1-s2.0-s0020138314004343-main
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/15/2019 1-s2.0-S0020138314004343-main
1/4
The
medial
arm
pedicled
perforator
flap:
Application
of
phenomenon
of
one
perforator
perfusing
multiple
perforator
angiosomes
Xu Gong, Jian Li Cui, Lai Jin Lu *
Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Ji Lin University, Chang Chun, Ji Lin 130021, China
Introduction
Skin defects around the elbow pose a unique challenge for the
reconstructive
surgeon
[1,2].
With
regard
to
the
skin
texture,
colour, and thickness, the medial arm is an optimal potential donor
site for treating skin defects around the elbow. However, whether a
reliable pedicled perforator flap could be harvested from the
medial arm remains unanswered.
Maruyama et al. [3] first utilized the medial arm as a reverse
flap to cover skin defects around the elbow based on the posterior
ulnar recurrent artery (PURA). Through the anastomotic connec-
tion between the PURA and superior ulnar collateral artery (SUCA),
the PURA can reliably perfuse the medial arm skin via one or two
cutaneous perforators arising from the SUCA [3]. Anatomic studies
have demonstrated that there exists a row of five or six cutaneous
perforator arteries along the medial intermuscular septum in the
medial arm [4–7]. Based on the work of Maruyama et al., we
postulate that there exists the phenomenon of one perforator
artery perfusing multiple perforator angiosomes in the medial arm.
The
concept
of
a
perforator
angiosome
is
defined
as
the
anatomic skin territory of each cutaneous perforator artery [8,9].
Each perforator angiosome connects with neighbours via either
reduced calibre choke arteries or true anastomoses without a
change in calibre [9]. According to the reports of Taylor et al. [10], if
the anastomotic connections between the perforator angiosomes
are by the choke anastomoses, one cutaneous perforator can safely
perfuse one adjacent perforator angiosome in any direction when a
flap is raised on one perforator and necrosis occurs at the next
choke zone in sequence. However, if the anastomotic connections
are by true anastomoses, then one perforator could perfuse
multiple perforator angiosomes, such as in the distally based sural
flap in the leg [10].
Based on the aforementioned evidences, we hypothesize that
the anastomotic connections between the perforator angiosomes
in the medial arm are by true anastomoses, and one perforator
artery can perfuse multiple perforator angiosomes. If there exists a
constant perforator >1 mm in diameter around the medial
Injury, Int. J. Care Injured 45 (2014) 2025–2028
A
R
T
I
C
L
E
I
N
F
O
Article history:
Accepted 7 September 2014
Keywords:
Perforator angiosomes
Elbow
Medial arm flap
Pedicled
Skin defects
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
Background: Themedial armis anoptimal potentialdonor site fortreatingskindefects aroundthe elbow.
However, whether a reliable pedicled perforator flap could be harvested from the medial arm remains
unanswered. Thepurpose of this study wasto report the technique andour resultsusing themedialarm
pedicled perforator flaps.
Methods: A total of eight flaps in seven patients underwent the medial arm pedicled perforator flaps to
treat skin defects around the elbow. The flap was pedicled on one perforator 1.3
0.3
mm
in
diameter
within
3
cm
above
the
medial
epicondyle.
The
flap
size
varied
between
10and
20
cm
in length
and
between
6
and
10
cm
in
width.
Results: Of the eight flaps in seven patients, seven flaps survived uneventfully except that one suffered
venous insufficiency. Six patients were followed up for 1 month to 2 years. One patient was lost to
follow-up after 7 days. The wounds in all patients healed satisfactorily. No deep wound infection and
wound dehiscence developed. No revision surgery was performed in the survived flaps.
Conclusions: The survival of the medial arm pedicled perforator flap confirms the phenomenon of one
perforator perfusing multiple perforator angiosomes in the medial arm, although this study has the
retrospective clinical natureandlimited numberof thepatients.The medialarm pedicled perforator flap
is a useful tool to treat skin defects around the elbow.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 13756661203.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (X. Gong), [email protected] (J.L. Cui),
[email protected] (L.J. Lu).
Contents
lists
available
at
ScienceDirect
Injury
jo urn al hom epage: www.els evier .com/locat e/ injur y
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005
0020–1383/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00201383http://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://www.elsevier.com/locate/injuryhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00201383mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005&domain=pdfhttp://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.005&domain=pdf
-
8/15/2019 1-s2.0-S0020138314004343-main
2/4
epicondyle, a pedicled perforator flap can be harvested from the
medial
arm.
In
our
previous
anatomic
study
in
22
specimens,
we
already noticed a constant perforator >1 mm in diameter existing
behind the medial intermuscular septum [11]. Based on this
perforator artery, we designed a medial arm pedicled perforator
flap
and
performed
eight
flaps
in
seven
patients
with
skin
defects
around
the
elbow.
The
purpose
of
this
study
was
to
report
the
technique and our results using the medial arm pedicled perforator
flaps in the treatment of skin defects around the elbow.
Patients
and
methods
This was a retrospective consecutive case series study. We
included all patients who had undergone the medial arm pedicled
perforator flaps for the coverage of skin defects around the elbow
from 2005 to 2013. A total of seven patients were included in our
study. The patient age ranged from 22 to 82 years. Of the seven
patients, six were men and one was a woman. In addition, eight
flaps in seven patients were performed to cover skin defects
around the elbows (Table 1). The flap size varied between 10 and
20 cm in length and between 6 and 10 cm in width.
Surgical procedure
The patient was positioned supine with the affected extremity
disinfected from the shoulder to the hand. The upper extremity
was brought into a supinated and abducted position. The skin
paddle, usually
-
8/15/2019 1-s2.0-S0020138314004343-main
3/4
septum
and
penetrated
the
fascia
(Fig.
3) [11].
Pedicled
on
this
perforator, a distally based perforator flap can be harvested from the
medial arm to resurface skin defects around the elbow. In the medial
arm
pedicled
perforator
flap,
one
perforator
artery
safely
perfused
five
to
six
perforator
angiosomes.
Compared to the reverse medial arm flap of Maruyama et al., the
medial arm pedicled perforator flap is different in two ways. First,
the
mechanism
of
flap
survival
is
different.
In
the
reverse
medial
arm
flap,
the
blood
supply
comes
from
the
PURA.
It
arises
from
the
ulnar artery and ascends along the ulnar nerve to anastomose with
the IUCA and SUCA. During its course, the PUCA does not give off
cutaneous
perforators;
the
cutaneous
perforators
arise
from
the
SUCA
[3]. Thus,
the
flap
gets
its
blood
supply
from
the
cutaneous
perforators arising from the SUCA, which gets its blood supply
from the PUCA via the anastomotic connection between the PURA
and
SUCA.
In
the
medial
arm
pedicled
perforator
flap,
the
blood
supply comes from the perforator above the medial epicondyle. Its
survival is dependent on the true anastomoses between perforator
angiosomes in the medial arm, utilizing the phenomenon of one
perforator perfusing multiple perforator angiosomes. Second, the
surgical approach of the flap elevation is different. The harvest of
the
reverse
medial
arm
flap
needs
to
dissect
the
PURA
and
SUCA
along the ulnar nerve, and the key step is to preserve the
anastomotic connection between the PURA and SUCA. Instead, in
the
elevation
of
the
medial
arm
pedicled
perforator
flap,
the
key
step
is
to
identify
the
constant
perforator
above
the
medial
epicondyle. There is no need to dissect the PURA or SUCA.
Although the weakness of our study is the retrospective clinical
nature
and
limited
number
of
the
patients,
we
confirm
that
there
exists
the
phenomenon
of
one
perforator
perfusing
multiple
perforator angiosomes in the medial arm. We speculate that the
anatomic basis of this phenomenon is the pure true anastomoses
between
perforator
angiosomes
in
series
in
accordance
with
Taylor’s
theory.
The
phenomenon
of
one
perforator
perfusing
multiple perforator angiosomes is important for designing and
safely harvesting a pedicled perforator flap, and the key to utilize it
is
to
identify
the
true
and
choke
anastomotic
connections
in
the
flap donor preoperatively. Recently, Chubb et al. [12] have realized
the identification and differentiation of the choke and true
anastomotic connections in the donor preoperatively by thermog-
raphy, which provides a practical tool for utilizing the phenome-
non of one perforator perfusing multiple perforator angiosomes.
Fig. 1. (A) Preoperative design of the medial arm pedicled perforator flap. (B) Intraoperative view showing the perforator with its venae comitantes located behind the medial
intermuscular septum within 3 cm above the medial epicondyle. (C) An islanded flap of 12 cm 7 cm was elevated pedicled on the perforator within 3 cm above the medial
epicondyle. (D) The flap survived uneventfully and the donor was closed directly.
Fig. 2. In patient 7, the medial arm pedicled perforator flap of 20 cm 10 cm suffered venous congestion, which led to distal 1/4 necrosis. But the survival area was
15 cm 10 cm.
X. Gong et al. / Injury, Int. J. Care Injured 45 (2014) 2025–2028 2027
-
8/15/2019 1-s2.0-S0020138314004343-main
4/4
However, it is still unclear how many perforator angiosomes
connected by true anastomoses could be perfused by one
perforator. Future studies will be needed to further investigate
this question.
Disclosures of funding
None.
Conflict of interest
None.
References
[1] Jensen M, Moran SL. Soft tissue coverage of the elbow: a reconstructivealgorithm. Orthop Clin North Am 2008;39(2):251–64 .
[2] Choudry UH, Moran SL, Li S, Khan S. Soft-tissue coverage of the elbow: anoutcome analysis and reconstructive algorithm. Plast Reconstr Surg2007;119(6):1852–7 .
[3] Maruyama Y, Onishi K, Iwahira Y. The ulnar recurrent fasciocutaneousisland flap: reverse medial arm flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987;79(3):381–8.
[4] Gao XS, Mao ZR, Yang ZN, Wang BS. Medial upper arm skin flap: vascularanatomy and clinical applications. Ann Plast Surg 1985;15(4):348–51 .
[5] Breidenbach WC, Adamson W, Terzis JK. Medial arm flap revisited. Ann PlastSurg 1987;18(2):156–63.
[6] Matloub HS, Ye Z, Yousif NJ, et al. The medial arm flap. Ann Plast Surg1992;29(6):517–22 .
[7] Karamürsel S, Bağdatli D, Demir Z, Tüccar E, Celebioğlu S. Use of medial armskin as a free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115(7):2025–31 .
[8] Taylor GI, Palmer JH. The vascular territories (angiosomes) of the body:experimental study and clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg 1987;40:113–41.
[9] Taylor GI, Corlett RJ, Dhar SC, et al. The anatomical (angiosome) and clinical
territories
of
cutaneous
perforating
arteries:
development
of
the
concept
anddesigning safe flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127(4):1447–59 .[10] Taylor GI, Chubb DP, Ashton MW. True ‘choke’ anastomoses between perfora-
tor angiosomes: part I. Anatomical location. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;132(6):1447–56.
[11] Lu LJ, Xuan ZP, Liu B, et al. Retrograde medial brachial cutaneous perforatorisland flap: anatomical basis and clinical application. Chin J Hand Surg2007;23(4):212–3 .
[12] Chubb DP, Taylor GI, Ashton MW. True ‘choke’ anastomoses between perfo-rator angiosomes: part II. Dynamic thermographic identification. PlastReconstr Surg 2013;132(6):1457–64 .
Fig. 3. Anatomic specimen of right side indicating the perforator within 3 cm above
the medial epicondyle (view from the medial side of the right arm).
X. Gong et al. / Injury, Int. J. Care Injured 45 (2014) 2025–20282028
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0060http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0055http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0050http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0045http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0040http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0035http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0030http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0025http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0020http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0015http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0010http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0020-1383(14)00434-3/sbref0005