes it

compatible with management operations. Several management solutions have been proposed in literatures

NodesResidual Energy

Existing Approaches Enhanced Approach

15 (Source) 0.001 3.75

6 0.79 1.93

12 0.063 1.59

9 11.933 7.34

10 3.20 4.41

4 7.89 6.72

16 (Destination) 11.62 9.70

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Source

Gateway

Cluster head

Cluster

Destination

for the organization and management of MANET devices18. Application in emergency and disaster

situation, bear external management and monitoring to optimize networks constraints19

.

Nadia et al., (2014) presented four categories of monitoring issues in mobile ad hoc network. The

survivability issues include robustness, minimal human intervention, scalability, distribution of storage

load, and distribution of control load. The resource consumption issue includes energy consumption,

bandwidth consumption, etc. Critical use issue includes the timeliness and accuracy related monitoringissues. Lastly the security category includes issues like confidentiality, authentication, and privacy etc.

Case study 1 and 2 shows the enhancement made in the existing protocols to improve the efficiency of

network to handle the resource consumption issues. This study analyzes survivability issue in MANET.

Mobile ad hoc network used for military communication are vulnerable for its unpredictable movement,

lack of centralized infrastructure and limitation of resources. Mission critical characteristic of military

operations calls for efficient reliable multi-hop communication protocol in MANET20

.

In military operation, size and complexity of the network has increased with the popularity of network

centric warfare. This has influenced the need for enhancements of organization and management

approaches in MANET. There have been many design and developments in MANET architecture to

overcome the complexity of large networks. Most of the approaches perform routing based on cluster heads

information table.

In general, larger networks form cluster to optimize networks control overhead21, 22

. Routing in suchnetwork was carried based on the cluster head information. Inter-cluster routing in cluster head dependent

network is performed between source and destination through cluster head. Source node requests cluster

head for destination nodes route. Cluster head node forwards the route request to the destination nodes

cluster head as shown in fig. 5. This study considers routing architecture used in clustered MANET. The

existing approach has been modified with enhanced gateway nodes that can also respond to the route

request packet. In the modified approach, gateway nodes of the existing model have been enhanced to

maintain the information of its ‘n’ hop neighbors (Hop distance between the node and cluster head). In

addition to the neighbor information, gateway node also maintains the route to other gateway nodes and

information table illustrating gateway connected to the cluster. Every route request in the network is

broadcasted by the source node up to n hop distance. This request is forwarded based on cluster head

information and for some scenarios it may get the information from gateway node. Fig. 5 shows an

example scenario with three clusters, each monitored by a cluster head.

Fig. 5. Cluster head based and enhanced gateway oriented routing architecture.

Clusters in the network are connected through the intermediate gateways. The network shows source and

destination in two different clusters. Directional straight and dotted lines shows the route request path of

cluster head dominated approach and enhanced gateway based modified approach. The scenario shown in

fig. 5 suggests that the modified model forwards the route request with minimum hop distance.

The network was analyzed for existing architecture and modified approach and compared based on their

simulation results. NS2 network simulator was used to develop the environment and scenario and

implement the protocols for comparison.

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82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

20 40 60 80 100

P D F

Pause Time

Packet Delivery Ratio at Various Mobility Existing Modified

4.1. Simulation and Results

An extensive simulation was conducted using NS2 with 802.11 MAC protocol23

. Five different mobility

scenarios were generated with, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 as pause time. Network bandwidth of wireless

channel is 1 Mbps. Initial energy of all the devices were 100 joules, packet transmission power is 0.2

joules, receiving power 0.1 joules and idle state power consumption is 0.02 joules. All traffics were of CBR

flow and the packet size of 1000 Bytes. Interval between the packet transmissions was set as 0.25 sec. Ingeneral network topology, 50 nodes were randomly deployed in area of 700 x 700 m. Then the network was

deployed for the five flows in the 50 nodes network.

In this approach, existing protocol was modified to get a reliable mechanism that can increase routing

performance at different mobility situations. Different routing metrics identifies different paths between

source and destination. The proposed model was compared with the existing cluster head based

communication network for their packet delivery ratio in the network. To experiment the metrics the flow

was executed for both the protocols with different scenarios. Results have shown that the modified

approach has dominated in performance at all different mobility scenarios. Modified model had average

range of packet delivery rate from 91.06% to 97.92% whereas the existing approach had the range 88.34%

to 95.92. At critical scenario it was noted that the existing protocol had delivered only 77.67% of packets

when the modified model proved with 85.09 %.

In military operations, data exchanged between the nodes is critical thereby the networking protocolsenclosed with data for its transaction needs to provide reliable service. Fig. 6 shows the performance of

modified model by taking average output of sample scenarios. Simulation result shows that the

performance of protocols gets affected by variation in networks mobility. Result also shows that the

protocols give higher performances at low mobility scenarios and packet delivery ratio has come down with

an increase in networks mobility.

Fig. 6. Simulation result of average packet delivery rate at different pause time.

Movement of nodes and devices cannot be predefined for military operation sites. Thereby the criticalityof the network is that it needs to perform high in all sorts of mobility situations. Communication network

has to be more reliable for these situations with high packet delivery rates. Graph shows how the modified

work has outperformed existing approach at different mobility levels. As the military operations were

risked on human life, still there is a need to improve the performance with higher optimizations and

enhancements.

5.

Conclusion

Lack of infrastructure, intrinsic flexibility, ease of deployment and low cost in MANET makes it

essential effective part in military communication. Integration of MANET with other wireless networks and

fixed infrastructures will be an important part of the development towards future generation networks. In

this paper, three different military situations were analyzed which suggests the need of contributions to suit

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critical situations of military operations. Simulations of network scenarios with different approaches were

discussed under the case study and results have proved network with enhanced performance. First case

study generalizes the workload sharing in the network and reduces the energy consumption of master

nodes. Further this can be studies for individual nodes with different aspects of network. In the second case

study, Life of critical node was discussed with examples where an ant colony based enhancement to the

existing approach has influenced and increases the life span of critical nodes. The network further studied

for improving the reliability with enhanced architecture which proved to enhance the packet delivery ratioup to 97.92 % for the given scenario. In military, communication networks performance is risked on

soldier’s life thereby despite the large efforts of the MANET research community and the rapid progress of

network needs to be further enhanced for improved performances.

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