Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729

Synthesis and characterization of red pigmentstiianh

Sch nd Tec Marc2013

Abstract

In the presen .05),combustion temmicron-sized . Thecalcination t elucidthe color pro basiwere charac 2013 Else

Keywords: R m alu

1. Introdu

Red pigments that possess high temperature resistance andhigh coloring strength are of great importance to the ceramicsindustry, and can be utilized to suit a variety of industry needs.One use ofious ceramsulphoselenbright red cturns to a dkinds of reand presen(ZrSiO4 + Fchome-tin pred pigmen

In recendevoted to structure thable opticainorganic ptoxic elem

CorresponE-mail ad

pero 2 2candidates for CdSe1xSx pigments. However, the oxynitridesynthesis of the candidates requires a very high temperature anda long soaking time, making it comparatively more complicatedthan the synthesis of CdSe1xSx. Gargori7 studied an inorganic

0955-2219/$ http://dx.doi.o such red pigment relates to the manufacture of var-ics, such as tiles and sanitary products. Cadmiumide red pigment (CdSe1xSx) exhibits a steady andolor at low temperatures, but becomes unstable andarker red at higher temperatures.1 There are certaind pigments that possess high temperature stabilityt a variety of red hues. For example, zircon-hematitee2O3) pigment shows a peach-red or coral-like hue,2ink pigment exhibits a rose-like red,3 and manganeset exhibits a light pink color.4t years, more attention and resources have beeninvestigating a red pigment with a perovskite-basedat possesses a high refractory character and desir-l properties.5 Furthermore, this perovskite-basedigment is environmentally friendly and contains noents. Jansen6 demonstrated that the solid solutions

ding author. Tel.: +86 21 64251710; fax: +86 21 64251710.dress: jghuang@ecust.edu.cn (J. Huang).

pigment with a perovskite structure that was based on the solidsolution of chromium (IV) in calcium titanate. The pigment wascharacterized as a red brown hue in transparent glaze.

Because currently-available red ceramic pigments do not sat-isfy the existing needs of the ceramics industry, research isdevoted to the investigation and development of new red pig-ments. Recently, some studies have shown that YAl1yCryO3red pigments with a perovskite structure can effectively standup to high temperatures.8 The red hue can also be changed byadjusting the Cr3+ doping amount in the YAlO3 matrix. Sev-eral techniques for the synthesis of YAl1yCryO3 pigments havebeen reported, including the solid state reaction method,9 theco-precipitation method10 and the method of solgel combus-tion synthesis.11 A high calcination temperature of over 1400 Cis required to obtain single-phase YAlO3, and an even higher1500 C is required when the solid state reaction method isemployed.9 But, such a high synthesis temperature may resultin the formation of chromium (VI) ions, which are toxic.5

In the present experiment, YAl1yCryO3 pigment was synthe-sized at a relatively low temperature using the low temperature

see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.rg/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.04.001low temperature combuFei Liu, Jianguo Huang , J

ool of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science aReceived 27 December 2012; received in revised form 30

Available online 23 April

t study, a red-shade pigment, based on the system YAl1yCryO3 (y = 00method. The single-phase synthesis of YAl1yCryO3 was achieved at a

particles (0.53 m) with a well-developed cubic perovskite structureemperature, Cr3+ content, and the effect of the mineralizer in order to perties exhibited by the YAl1yCryO3 pigment when it was added into

terized by DTA, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and color spectrometry.vier Ltd. All rights reserved.

ed ceramic pigment; Low temperature combustion; Perovskite structure; Yttriu

ction of the YAl1yCryO3 prepared by theon methodua Jianghnology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, Chinah 2013; accepted 4 April 2013

was synthesized for the first time using the low temperatureperature of 1000 C. The resulting calcined powders were

study specifically investigated the chemical composition,ate the optimal conditions for pigment synthesis. Further,

c glazes have also been obtained. In addition, the products

minate; Colorimetric characterization

vskites, CaTaO N and LaTaO N, were promising

2724 F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729

combustion synthesis method. In recent years, some kinds ofcompound powders, such as CoAl2O4 blue pigment powder,12BaFe12O19 13,14 15have been synthesis mthe low tethe compea shorter rlow tempehomogenei

In the prMicrowavedeeply penthe temperrapidly reation wave pthe whole segregation

2. Sample

The lowLCS) methaminoacetican is not oagent withcitric acid iFurther, citcompletelyamorphousing. Other nitrates fortypically pFurther, thmixed at a

In this eof YAl1yCAR grade minum nitr(Cr(NO3)3abbreviatedgrade NaF,were addedments.

In the Lformed by oxidizing abetween thpletion of oxidants, ato the propvalue shoultion systemCA was 1:ratio of CAever, the thecombustion

Table 1The effect of Cr3+ content on the color properties.

intaratiount

. 1 sn anthe d

valu in a

afte a m

ts ome ed. Bne m

hara

phaper

) in yingollecntiawitz

le froith an M

sive Xy anaramica M00 t

he liellow

ect of Cr content on the crystalline phase and

mium doping is the origin of YAl1yCryO3 pigmentslor, which ultimately results from the absorption of theblueviolet range of the visible spectrum. The compo-

of YAl1yCryO3 samples are shown in Table 1 (with.05 and without mineralizers). Fig. 2 shows the XRD pat-f A0A5 calcined powders at 1300 C for 3 h. AccordingXRD figures, there is little difference in the crystallinepowder, CoxMg1xAl2O4 nano pigment, etc.,synthesized using the low temperature combustionethod. In contrast to the more conventional methods,

mperature combustion synthesis method possessestitive advantages of lower energy-consumption andeaction time. Further, the powder obtained by therature combustion synthesis method exhibits higherty and stronger activity.16esent experiment, we use microwave heating method.

radiation has superior penetrability, which canetrate the interior of the sample and rapidly increaseature in the center. The inflammation point is moreched, initiating combustion synthesis, the combus-ropagates radially from the inside to the outside, andsample is evenly heated. Thus the phenomenon of

of the precursor can be avoided.

preparation

temperature combustion synthesis (abbreviated asod uses as the main organic fuel: urea, citric acid,c acid, etc. Among these potential fuels, citric acidnly able to act as fuel, but can also act as a complexing

a variety of metal ions. The molecular structure ofncludes a hydroxyl group and thee carboxyl groups.ric acid is a kind of multidentate ligand, which can be

complexated with nitrates, and which can form an solgel structure at a certain temperature after dry-fuels, such as the complex compound of urea, andmed in the low temperature combustion reaction,roduce the composition segregation phenomenon.e synthetic precursors in the composition cannot bemolecular level.xperiment, the pigment that was based on the system

ryO3 was synthesized by the LCS method, usingyttrium nitrate (Y(NO3)36H2O, 99.9% pure), alu-ate (Al(NO3)39H2O, 99.9% pure), chromium nitrate9H2O, 99.9% pure), and citric acid (C6H8O7H2O

as CA, 99.9% pure) as starting raw materials. CP CaF2, MgF2, CaCO3, KCl, Li2CO3, and Na2B4O7

as mineralizers according to experimental require-

CS method, the reaction is maintained using the heatthe intense oxidationreduction reaction between thegent (nitrates) and fuel (CA). So, the molar ratioe nitrates and CA has a great influence on the com-the reaction. In this process, the nitrates worked asnd CA was used as fuel and reductant. Accordingellant thermochemical theory, that the total oxidationd be equal to the total reduction rate in the whole reac-, we calculated that the molar ratio of Y3+:Al3+:Cr3+:

(1 y): y: 1.67 in theory. This meant that the molar: NO3 was 0.28. According to the experiment, how-oretical amount of CA could not produce flame in the

reaction, so the heat released from the reaction could

Number

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

not mamolar an amo

Figsolutioing to the pHheatedformeding inamoun

the flaachievthan o

2.1. C

Theent tem(XRDemplowere c

Differe851e, Scruciband wElectrodisperphologcolor pa Konfrom 4L* is t()y

3. Effcolor

Chored cogreensitionsy = 00terns oto the Formula Pigment powders

L* a* b*

YAlO3 85.84 8.98 9.72YAl0.99Cr0.01O3 84.26 12.46 10.48YAl0.98Cr0.02O3 81.99 13.47 11.62YAl0.97Cr0.03O3 78.41 15.92 13.61YAl0.96Cr0.04O3 82.34 12.86 12.13YAl0.95Cr0.05O3 83.79 12.29 11.99

in the reaction itself. Therefore, the final determined of CA: NO3 was 0.42 according to the experiment,that exceeded 50% of the theoretical dosage.hows the flowchart of the synthesis process. Nitrated CA solution were independently prepared accord-esigned formula, the solutions were mixed well, ande was adjusted to 6.58.5. The mixed solution was

microwave oven, and a transparent viscous gel wasr complete evaporation. Following continuous heat-icrowave oven, the gel burst into flame and largef gases bubbled up. By using an appropriate fuel,temperature required for complete calcination wasut, the burning process was able to sustain for less

inute only, so subsequent calcination was needed.

cterization techniques

se purity of the calcined pigment samples at differ-ature was analyzed using powder X-ray diffractiona diffractometer (Geigerflex, Rigaku Co., Japan)

Ni-filtered Cu Ka ( = 0.154060 nm) radiation. Datated by step scanning over a 2 range from 10 to 60.l thermal analysis was performed in a TGA/SDTAerland made. All experiments were run in a platinumm 50 C to 1100 C with a heating rate of 20 C/min

sample weight of 6.0 mg. Field Emission Scanningicroscopy (JEOL JSM-6700F), coupled with energy-ray spectrometry, was used to examine crystal mor-

d crystallite size, and to analyze the elements. L*a*b*eters of the red pigment samples were analyzed withinolta CM700d spectro-photometer (with a range

o 700 nm) using a standard lighting C. In this way,ghtness axis (black (0)white (1 0 0)), b* is the blue

(+) axis, and a* is the green ()red (+) axis.

3+

F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729 2725

Fig. 1. Flow chart of synthesis proce

phase, as all samples present the single crystalline phase ofYAlO3. Matteucci8 studied the refined cell parameters andbond distances of the Cr-doped perovskite YAl1yCryO3 andthe undoped YAlO3. The cell volume of YAl0.965Cr0.035O3

Fig. 2. XRDout mineraliz(A3) YAl0.97C1300 C for 3

(203.91 A3confirmingdoping cou

Althougit does haveAs is showthe rise of greater thanest a* and bYAl0.97Cr0

ffect

is wnt sy3.1. E

As pigme patterns of YAl1yCryO3 samples with y = 00.05 and with-ers, (A0) YAlO3, (A1) YAl0.99Cr0.01O3, (A2) YAl0.98Cr0.02O3,r0.03O3, (A4) YAl0.96Cr0.04O3, (A5)YAl0.95Cr0.05O3, calcined at

h.

ditions andmineralizerods were uexperimentas thee andtion. Thougdeterminedexperiencemineralizer

Subsequthe basic coadded mineadded minehighest redto sample B1Na2B4O7

The minway. Genercan increasand affect tss.

) is slightly larger than that of YAlO3 (203.62 A3), the substitution of Cr for Al. So a trace of the Cr-ld not be reflected by common XRD analysis.h the Cr3+ content has little effect on the phase purity,

a significant influence on the L*, a*, and b* values.n in Table 1, a* and b* values initially increase withCr3+ content, but decrease when the Cr3+ content is

0.04 mol. The YAl0.97Cr0.03O3 sample has the high-* values. Because L* represents color brightness, the

.03O3 sample has a relatively dark color.

of the mineralizer

idely known, mineralizers play an important role innthesis, i.e. they can directly affect synthesis con- the resulting pigment color. Indeed, the choice of presents a complex problem. The following meth-

sed for selecting mineralization agents in the present: single mineralizer; two kinds of mineralizer; as well

more than thee kinds of mineralizer using colloca-h a series of screening experiments, we effectively

the optimal mineralizer composition. Based on prior and a moderate amount of fine-tuning, a suitable

dosage was also obtained.ently, the formula of YAl0.97Cr0.03O3 was selected asmposition with which to study the effects of differentralizers. The L*, a*, b* values with different kinds ofralizers are shown in Table 2. It can be seen that the

(a* = 36.95) and yellow (b* = 26.68) values belong3, with 2 wt% (1CaCO3: 1KCl) and 1 wt% (1MgF2:

) used as mineralizers.eralizer influences the phase formation in a complexally, mineralizers have a low melting point, and theye the mass transfer rates during the reaction processhe reaction speed.17 Fig. 3A and B display the SEM

2726 F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729

Fig. 3. (A) SEM image and (B) the EDX spectrum of B3 calcined powder at 1200 C for 3 h.

image and EDX spectrum of B3 calcined powder at 1200 C for3 h. The EDsolved in thpowders wperatures (However, iresearch haable to repforcement the crystallthis explan

Fig. 4 salizers (B0at 1200 Cbetween thizers mainlwith the LCthe color p

3.2. Study structure d

Here, t1KCl) andwas chosenperature. T(CA/NO3tively studicurve show

Table 2The effect of

Number

B0 B1

B2

B3

curve is relatively sharp and intense, indicating that the combus- the gel occurred. In the sample, a slight and continuousrmic nature can be observed in the DTA curve at higherratures (from 400 C to 900 C), this is mainly due to theposition of the gel.ording to the XRD patterns in Fig. 6, when the calci-

temperature is 800 C, the main phases are Y2O3 (PDFumber is 05-0574) and Al5Y3O12 (PDF card number is1). When the temperature increases to 900 C, the Y2O3disappears and Al5Y3O12 phase (which is cube struc-rned into Y3Al5O12 phase (which is tetragonal structure,F card number is 09-0310).9 The main crystalline phaseX results confirm that both Cr and Ca ions were dis-e perovskite structure. The EDX spectrum of burnt

ith B3 composition calcined for 3 h at different tem-1000\1100\1300\1400 C) all show similar results.n samples B1 and B2, only Cr ion was detected. Somes shown that if some ions of the mineralizer were

lace some chromophore ions of the pigment, a rein-of color could take place due to the modification ofine field intensity.17 Our experimental data validatedation very well.hows the XRD patterns of samples without miner-) and containing mineralizers (B3), both calcined

for 3 h. There are almost no observable differencese two samples, so it can be concluded that the mineral-y change the color shade of the pigments synthesized

S method. This offers the possibility of improvingroperties.

of calcination temperature on perovskiteevelopment

he sample C (YAl0.97Cr0.03O3, 2 wt% (1CaCO3: 1 wt% (1MgF2: 1Na2B4O7) added as mineralizer)

as a means to study the effect of calcination tem-he thermal decomposition of the transparent gel= 0.42) and the subsequent calcination were effec-ed, and the DTA curve is shown in Fig. 5. The DTAs that an exothermic peak occurred at 272.6 C. The

tion ofexothetempedecom

Accnationcard n30-005phase ture) tuand PDthe mineralizer on the color properties.

Mineralizers Pigment powders

L* a* b*

78.39 15.90 13.583 wt%(3NaF:2MgF2:1Li2CO3)

58.75 31.04 24.98

5 wt%(3NaF:2MgF2:1Li2CO3)

58.73 32.71 25.87

2 wt% (1CaCO3:1KCl)1 wt%(1MgF2:1Na2B4O7)

43.14 36.95 26.68

Fig. 4. XRD containing, bopatterns of samples (B0) mineralizer-free and (B3) mineralizer-th calcined at 1200 C for 3 h.

F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729 2727

Fig. 5. DTA curve of the gel with sample C composition.

(YAlO3) appears at 1000 C. By observing the XRD spectrum,we found that there was no obvious difference between spec-trums with temperatures at 900 C and 1000 C. Therefore, bycarefully comparing the XRD data of 900 C with the standardXRD data of Y3Al5O12 and YAlO3 and analyzing these strong

Fig. 6. XRD 900 C, (C2) 1400 C for 3

Table 3The effect of calcination temperature on the color properties.

Number

C0 C1 C2 C3 C4/B3 C5 C6

peaks, we be attributetion temperexhibited athe crystall

FESEMposition thain Fig. 7. Incles (0.53are aggregapplied to tcan be seenas 1000 Cwhich resuments increparticle grospecifically1300 C toas the calciment colortemperatur

Composspectroscop

tion eral

ide a, wh2 absorpGen

and w611 nmand 4Apatterns of sample C burnt powders calcined at (C0) 800 C, (C1)1000 C, (C3) 1100 C, (C4/B3) 1200 C, (C5) 1300 C, (C6)

h.

found that 400530 nmred color, The absorprespondingabsorption

In summdation is C

3.3. The soYAl1yCryO

Within were not ayttrium oxiY3Al5O12)Calcination conditions Pigment powders

L* a* b*

800 C, 3 h 84.56 11.43 12.61900 C, 3 h 47.74 33.70 23.891000 C, 3 h 43.44 36.09 25.141100 C, 3 h 43.22 36.35 25.321200 C, 3 h 43.14 36.95 26.891300 C, 3 h 42.24 33.89 24.301400 C, 3 h 39.91 33.29 21.90

deduced that the diffraction peaks for 900 C couldd to Y3Al5O12. We also found that when the calcina-ature was higher than 900 C, the resulting pigments

red color. As the calcination temperature increased,ine phase (YAlO3) became the sole phase.

images of the calcined powders with sample C com-t were calcined from 1000 C to 1400 C are shown

Fig. 7, the calcined powders are micron-sized parti- m) with a cubic perovskite structure. The particlesated in clusters, because no ball milling had beenhe pigment powders after the calcination process. It

that even when the calcination temperature is as low, the crystalline particles are already well-developed,lts in an intense red color. The particle size of the pig-ases as the calcination temperature increases, but thewth rate from 1000 C to 1300 C is not rapid. More, the distinct enlargement of particle size occurs from

1400 C. Table 3 shows that the L* values decreasenation temperature increases, indicating that the pig-

will become darker with the increase of calcinatione.itions of YAl0.97Cr0.03O3 are analyzed by UVNIRy in order to study the condition of the Cr ion. The

spectra of samples C2 and C6 are presented in Fig. 8.ly, in the visible region, Cr3+ has two very strongbsorption bands with the centers located at 470 andich are corresponding to the transitions of 4A2 4T1

4T2, respectively.5,18 Comparing to Fig. 8, wethere were existences of such absorption bands at, however, since YAl1xCrxO3 pigment rendered

there was a strong reflection band at 600700 nm.tion band of the center located at 1030 nm was cor-

to the Cr4+ transition of 3A2 3T118 And thispeak was not observed in Fig. 8.

ary, we speculate the main state of chromium oxi-

r3+.

lid state reaction synthesis of red pigment3

the solid state reaction method,9 if mineralizersdded, there remain large quantities of unreactedde, as well as some undesirable phases (Al5Y3O12 or, even at a calcination temperature as high as 1500 C.

2728 F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729

Fig. 7

With the seperovskite tion tempesynthesis,11400 C fo

The auttive syntheoxides. Thments wer(1CaCO3:1calcined re1300 C, antemperaturusing the s

In com1000 C, thwhen the mor above uthat the cry. FESEM images of sample C burnt powders calcined at (C2) 1000 C, (C3) 1100

lected mineralizers added, the formation of a singlephase happens only when the maximum calcina-

rature reaches 1400 C or above. In co-precipitation0 mineralizer-free precursors need to be calcinated atr 2 h to obtain a single perovskite phase.hors have analyzed the possibility of a compara-sis under the same conditions for a sample usinge calcination time was 3 h. The synthetic pig-

e YAl0.97Cr0.03O3, with the mineralizers of 2 wt%KCl) and 1 wt% (1MgF2: 1Na2B4O7), which werespectively at 900 C, 1000 C, 1100 C, 1200 C,d 1400 C. Table 4 shows the effect of the calcination

e (from 1000 C to 1400 C) on the color propertiesolid state reaction method.parison to the sample that used CA calcined ate formation of a single perovskite phase happens onlyaximum calcination temperature reaches 1400 C

sing the solid state reaction method. We also foundstal development and color properties of the solid

state reactisample synLCS methocauses thethereby protemperatur

Table 4The effect of

Number

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 C, (C4/B3) 1200 C, (C5) 1300 C, (C6) 1400 C for 3 h.

on synthesized pigment were inferior to those of thethesized by the LCS method. This is because in thed, the precursors are mixed at a molecular level. This

pigment ingredients to distribute homogeneously,moting crystal growth and reducing the calcination

e dramatically.

calcination temperature on the color properties.

Calcination conditions Pigment powders

L* a* b*

900 C, 3 h 77.82 16.37 13.671000 C, 3 h 71.44 21.23 18.551100 C, 3 h 63.56 27.83 20.011200 C, 3 h 55.36 32.47 22.581300 C, 3 h 50.73 33.94 24.011400 C, 3 h 45.36 35.07 25.13

F. Liu et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33 (2013) 27232729 2729

Fig.

Table 5The composit

C

Number Si

A 55B 58C 59

3.4. Applic

We haveapplicationing capacitglaze, printties that theglazes werof the basic

In orderand basic gwas added samples wewas 1 h. Tpigment whregarding tbody is als

Table 6The color pro

Number Bagla

E0 A E1 B E2 C

4. Conclusion

A single phase YAl1yCryO3 (with y = 00.05) pigment hasbeen prepatively low structure wYAl1yCryeffect on thon the L*, have a signBy controlcompositio

red ties into

nce

illa Voncailla FProc 1o M, U

ent bez-Nats preinovaolid sceram

en MNaturgori

cho0;68:28. UVNIR spectrum of YAl0.97Cr0.03O3 compositions.

ion of basic glazes.

omposition. mol%

O2 Al2O3 ZnO CaO Na2O K2O B2O3 ZrO2

3.5 15 16 2.5 3 5 12 2 6 7 8 6 1 14.5 2 5.5 7 7 4 1

ation of synthetic pigment

ferent properadded

Refere

1. Lavzirc

2. LamSci

3. Katpigm

4. Lpmen

5. Marof sthe

6. Jansals.

7. GarNew201 also conducted subsequent research concerning the of YAl1yCryO3 red ceramic pigment. The pigment-y was tested by adding the pigment to coloration in theing glaze, and body. For example, the color proper-

YAl1yCryO3 pigment exhibits when it is added intoe observed. Table 5 shows the resulting composition

glazes studied. to study the interaction between the pigment particleslazes, 6.0 wt% synthetic pigment (see C2 in Table 3)in basic glazes with different compositions, then there fired in a fast firing roller kiln, and the firing cycle

able 6 shows the color properties of YAl1yCryO3en it was added into basic glazes. Extensive research

he coloration of synthetic pigment in the glaze ando being conducted.

perties of YAl1yCryO3 pigment when added into basic glazes.

siczes

Firingtemperature(C)

Color parameters The colorproperties

L* a* b*

1080 56.26 17.83 9.27 Pink1080 59.07 26.15 21.08 Red1200 58.62 24.09 18.25 Red

8. MatteuccColour dceramic a

9. Shirpour new classInt 2007;3

10. Ahmadi Sby co-pre2009;35:3

11. Blosi M, combustioSolGel S

12. Li W, LiCoAl2O42003;23:2

13. Huang J,temperatuMater 20

14. Huang J, talline Ba2003;38:1

15. Ahmed ISsynthesis fuel. Mate

16. Aruna STOpin Soli

17. Cordoncisome minSoc 1998

18. Xu X, ZhCr, Yb: Yred by calcining an auto-ignited precursor at a rela-temperature, and in the process, the pure perovskiteas formed at 1000 C for the first time. In the

O3 compositions, although Cr3+ content has littlee perovskite structure, it has a significant influencea*, and b* values of the pigments. Mineralizers alsoificant influence on the color shade of the pigments.ling Cr3+ content, calcination temperature, and then of mineralizers, micron-sized pigments with dif-color shades have been obtained. Further, the colorexhibited by the YAl1yCryO3 pigment when it wasbasic glazes have also been obtained.

s

L, Rincon Lopez JM. Study of the mechanism of formation of admium sulphoselenide pigment. J Am Ceram Soc 1981;80:1058.. Stability study of ZrFe corals for a fast fire operation. Ceram Eng989;10:4951.numa H, Takahashi M. Color modification of chomium-tin pink

y substitution of Ti for Sn. J Ceram Soc Jpn 2000;108:47881.varrete E, Ocana M. Aerosol-derived Mn-doped Al2O3 pink pig-pared in the absence of fluxes. Dyes Pigm 2004;61:27986.

Y, Hohemberger JM, Cordoncillo E, Escribano P, Carda JB. Studyolutions, with perovskite structure, for application in the field ofic pigments. J Eur Ceram Soc 2003;23:21320., Letschert HP. Inorganic yellow-red pigments without toxic met-e 2000;404:9802.C, Galindo R, Llusar M, Gerro S, Garcia A, Monrs G.miumcalcium titanate red ceramic pigment. Adv Sci Technol0812.

i F, Lepri Neto C, Dondi M, Cruciani G, Baldi G, Boschi AO.evelopment of red perovskite pigment Y(Al Cr)O3 in variouspplications. Adv Appl Ceram 2006;105:99106.M, Faghihi Sani MA, Mirhabibi A. Synthesis and study of a

of red pigments based on perovskite YAlO3 structure. Ceram3:142733., Aghaei A, Yekta BE. Synthesis of Y(Al,Cr)O3 red pigmentscipitation method and their interactions with glazes. Ceram Int4858.Albonetti S, Dondi M, Costa AL, Ardit M, Cruciani G. Solgeln synthesis of chromium doped yttrium aluminum perovskites. Jci Technol 2009;50:44955.

J, Guo J. Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystallinespinel powder by low temperature combustion. J Eur Ceram Soc28995.

Zhuang H, Li W. Optimization of the microstructure of low-re combustion-synthesized barium ferrite powder. J Magn Magn

03;256:3905.Zhuang H, Li W. Synthesis and characterization of nano crys-Fe12O19 powders by low temperature combustion. Mater Res Bull4959., Shama SA, Dessouki HA, Ali AA. Low temperature combustionof CoxMg1xAl2O4 nano pigments using oxalyldihydrazide as ar Chem Phys 2011;125:32633., Mukasyan AS. Combustion synthesis and nanomaterials. Currd State Mater Sci 2008;12:4450.llo E, del Carda F, Carda J, Llusar M, Escribano P. Influence oferalizers in the synthesis of sphene-pink pigments. J Eur Ceram

;18:111520.ao Z, Song P, Zhou G, Deng P, Xu J. Spectroscopic properties ofAG crystals. J Inorg Mater 2004;19(6):142730.

Synthesis and characterization of red pigment YAl1yCryO3 prepared by the low temperature combustion method1 Introduction2 Sample preparation2.1 Characterization techniques

3 Effect of Cr3+ content on the crystalline phase and color3.1 Effect of the mineralizer3.2 Study of calcination temperature on perovskite structure development3.3 The solid state reaction synthesis of red pigment YAl1yCryO33.4 Application of synthetic pigment

4 ConclusionReferences